Comprehensive Radiation Safety Report for Acme Manufacturing - OSH4308

This report assesses radiation safety at Acme Manufacturing Co., identifying radiation sources like television sets, computer monitors, soil, and radon gas. It details protection measures such as time limitation, distance maintenance, and shielding. The report recommends providing information on radiation-prone areas, supplying personal protection equipment (PPE), conducting periodic training, and raising public awareness. It includes calculations for radiation levels at different workbenches, considering lead shielding and stay times. Additionally, the report evaluates power density and far-field distance for radar testing facilities, emphasizing the importance of safety measures to protect employees and the public from radiation exposure. Access the full report and more solved assignments on Desklib.

OSH4308-15C-1 Unit 3 Project 1
Radiation Safety Report
Faisal Ahmed
Columbia Southern University

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Introduction
Radiations are encountered in everyday activities. Some radiations are harmful and others
are not. Unfortunately, those who are most exposed to radiations have no idea that they are going
through such dangerous exposures. I have done research that proves that people who work in
regions that emit high and harmful radiations are prone to exposure. The main reason is that
those people who work in such environments have no clue that they are exposed. The employees
are exposed to injurious conditions without their knowledge. The radiations that are released are
invisible. They can only be detected by special radiation equipment detectors which are not
provided to the employees. Due to this information transition flaws, this paper will seek to
alienate the dangers and remedies that workers and employers at Acme Manufacturing Co.
undergo in prevention and cure of radiation-related infections.
Report Details
There are a number of radiation sources in Acme Manufacturing Co., among them
including:
1. Television sets emit differentiated types of rays. There are two types of television sets.
The cathode ray tubes and the liquid electroluminescent display (LED). The cathode ray
tube television sets are a cliché and they have been phased out. In workplaces and homes
in today’s world, we find LED televisions which emit dangerous and harmful X-rays.
The persons who are exposed to such rays have no idea of such emissions. Who is to
blame for such neglect in information dissemination?
2. Computer monitors usage is another menace in curbing exposure to toxic rays. Israel,
Ivanova & Zaryabova (2011) argue that in the contemporary world, computers are the
driver engine in all communication, financial and international transactions that happen

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on a daily basis. However, just as in television varieties between the cathode ray tube
computers and the modern ones, the former emits low levels of radiations that are less
harmful. In the daily transactions for companies that require almost every hour computer
monitoring, this has not been catered for.
3. Naturally, soils release some form of radiations which emanate from minerals occurring
from beneath them. Some radioactive particles in the soil are released in form of gases
which are released into the atmosphere. These are known as cosmic radiations which
might be inhaled to cause some inspiratory difficulties.
4. Radon gas is another inspiration gas which is released from the decay of naturally
occurring element in the ground that is uranium. It is a major lung cancer cause in the
United States alongside nicotine abuse.
5. As mentioned above, nicotine is a major lung cancer causative agent. When smokers take
the puff, they not only inhale the addictive nicotine but also expose themselves to the risk
of ingesting such poisonous components from the soil. These components have a high
affinity for elements found in fertilizers used to grow the tobacco.
6. The earth that we live in has some energy radiations that are either from within the sun,
otherwise known as solar radiation or from without the sun, also known as galactic
radiation. The two radiations above are commonly referred to as cosmic radiations. These
cosmic radiations mostly affect those who are in high altitudes. Those who fly regularly
are at the high exposure to such risks.
Protection from Radiations
In protecting the affected from radiations, Acme Manufacturing Co. has embraced three
approaches. These are time, distance and shielding. We shall discuss these below:

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1. Time - The time that one is exposed to a radiation determines the seriousness of the
effects of the exposure. The institutions that have radiation points should ensure that
they have measures to curb the exposure period. This is because the longer the
exposure time, the more dangerous the effects will be. The dose ingested into the
body will determine the intensity of the effects that the infected person suffers. To
mitigate this, the company should have emergency measures that will ensure the
person does not suffer for too long.
2. Distance - Logically, reducing the distance between the radiating source and the
potentially affected persons will help in reducing the exposure to radiations. If
possible, companies must ensure that they put up measures to reduce the distance
between the radiation source and those who might be affected in case the radiation
erupts. Although this might not be always possible, it will give the employees a safety
assurance that they are protected and this will increase their productivity.
3. Shielding - This is the most effective way of protecting those who work in areas with
harmful radiations. This will ensure that in case of an unexpected radioactive
eruption, the workers are well catered for. In medicine, the patients who are exposed
to X-rays are protected using radioactive resistant clothing such as lead aprons. In
case the medical practitioners may come into contact with the radiations with their
hands, they are advised to use protective gloves that are coated with lead. However,
such gloves should not be too thick to prevent the practitioner from carrying out their
mandate.

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Conclusion
In the studies carried out, a lot has been revealed about employer negligence which has
cost many avoidable casualties. In any workplace, employees should be protected against such
radiations and the safety measures should be well outlined and followed to the letter to ensure
that both the employees and the public are well protected.
Recommendation
Due to constant employer negligence due to information asymmetry between the
employer and the employee, the following suggestions are recommended to ensure that all are
protected:
1. The employer must provide information on the areas that are most prone to
radioactive exposure. This is done by ensuring that all potential radiation areas are
identified and shared with all the employees.
2. Personal protection equipment (PPE) should be provided for all. In case of any
damage to the PPE, there should be prompt repair and/or replacement.
3. Training should be carried out periodically.
4. The public should be made aware of the potential dangers that they are exposed to.
Other methods to be embraced by Acme Manufacturing Co. as efforts towards protecting
its employees from radiations should include the following:
i. In the case of internal radiations, it might be quite difficult to prevent the effects.
However, Sieffert (2014) suggests that people working in radioactive areas should
take precaution. This is by ensuring that they do not ingest or inhale radioactive
materials. Employees who work in areas with radioactive materials are advised to

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wear personal protective equipment such as latex gloves, gas masks, and aprons as
well as protective overpressure suits. This is because the radioactive materials might
be in different forms.
ii. Apart from protecting the employees, the public interest should also be considered.
This is because the radioactive materials might seep through the industry and released
to the outside world. This is really dangerous since the public is not wearing any
personal protective equipment. The industry should, therefore, ensure that the public
is well protected by putting up measures that will prevent the release of such
materials outside the place of work. These include shielding using thick concrete
walls and the doors using lead foils. The rooms should have no windows and in rare
cases, the room should be arranged in a maze.
iii. Training of workers on how to handle radiations is adequate. According to Bachev &
Ito (2013), training should be done to employees on how to respond in case of either
expected or emergency cases of radioactive exposure. They should be capable of
handling both the internal and external effects of exposure to radiations.
5. People should ensure the personal protection by ensuring that they do not expose
themselves to radioactive materials that might be ingested or inhaled.

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Calculation
For radiation, Bench#3
Since we know that, radiation and distance are interrelated as
l1 d1
2 =l2 d2
2 (Where l and d are intensity and distance for both the
point.)
⟹ l2=l1 d1
2
d2
2
L2 = 110∗0.52
22 =0.46 rem/h
Similarly for Bench#5
L2 = 137∗12
32 =15.22 rem/h
for Bench#6
L2 = 1 02∗0.752
1.52 =25.5 rem/h
Initially the radiation limit is too high to work there, if lead shield is applied,
Calculation of radiation with lead shield as calculated as l=lo e− μx, where μ = 1.23rem
/cm
For bench #3 = l=lo e− μx (Putting the value as given above)
l=2∗30.48 2.71−1.23 x 5=0.456 rem /hr (1 ft = 30.48 cm)
Recommended stay time Booth#3 = 0.017/0.456 = 0.038 = 2.25 minute
Similarly for bench #5
l=3∗30.48∗2.71−1.23 x 5=1.0083 rem /hr

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Recommended stay time Booth#3 = 0.017/1.09 = 0.017 = 1.01 minute
For bench #6
l=1.5∗30.48∗2.71−1.23 x 5=1. 69 rem/hr
Recommended stay time Booth#3 = 0.017/1.689 = 0.01 = 0.608 minute
Radar testing facility
The power density can be calculated as P Dnf = 16 ϵP
π D2
Where, Antenna efficiency ϵ = Antenna efficiency
P = antenna power
D = diameter (cm)
Equation for far =Ddff = PG
4 π R2
G = Antenna Gain
R = Radius (cm)
From the radar basics, the efficiency of the antenna lie between 0.6 to 0.7 and antenna gain is
30 dB (or 40 dB). We have to choose the minimum value for this problem ϵ = 0.6 and G = 30
dB
Now Radar unit #1
D = 48 inch = 121.92 cm
P = 50,000 watts
P = 50000000 mWatt

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P Dnf = 16∗0.6∗50000000
π (121.92)2
P Dnf =915306.05 mW /c m2
Ddff = PG
4 π R2
G = log-1(dB/10) = log-1(30/10)
G = 1000
Ddff = 50000000 x 1000
4 π R( 121.92
2 )
2
Ddff =1070705.96 mw /c m2
For radar unit 2
D = 26 cm
P = 11000 watts = 110000000mW
P Dnf = 16∗0.6∗110000000
π (26)2
P Dnf =497241.47 mW /c m2
Similarly
Ddff = 11 000 0 000 x 1000
4 π R( 26
2 )
2
Ddff =51795987.4 mW /c m2 Ans

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10
References
Bachev, H., & Ito, F. (2013). Impacts of fukushima nuclear disaster on agri-food chains in
japandagger]. IUP Journal of Supply Chain Management, 10(4), 7-52. Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1506897794?accountid=45049
Israel, M., Ivanova, M., & Zaryabova, V. (2011). Criticism of the philosophy for development of
standards for non-ionizing radiation. Environmentalist, 31(2), 121-129.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-010-9300-y
Sieffert, A. M. (2014). ASTRONAUT HEALTH & SAFETY REGULATIONS: IONIZING
RADIATION. Scitech Lawyer, 10(4), 20-22. Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1681907395?accountid=45049