A Critique of Racism's Influence on the Tourism Industry

This dissertation examines the pervasive issue of racism and its detrimental impact on the global tourism industry, drawing upon Frantz Fanon's insights from "Black Skin, White Masks." The research explores the historical roots of racism in colonialism, analyzing its emergence and evolution, and its continued presence in the post-colonial world. The study investigates how racial discrimination affects the travel experiences of individuals, particularly those from marginalized communities, and how it influences the tourism sector. The dissertation outlines the research objectives, methodologies (including a positivist philosophy, deductive approach, and descriptive research design), and data analysis techniques. It delves into the themes of racism, the construction of the 'self' and 'other', and the impact of colonial legacies on contemporary tourism. The findings highlight the reasons for racism's persistence in tourism and its multifaceted consequences. The conclusion offers recommendations for addressing racism, promoting human rights, and fostering a more inclusive and equitable tourism industry.

Running head: DISSERTATION
A critique of racism as stated by Frantz Fanon and how it impacts the field of tourism
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Abstract
The aim of this research is to understand how the issue of racism arisen as a result of the colonial
times and its dominating presence in the post-colonial times by analyzing its impact on the
tourism industry of the world. The first chapter lays down the research objectives and the
research questions that this work tries to understand and explain. Chapter two tries to examine
the different secondary sources of literature that are consulted with in order to understand the
aim of the research in a comprehensive manner. To this regard, the different journals, academic
articles and books have been consulted with in order to derive the necessary information.
Chapter three discusses about the different methodologies that are followed in the course of the
work for the effective execution of the research study. In this regard, the researcher has under
taken the positivist research philosophy and deductive research approach in order to take a
scientific point of view of the study under consideration. Furthermore, descriptive research
design has been utilized in order to explain the different factors that affect the issue of racism
and to explore the situations whereby racism affects the field of tourism. Chapter four draws on
several themes which is related with the book published by Frantz Fanon titled “Black Skin,
White Masks”. In this chapter, the researcher tries to understand the themes of racism and how it
grabbed a central place within the human society as a result of the colonial period and its impact
on the society. Furthermore, this chapter also draws the important theme of how racism has
affected the field of tourism as observed in the twenty first century. Chapter five analyzes the
information observed in the literature review section and correlated it with the different themes
established in chapter four of the research study. This chapter examines the aim and purpose of
the research. Chapter six is the concluding chapter of this research study. In this chapter, the
research enunciates on the concluding statement and tries to link the objectives of the research

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with the entire research study. This chapter also provides certain recommendations which seeks
to gradually abolish the social evil of racism, not only for the betterment of the social conditions
of the community and protect the human rights of the people, but also to improve the field of
tourism.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.0 Over view...............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................5
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research Objectives...............................................................................................................6
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................6
1.5 Research Rationale................................................................................................................7
1.6 Research Structure.................................................................................................................7
1.7 Summary................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................10
2.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................10
2.1 Conceptual Framework........................................................................................................10
2.2 Concept of the ‘self’............................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Rise of the human civilization......................................................................................11
2.2.2 Concept of culture.........................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Importance of culture....................................................................................................13
2.2.4 Rise of the idea of ‘self’................................................................................................14
2.3 Concept of the ‘other’..........................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Division of the ‘other’ into various categories.............................................................18

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2.4 Ideas of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ in the opinion of Frantz Fanon.......................................20
2.4.1 Black Skin, White Masks.............................................................................................21
2.5 Influence of the ideas of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ on the field of tourism..........................24
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................25
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................26
3.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................26
3.1 Research Outline..................................................................................................................26
3.2 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................26
3.2.1 Application of the positivism research philosophy......................................................27
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................27
3.3.1 Application of deductive research approach.................................................................27
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................28
3.4.1 Application of the descriptive research design.............................................................28
3.5 Research Strategy................................................................................................................28
3.5.1 Application of case study research strategy..................................................................29
3.6 Data collection process........................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Application of secondary data collection process........................................................29
3.7 Data analysis technique.......................................................................................................30
3.7.1 Application of the qualitative data analysis technique.................................................30
3.8 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................30

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3.9 Accessibility Issues..............................................................................................................31
3.10 Summary............................................................................................................................32
Chapter 4: Data Findings...............................................................................................................33
4.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................33
4.1 Emergence of colonialism and the rise of the idea of racism..............................................33
4.1.1 Emergence of colonialism............................................................................................33
4.1.2 Rise of the idea of racism.............................................................................................35
4.2 Nature of the field of tourism in the post-colonial world....................................................36
4.2.1 Meaning of tourism.......................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Tourism through the lens of post colonialism..............................................................37
4.3 Tourism as affected by racism in the contemporary time period........................................39
4.3.1 Reasons for the existence of racism in the field of tourism..........................................39
4.3.2 Impact of racism on the field of tourism......................................................................41
4.4 Summary..............................................................................................................................43
Chapter 5: Discussion....................................................................................................................44
5.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................44
5.1 Theme 1: The rise of racism during the period of colonialism............................................44
5.2 Theme 2: The presence of racism in the contemporary world order...................................47
5.3 Theme 3: Impact of racism on the field of tourism.............................................................49
5.4 Summary..............................................................................................................................51

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Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................53
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................53
6.1 Linking with objectives.......................................................................................................53
6.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................55
6.3 Future scope of the study.....................................................................................................57
References:....................................................................................................................................59

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Over view
The issue of racialism has been observed to be in existence in the human society since
times immemorial (Assari et al. 2017). At the dawn of the human civilization, such forms of
racialism did not take an aggressive discriminatory status and people were accepted along with
their physical differences. However, this issue took a turn after the introduction of the era of
colonialism. The main characteristic feature about the colonial time period was the forceful
subjugation of the people of the developing and under developed parts of the world by the
imperial masters belonging to the advanced developed countries of the world (Joly 2017). In this
respect, it can be noticed that they justified their desire to rule over such native states of the
world because of their superior military capability. Furthermore, they even stated that the ‘white’
skin toned people had the right to rule over the ‘black’ skin toned people as it was widely
believed that the ‘black’ ethnic population did not have the necessary political skills to organize
their social structures in an effective manner (Bell 2018).
This aspect of racialism is seen to be prevalent even in the contemporary time period of
the twenty first century. Racialism has rapidly emerged as one of the concerning social evil
negatively impacting the entire global world order (Dovidio, Gaertner and Pearson 2017). This in
turn, has posed several challenges to the issue of tourism. Tourism implies the migration of
people from one place to another for a short duration of time usually for undertaking a leisure
activity. The idea of tourism has taken a strong foot hold in the society in the globalized world
order and as a result of this, it is observed that people now migrate to other places crossing their
national territorial boundaries. In this context, it can be seen that although people are desirous of

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visiting a tourist place, they are faced with certain obstructive hurdles of which the issue of
racialism is the most threatening one.
To this effect, the purpose of the research is to understand how the issue of racialism has
emerged to occupy a dominant position in the society in the era of globalization and diligent
adherence to the issue of maintenance of human rights (Dovidio, Gaertner and Abad-Merino
2017). As a consequence, the research makes an in-depth analysis of the book written by Frantz
Fanon in the year 1952 known as “Black Skin, White Masks” (Silverman 2017). This book lays
the issue of racism as depicted in the age of colonialism. Furthermore, this paper tries to
understand how racialism has affected the idea of tourism and made a certain section of people
scared to visit specific places of the world due to the presence of this social evil.
1.1 Problem Statement
Racism is one of the most prominent issue to be affecting the entire human society even
in the present globalized world order. Attempts have been made by the different state leaders to
ensure that certain universal rights are granted to the individuals notwithstanding any
discriminations on the grounds of race, religion, color or gender. However, in the real life it can
be observed that such discriminations are in fact occurring and that certain sections of people are
becoming vulnerable as a result of such actions (Clair and Denis 2015). This does not only have
an impact on the psychological set up of the individuals but also affects different spheres of
human activity such as that of tourism (Chae et al. 2018). In this respect, it can be analyzed that
the field of tourism is negatively impacted as a result of the prevalence of racism as the ‘black’
ethnic minority is unable to visit the places where such forms of racism prevails. Thus, there is a
problem that exists between the occurrence of racial firms of discriminations and the field of
tourism.

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1.2 Research Aim
The aim of this research is to understand how the issue of racism arisen as a result of the
colonial times and its dominating presence in the post-colonial times by analyzing its impact on
the tourism industry of the world.
1.3 Research Objectives
The objectives of the research can be stated as follows –
1. To understand the prevalent issue of racism which arose as a result of the colonial period.
2. To critically analyze the effect of racism in the field of tourism of the modern globalized
world order.
3. To reflect on the book of Frantz Fanon titled “Black Skin, White Masks” and understand the
view point of the author related to racism in the colonial period and dehumanization.
4. To recommend various measures which would be able to effectively tackle the issue of racism
so that it would not affect the business sphere of tourism.
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions can be stated as follows –
1. What is the prevalent issue of racism which arose as a result of the colonial period?
2. What is the effect of racism in the field of tourism of the modern globalized world order?
3. What views does Frantz Fanon hold with regard to the issue of colonialism and
dehumanization in his book titled “Black Skin, White Masks”?

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4. What are the various measures which can be recommended to effectively tackle the issue of
racism so that it would not affect the business sphere of tourism?
1.5 Research Rationale
The social evil of racialism has been present within the different parts of the world since
the dawn of human civilization (Ledford 2018). The disastrous effects of the two World Wars
that was fought in the twentieth century revealed to the state leaders the importance of instituting
a several non-governmental institutions that could be established with the purpose of ensuring
the adherence of important human rights issues (DiTomaso 2015). As a consequence of this, the
state politicians undertook the pledge of removing the different discriminatory activities from the
world in a gradual yet steady manner of which the issue of racism was the most important one.
However, in the twenty first century, it can be observed that racism is still very much prevalent
and as a result of this, the industry of tourism is being affected (Thomas et al. 2017). Tourism
refers to the aspect of people moving from one place to another in search of leisure. However,
due to the prevalence of such social evils in certain parts of the world in a dominant manner,
especially in the western developed nation states, it can be seen that often times, the ‘black’
skinned people are scared to venture in to such parts of the globe (Clair and Denis 2015). As a
result of this, the business industry of tourism has been adversely suffering due to such forms of
racism. The significance of this research lies in the fact that there it seeks to show how racism
has been affecting not only the psyche of the individuals of the society but also the economic
market structure of the entire world.
1.6 Research Structure
Chapter one of the research tries to understand the main purpose of the study. In this
regard, the aim of this research is to understand how the issue of racism arisen as a result of the

11DISSERTATION
colonial times and its dominating presence in the post-colonial times by analyzing its impact on
the tourism industry of the world. Furthermore, this chapter also lays down the important
research objectives and the research questions that the research seeks to answer in the course of
the study.
Chapter two tries to examine the different secondary sources of literature that are
consulted with in order to understand the aim of the research in a comprehensive manner. To this
regard, the different journals, academic articles and books have been consulted with in order to
derive the necessary information. The view points and the opinions of the authors and the
scholars are taken in to consideration while talking about the issue of racism and how it affects
the field of tourism.
Chapter three discusses about the different methodologies that are followed in the course
of the work for the effective execution of the research study. In this regard, the researcher has
under taken the positivist research philosophy and deductive research approach in order to take a
scientific point of view of the study under consideration. Furthermore, descriptive research
design has been utilized in order to explain the different factors that affect the issue of racism
and to explore the situations whereby racism affects the field of tourism. The relevant
information is collected with the aid of secondary sources of literature and this information is
analyzed with the support of qualitative data analysis technique. This has enabled the researcher
to understand the issue of research study in an in-depth manner.
Chapter four draws on several themes which is related with the book published by Frantz
Fanon titled “Black Skin, White Masks”. In this chapter, the researcher tries to understand the
themes of racism and how it grabbed a central place within the human society as a result of the