Literature Review: Racism, Smoking & Chronic Disease in Aboriginals

This literature review investigates the impact of racism on chronic disease related to smoking among Aboriginal Australians, particularly those from the Torres Strait Islands. It highlights the disproportionate prevalence of smoking and associated chronic diseases within this community, linking it to the psychological effects of racial discrimination. The review identifies key risk factors, including unhealthy lifestyles, obesity, and lack of access to adequate healthcare. It also explores existing healthcare practices and management strategies aimed at mitigating these risks, while acknowledging limitations in current research, such as the absence of Aboriginal perspectives and a focus on specific medication. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for effective anti-racism policies and culturally sensitive healthcare approaches to address the health disparities experienced by Aboriginal communities.

CHRONIC DISEASE CARE

Table of Contents
Search strategy.................................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Main body........................................................................................................................................3
Aims and objectives.....................................................................................................................4
Research question........................................................................................................................4
Literature review question...........................................................................................................4
Research Statement......................................................................................................................4
Methods.......................................................................................................................................5
Management................................................................................................................................6
Results..........................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
Appendices......................................................................................................................................9
Appendix 1...................................................................................................................................9
Appendix 2.................................................................................................................................10
Appendix 3.................................................................................................................................10
Appendix 4.................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................12
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Search strategy
931 potential health records regarding the aboriginal chronic disease due to smoking with the
impact of racism care will be identified and 5 records will be collected from retrieved articles.
However, the contradiction found in this research is around 916 after eliminating duplications.
At the end 24 properly reviews articles will be included.
Picture: Prisma flow chart on racism and its impact on chronic disease associated to
smoking
Introduction
Effective nursing care is one of the noblest practices in the healthcare practices. Presently, the
indigenous health is the key concern for the public healthcare practices in Australia. The
indigenous people represent 2.5% of the overall Australian population. However, the previous
studies generally focused on the basic healthcare practices. Moreover, the studies lacked
potential data regarding chronic disease care by smoking with the impact of racism care among
the aboriginals of Australia. On the contrary, the present literature carry the potential to mitigate
the data issue as it has collected sufficient data regarding the chronic disease due to smoking
with the impact of racism treatment in aboriginals. Thus, the lack of data was the ultimate
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obstacles in the previous studies. Racism has a strong impact on the chronic disease associated
to smoking. Racism is a complex social practice that can be entitled with inferiority and
superiority. It is found that racism has a common connection with the social structure of
aboriginals of Torres strain islanders. Thus, it uses to create a psychological obstacle to the
aboriginals that has promoted them to be addicted to smoking. 35% of the aboriginals from
Torres Strait Islands are prone to smoking due to excessive racial discrimination. . However,
only 10% of the aboriginals' get a scope for nursing medical intervention for their addiction
towards smoking. . This results in the death of around 30% of the death of this population and
reduction of life expectancy of around 33%. Racism impacts on the psychological impairment
that leads the aboriginals to indulge smoking with the misconception of stress relief. Thus, the
smoking leads to high obesity, improper diet, unhealthy lifestyle, excessive smoking, and
drinking are the key reasons for chronic disease among the aboriginal people of the Torres Strait
Islanders. Obesity is 1.2 times larger than the normal weight; lipoprotein cholesterol is 1.8 times
greater than the normal level and triglyceride is 1.9 times higher than the level among the
aboriginals of Torres Strait Islanders which results in a high density of chronic disease due to
smoking with the impact of racism among them. Thus, proper health care must be provided
among the aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders in order to mitigate the risk factors of
smoking due to the impact of racism (Brown et al., 2014). The study will concern on impact of
racism on chronic disease associated to smoking among the people of Torres Strait islands and
effective care management to care the aboriginals. Data comparison will be used to highlight the
key features of chronic disease out of smoking due to the impact of racism and effective ways to
mitigate it. On the contrary, the study will lack the opinions of the aboriginals regarding
availability of the chronic disease care treatment of their area. Moreover, the study will be
incapable to focus on the future scope of research on chronic disease care management. The
study will not be able to focus on the particular medications that can be used to mitigate the
chronic disease due to smoking with the impact of racism problems among the aboriginals.
Main body
Picture: refer to Appendix 1
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Aims and objectives
 To find out the risk factors associated with the chronic disease care due to smoking with
the impact of racism among the aboriginal Australians
 To find out the effective healthcare practices to mitigate the risks associated with chronic
disease care due to smoking with the impact of racism among the aboriginals of Torres
Strait Islanders
 To locate the opportunities to provide effective healthcare practices to the aboriginals of
the Torres Strait Islanders
Research question
What are the relevant risk factors associated with the impact of racism on chronic disease
associated to smoking among the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Islanders?
Literature review question
What are the risk factors associated with impact of racism on chronic disease associated to
smoking?
Research Statement
Several risk factors are associated with the chronic disease care due to smoking with the impact
of racism care practices among the aboriginal Australians. The review will attempt to explore the
key factors that are associated with the effective healthcare practices among the aboriginal
people of the Torres Strait Islanders for chronic disease care due to smoking with the impact of
racism (Lundh , 2016). This study will state different ways to mitigate the risks regarding the
chronic disease care and the ways through which proper chronic disease care treatment can be
provided to the aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders. Moreover, this study will attempt to
highlight the importance of various health care practices and medication to reduce the risks
associated with the chronic disease due to smoking among the aboriginal Australians of Torres
Strait Islanders (Lentin, 2015)
.
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Methods
Different methods are used to provide efficient smoking care for the aboriginals. This requires
the collection of real time data; government authorized permission and involvement of the local
people. There are various studies which provide the data on the health condition of the aboriginal
people of Torres Strait Island in Australia. The study shows the disparity between the aboriginal
people and the non-indigenous people of Australia (Harvey and Klein, 2016). The study also
pointed out the lacking of proper nutrition and the water leads them to infect with chronic disease
which mainly occur due to from the smoking. The study will display the numbers of the
aboriginal people with chronic disease due to smoking with the impact of racism of Torres Strait
Island in Australia are increasing day by day. There are 16 primary health cares on the soil of the
Torres Strait Island in Australia. All of the health centers participated in the case. All the patients
of the Torres Strait Island have been reviewed by the health centers. The medical officer of the
health center uses the cluster design for the audit of the aboriginal asthma and the lung cancer
patients. Through the report of the audit result, the medical officer of the health center compares
the previous report with the existing one. With the time, they review the guidelines of the
smoking care (Glantz et al., 2012). At this point of time, the medical worker team which consists
of (nutritionist, dialectologist, podiatrist and the common worker) started their journey to review
the new case of disease of smoking among the aboriginal people of the Torres Strait Island in
Australia.
There are some facts relating to the smoking caused disease of the aboriginal people of Torres
Strait Island in Australia. The report of the smoking caused disease of the aboriginal people of
Torres Strait Island.
 During the checkup of the aboriginal people, it is found that they highlight the wide
aspects of the cultural and the social factors of diseases like asthma and the chronic
diseases which is mainly occur due to smoking. They also reflect the health risk factors.
 The study which conducted in the year 2013 shows that the aboriginal people of the
Torres Strait Island suffer from the disease causes from the smoking. The chances of
suffering from asthma are 1.2 times high than the non-indigenous people of Australia.
 In the year 2013, the study shows that the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island have
the more chance of suffering from diseases of smoking than the non-indigenous people of
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Australia. The study shows that the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island have the five
times more chances of non- indigenous people of Australia (Kastrup, 2016).
Apart from the smoking related disease of the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island in
Australia, the people of the Torres Strait Island have more chances of suffering from the high
blood pressure (McAfee and Tynan, 2012). They have three times more chances of suffering
from the high blood pressure than the non-indigenous people of Australia Chronic disease
comparison data:
It is seen by the medical officer that the aboriginal people have more probability of suffering
from chronic disease due to smoking compared to the other sections of the society is due to
the impact of racism. This interesting thing has been caught during the individual studies of
the aboriginal people in the Torres Strait Island in Australia (Khan, Fell and James, 2014)
.
 It is seen that about more than 50 % population of the aboriginals in the Torresstrait
islands are facing the problem of chronic disease due to smoking. This is affected by the
racial discrimination (Tashkin, 2015).
 Through the research it is discovered that the aboriginal people of the Torres Strait Island
5 times more hospitalized than the non-indigenous people of Australia. According to the
researchers this is a very important parameter which should have further research.
Management
The medical team is fully aware of the management for curing the disease caused by smoking of
the aboriginal people of the Torres Strait Island. The study shows that the program is designed to
prevent the health issues caused by smoking disease. But the lacking of the common amenities
increases the chances of suffering from diseases caused by smoking (Taylor, 2012). Racism has
psychological effects on the body which enhances smoking in the aboriginals. They have taken
the primary strategies of the management for the improvement of chronic respiratory diseases
caused by smoking. The study displays that the program of the previous years’ gives the
advantage of selecting the required strategies for curing the chronic smoking disease (Largent,
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2018). In 2013, the antiracism policies have been taken by the administration of the country to
remove the possibilities of the chronic health problem among the aboriginal people. Experience
of Racial discrimination is associated with all the negative health measures which include
chronic diseases caused by smoking. Administration should be aware of this and anti-Racism
policies should be implemented so that the chronic health problems among the aboriginals
decrease.
Results
It is seen that the number of patients of aboriginals caused by the disease of smoking are
increasing around Australia. Both the government and anti-smoking management need to
mitigate the issues with effective strategies and plans. I think there is the growing number of
smoking related disease among the aboriginals of Torres Strait. It is seen that the growth of
weight increases the metabolic rate fasten the blood circulation and pulse beat. Moreover, the
growth of smoking diseases also increases the risks of high blood pressure, cardiovascular
diseases, and blood vessel disease and asthma (Kruger et al., 2012). I think following the
traditional lifestyle is the key reason for the increase in high metabolic rate. Inappropriate daily
routine as well as the limitless smoking is also an issue of smoking related disease among the
aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders. It is observed that the aboriginals from the Torres Strait
islanders use to have limitless smoking and results in increases in diseases like asthma, lungs
cancer and chronic diseases. According to me, the habit of smoking and drinking alcohol are also
the reasons for increased lungs cancer care among the aboriginal Australians (Finkeldey, 2015).
The genetic food habit is one of the key issues for the increased number of smoking affected
disease people among the aboriginals of Torres Strait Islanders. This promotes unusual weight
increase and abnormal blood circulation which results in diseases like lung cancer and asthma. I
have observed that around 9% of the old aged people are affected by chronic disease due to
smoking with the impact of racism while around 18% of the aboriginal people aging from 15-19
use to suffer from smoking affected disease. There are severe consequences of smoking affected
disease among the aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders (Largent, 2018). The complications
related to diseases of smoking are kidney disease, eye disease, and the risk of cardiovascular
disease, risk of heart attack, sexual complications, and nerve damage. I think the eradication of
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chronic disease from the aboriginal groups of Torres Strait Islanders depends on effective
healthcare practices. It can be observed that the healthcare organizations must take initiative to
mitigate the chronic disease due to smoking with the impact of racism risks from the Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islanders (LaVeist and Isaac, 2013). There must be a campaign for the effective
medical program in the Torres Strait islands and provide free test of smoking and treatment to
the aboriginals of that area. However, language can be a barrier to communication. I think the
inclusion of an efficient interpreter should be the best technique to provide smoking care to the
aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders. The racial discrimination is also a barrier to
communicate with the aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders (Kruger et al., 2012). Thus, the
healthcare staffs must learn the nursing ethics and six C’s of nursing properly to provide
unbiased treatment to the aboriginals of the Torres Strait Islanders (Cripps, Otczyk and Clancy,
2011).
There must be concerns of the disease from the smoking care among the aboriginals of the
Torres Strait Islanders. As the growth of lung cancer and asthma is too high among the
aboriginals they must require proper medical treatment, change of food habit, must reduce
alcohol consumption, must quit smoking and need to consume fiber contained food for the best
outcome. I think it is the duty of the government and various non-government healthcare
organizations to provide sufficient aid and advice to aboriginals on the smoking related diseases.
free healthy lifestyle (Brockway, 2011).
Record identified through proper searching of database. The data base searched was 931.
Additional records were identified through other sources which were essential for the research of
the chronic disease among the aboriginals. The data records are kept after removing the
duplicates which are 916. The record screened is 916 and record excluded were 830 which was
not relevant in this case. The full text articles assed for the eligibility for the research in 86. The
full text articles excluded with the reasons. Studies included in the synthesis of the result are 24.
The results include the chronic health effect due to smoking in the adults of aboriginal
population. The diseases which can be caused by smoking are alveolar problem respiratory
problem asthma .
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Conclusion
It is reported over the last couple of years, that the most of the aboriginal people in Torres Strait
Island in Australia suffers chronic smoking disease which is mainly caused by racial
discrimination The aboriginals have more problem than the non-indigenous people of Torres
Strait Island in Australia. Due to the sleep disorder, Psychological effect of racism, they are
suffering from chronic smoking disease like asthma, alveoli problem. Apart from the disease,
they are suffering from a lung problem. It is reported that the adolescent person of the Torres
Strait Island have been suffering from chronic respiratory problem due to psychological effect of
racism. Apart from the non-indigenous people in Australia, the aboriginal people in Torres Strait
Island have been suffering from this due to the proper nutrition. But most of the data does not
show the fact about the health of the aboriginal people in Torres Strait Island. To review the
problem and to remove the disease from the life of the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island,
the proper approach is required to solve the health problem of the aboriginal people of Torres
Strait Island in Australia. The above-mentioned remedies and the right approach can change the
chronic diseases caused due to smoking problem of the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island
in Australia. Overall the steps of the Australian government should be required to solve the entire
racism problem of the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island of Australia .
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Matrix table
Appendix 2
PRISMA Flow Diagram
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Appendix 3
Matrix table
Appendix 4
Screen shot of the search (taken from UOW)
Introduction
Management
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Record identified through proper searching of database. The data base searched was 931.
Additional records were identified through other sources which were essential for the research of
the chronic disease among the aboriginals. The data records are kept after removing the
duplicates which are 916. The record screened is 916 and record excluded were 830 which was
not relevant in this case. The full text articles assed for the eligibility for the research in 86. The
full text articles excluded with the reasons. Studies included in the synthesis of the result are 24.
The results include the chronic health effect due to smoking in the adults of aboriginal
population. The diseases which can be caused by smoking are alveolar problem respiratory
problem asthma .
Research
question
Objective Method theme result Conclusion
What are the
relevant risk
factors
associated
with the
impact of
racism on
chronic
disease
associated to
smoking
among the
aboriginal
To study the
relationship
between the
racism which
influences the
health
problems
caused by
smoking? The
relationship is
explained so
that a clear
idea can be
Qualitative
and
quantitative
methods were
used.
To learn the
relation
between
racism and
effect of
chronic health
disease in the
aboriginals
The study
found that
there are
adverse effects
of the racism
with the
chronic
disease caused
by smoking in
the
aboriginals.
The
administration
should be
strict and
implement law
which will
decrease
racism after
seeing the
study.
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people of
Torres Strait
Islanders?
extracted
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Brockway, I. (2011). Key indicators of progress for chronic disease and associated
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