Railway System Engineering Report: Development and Challenges

This research report delves into the multifaceted field of railway system engineering, focusing on the proposed development of the Moorland & City railway company, particularly its plans to connect Leek and Alton Tower stations. The report examines various aspects of railway engineering, including...Read More

Research Report 1
RAILWAY SYSTEM ENGINEERING
by
Class:
Course:
Professor (Tutor):
The Name of the School (University)
The City and State
The Date

Research Report 2
Executive Summary
The Moorland & City railway company has plans to become part of the new Leek and
Alton Tower stations. However, there are numerous factors influencing the development of the
railway industry. As a result, engineering works in this industry is multifaceted. The complex
nature of the railway engineering process calls for an analysis of subsystems including
mechanical engineering, technological network design, electrical engineering, civil engineering
and systems integration. This is the application of advanced technological and scientific
principles in the planning, functional, operation and management practices. The Moorland &
City railway company is a private company seeking investments in a public transport system. It
needs to look at convenience, safety, cost, comfort, and other customer needs. This report delves
into the railway-engineering field to unveil the contemporary changes in customer demands and
the capability of the sector in meeting these needs. This infrastructural development project
highlights the increasing demand for innovative transport systems that meets the consumer needs.
The railway transport system comprises of the stations, freight facilities, track development and
locomotive power. The urban systems such as the underground and high-speed rail networks
require constant improvements in order to meet the massive demands.

Research Report 3
Contents
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Proposed Development.......................................................................................................5
2.0 Literature Review........................................................................................................................6
2.1 Demand in Interurban Connection...........................................................................................7
2.1.1 Proximity factors.............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Scheduling........................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Congestion........................................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Reliability......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.5 Relevance....................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.6 Efficiency....................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Enhancing the Capability of the Railway System..................................................................12
2.2.1 Terminal......................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Station.............................................................................................................................13
2.2.4 Track capacity................................................................................................................ 15
2.2.5 Train............................................................................................................................... 16
2. 2. 5 Junction........................................................................................................................ 17
3.0 Stakeholder challenges......................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Private and Public Stakeholders............................................................................................19
3.2 The Aging Rail..................................................................................................................20
3.3 Advanced Technology...........................................................................................................21
3.4 Operational efficiency........................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Implementation of capacity and commuter preferences.........................................................24
3.6 Constraints.............................................................................................................................24
4.0 Environmental Impact............................................................................................................... 25
5.0 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................26
Bibliography....................................................................................................................................27

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1.0 Introduction
The UK rail industry is a dominant public service because of its demand and supply factors
(Watson, et al., 2012). Everyday thousands of commuters make use of the railway network to
access the region. Home to popular global cities, the system connects users to Birmingham,
London, Manchester Kingsley and other major cities in the region. Smaller towns such Crewe
and Holiday Village also benefit from this network. With increased passengers comes freight
management challenges. Whether travelling for business or leisure, passengers have specific
demands, which the network has to fulfil. This steers the rail industry to adopt modern
approaches in order to meet the changing needs of the contemporary market. As one of the
leading rail networks in the world, the UK railway serves both local and international needs.
Therefore, its engineering projects consider advantages and disadvantages of building and
reinstating the railway. Environmental factors raise the question of sustainability and
stakeholders identify the need for new changes in the infrastructural system. Operational
performance in the rail transport supports a cost effective and sustainable service delivery
process. This makes capacity and demand inseparable factors for innovation in a highly
competitive environment (Bataille & Steinmetz, 2013). These determine the industry’s
profitability.
1.1. Proposed Development
Moorland & City is seeking to redevelop the railway freight in the UK. Started in 2009, the
company has a 150-year contract in Leek. Among its agenda is to refurbish heritage services in
the Network rail. It has a background in the management of steam and diesel engines. Through
innovative approaches, the company seeks to grow its services through contemporary freight and
commuter trains. Its plan is to connect Leek to suburbs and villages through the rail network
(Moorland & City Railway, 2013). By doing this, the company plans to transform the Alton
station into a terminus. In order to succeed in its plans, the company needs a reliable approach
and support from the local government and the community.

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Figure 1: Site location showing connection between Aston and Leeks (Theme Parks UK, 2017)
Privatization spearheads growth in a public service sector like railway transport. Although the
government manages the plan and standardization, the company has a sole responsibility as an
investor to deliver the transport service in line with customer demands. Growth in the industry
has a focus on increasing the number of passengers as well as the freight. Profitability,
sustainability and global competiveness also influence this plan. Moorland & City has the
objective to improve:
 Efficiency
 Reliability
 Customer care ( passenger/freight experience)
 Fleet management
Taking full advantage of the current infrastructure, Moorland & City sets out to develop the
enhanced lines in Leek and Alton Tower stations.
2.0 Literature Review
Urban transport systems characterised by an intermodal transport infrastructure has its pros and
cons (Kyriakidis, et al., 2012). Route planning ensures the optimization of the rail and alternative
transport for analysing demand approach (Guler, 2014). Demand elements such as cost influence
the customer’s willingness to use the rail transport. These also determine the design standards
adopted for improved customer experience in railway management and engineering (Profilidis,
2014). Capacity supply is also a significant factor for this growth in the railway industry.

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2.1 Demand in Interurban Connection
2.1.1 Proximity factors
Industrial centers such as Stroke-on Trent depend on public transport to access its distribution
centers. The central location of its railway station serves passengers travelling to Fenton,
Burslem, Turnstall, and Longton. These are major commercial centers with mining industries
and educational centers. The town is also home to sports and cultural facilities. Situated in a
valley, its geographical features represent lowlands and midlands. In order to support its
economic activities, the rail network designs and maintenance considers its energy needs
connection to port services and business traveller’s needs. Managing a transport system includes
making geometric improvements on the rail networks, intersections, stations and operations
(Guler, 2014).the rail and bus system as a solution to traffic congestion implies that the r
Ail transport system needs an effective plan with a vision to improve from the past to
contemporary modes.
2.1.2 Scheduling
Major quality issues in the railway industry revolve around speed, comfort, convenience, travel
time and safety issues. In order to control the traffic in urban centers, management authorities
invest in innovative freight control methods. This is evident in Birmingham, London and
Manchester where capacity management is a major concern. Timetable rescheduling needs an
algorithm that capitalizes on mixed formulation (Sato, et al., 2013). As a risk management factor,
time scheduling in line with the customer demands reduces inconveniences. The game theory
algorithm provides a model for pricing and timing strategies using distribution mechanisms. The
use of these helps to determine the peak hours and arrangement by demand hours. This also
defines the load graph for the users

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Figure 2: Rescheduling flow chart model for the contemporary rail industry using game theory
(Reka & Ramesh, 2016)
2.1.3 Congestion
Commuters going to work are keen on the time factor. This implies that commuting towards
major cities in the peak hours is a challenge to the system. The model needs effective changes for
growing towns such as Cheddleton and Leek. In such a case, rescheduling traveling to Brook,
Endon, and Froghall from Manchester becomes a priority in the new plan. Urban freight
management using event based simulation modelling is ideal for the urban metro and technology
based freight systems (Motraghi & Marinov, 2012). In order to ease crowding and congestion
changes in frequency is necessary to control the travel times and passenger operations. A long-
term solution includes improvements in railway capacity and the creation of new systems.
Capacity enhancement provides one opportunity of improving the solution. Aston and Leeks
location have capacity for expansion and improvements for multilevel structures but the design
needs to be in line with the landscape expectations. The urban railway network involves the
development of a high occupancy vehicle (HOV). The figure below shows a strategy that the
company could use (US Department of Transportation, 2017).

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Figure 3: Capacity improvement chart for operational efficiency (US Department of
Transportation, 2017)
2.1.4 Reliability
Using the existing infrastructure to make improvements on railway transport efficiency depends
on a number of factors. This is a largescale project targeting the rail transit system. An analysis
of the cost implications determines the magnitude of the investment made. Another category of
demand drivers in this region features the leisure traveller who is keen on transport to social
amenities, airport, parks and main roads. The figure below shows an example of such strategic
developments targeting the tourist traveller’s demands. In the UK, this demand is high in Stoke-

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on-Trent, Birmingham, Crewe, London and Manchester as central points. The introduction of
new trains with reliable performance is critical for the long distance or suburban operator
systems (Rao & Rao, 2012). Reliability means dealing with delays, disruption and dispatch
schedules. Travellers want a system that they can trust. The railway engineering process provides
solutions through parallel computing and algorithms to reorder reroute and determine proper
speed.
Figure 4: Strategic location of contemporary rail networks (Motraghi & Marinov, 2012)
2.1.5 Relevance
Travellers from major cities travel to attraction centers such as Alton Towers Leisure Park, and
Leek. Other hot spots with an influx of visitors is Money stone, and Holiday Village. The rail
network also serves passengers from Water-stones destined for the National Park. This model
applies to road-rail and terminal village development. These externalities highlight the relevance
of effective management in freight transport system (Woensel, et al., 2015). The figure below
summarizes the optimization model for rescheduling and linking different scenarios for the rail
transport system. It accounts for reliability and cancelation of public transport systems. The
integration of an old system with an advanced project for optimum operation involves
stakeholders with an experience in global network. The passenger is a major contributor who
needs to understand the new value presented by a new railway network.

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Figure 5: Credibility optimization model (Zhou, et al., 2014)
2.1.6 Efficiency
Cherrett, et al (2012) discuss the demand for improved delivery in the out of town transport
systems. Discussion on freight transport brings to light important factors in the transportation of
products from the quarries at Cauldon Low as well as Moneystone. As replacement for trucks
and road transport, the railway provides an effective freight transport. This is important in the
satisfaction of transport services for products and services. Efficient delivery during out-of-
hours finds ways to improve on the average delivery rates, and statistics in the supply chain.
Engineering designs for the freight system develops reliable infrastructure for load management.
Political factors may promote or hinder efficiency in railway transport. The case study of Spain
shows an influence in logistics development of the urban centers (Onieva, et al., 2012). The
optimization process includes monitoring for wastage and reduced operation costs.

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Figure 6: Time and distance graphs showing peak hours and the special train services (Exploring
distance time graphs, 2017)
2.2 Enhancing the Capability of the Railway System
When faced with multiple objectives and functions making the right choice becomes difficult.
Capacity enhancement The UK government policies on railway transport advocates for growth in
the midst of capacity (Watson, et al., 2012). This process involves tackling the constraints to
demand and refurbishing the infrastructural system. One of the government’s objectives is to
approach railway development using affordable, sustainable and robust transport network. It
purports to implement a cost effective and on time delivery railway. This strategy has an aim of
reducing traffic and increasing passenger movement in the right places. Effective planning
ensures that the freight maintenance, movement and operations are highly competent. The
Capacity supply measures include:
 Terminal
 Station
 Track capacity
 Train
 Junction

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2.2.1 Terminal
Diverting human traffic in some areas prevents crowding in main cities. This is a safety and
security plan benefitting the affected areas. Rail terminus like London, Manchester and
Birmingham are crucial routes, which need consideration. Reducing the stop times and changes
in timetable frequencies are important. Such metrics determine the nature and capability of the
new service frequency. This identifies the rolling stock required for new construction or
restoration of the railway line. The limitations and environmental performance. Operational and
physical capacity depends on the number of trains, stations, tunnels and bridges built to ease the
movement of trains. The train operation, space and rail capacity determines the route and
capacity utilization. The focus on areas of constraints such as London, Liverpool and Manchester
identifies areas of reforms for efficiency and reconstruction.
Figure 7: The increasing number of passenger travelers in UK journeys (UK Parliament, 2017)
2.2.2 Station
Noise, sound and air pollution are issues of concern in the development of the railway transport.
This is critical in the environmental issues such as reduced carbon emissions. Increasing service
frequency has financial and commercial benefits. This implies running more trainings within an

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efficient timetable. The optimization of the station might call for the reconfiguration of the stock
capacity to suit the expected level of trains for that platform. The infrastructural impact of the
new and reinstated lines includes stations and depot facilities. The competitive global supply
chains highlights regional structures as distinct factors (Rodrigue, 2012). Another option for the
increase in station capacity is in increased passenger movement. Some terminus require the
creation of flyovers or improved track sections for handling better capacity. Reducing the
congestion lines through rebuilding and rationalization of routes is necessary for freight
management
Figure 8: Installation of the LED lighting for energy efficiency (BBC, 2016)
Energy efficiency is evident in the electrification programs, especially in the electric train
networks. Statistics from the rail industry show an increase in overcrowding incidences in the
rail network. The use of digital operating mechanisms such as track control signals improves
safety through reduced braking distances and controlled movement. The use of technology
application in communication also improves speed for better delivery. The voice and information
communication system also saves time and improves the advisory system. Therefore, signalling

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and traffic control systems are strategies for inclusion in the new development projects in the
industry.
2.2.4 Track capacity
Enhancing the length of the trains is one way to improve the freight management capacity. This
is because length and weight reduce the acceleration, brake and speed ability. Different tracks
have advantages and challenges. Then two track and three truck rail lines diverts trains through
diversion of freight. This allows passengers from Manchester to connect to Edinburg efficiently.
This explains the introduction of the high-speed rails in busy networks for better freight and
passenger movement. In rail, engineering attributes such as track condition and quality influence
the operational efficiency. The figure below shows an example of a simulation graph for the rail
network at Acton town.
Figure 9: Western Line map layout for the underground railways speed simulation (Hazelton,
2017)

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2.2.5 Train
Train safety is important for the passenger train services in the UK. Past records highlight
infrastructural and train failures as leading causes of accidents. The number of trains in a track or
station determines the operation problems. It shapes the traffic system on how many trains a
railway system needs at a time. The company needs to introduce hybrid trains with varied
solutions. Rolling stock engineering deals with congestion through the improvement of
assemblage, operation and maintenance of trains (RTM, 2017). The train needs to fit with the
track sizes hence radius, distance and curve measures must align accordingly.
Recommended Permitted
Track
Type
Curves in
Same
Direction (m)
Curves in
Opposite
Directions (m)
Curves in
Same
Direction (m)
Curves in
Opposite
Directions (m)
1 150 150 100 80
2 100 75 70 65
3 100 75 70 65
4 and 5 60 55 50 50
Table 1: Recommendations for track size for train speed 250 Km/h (Israel Railways Limited,
2013)

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Figure 10: Side view measures of an electric bridge (Israel Railways Limited, 2013)
Figure 11: Width measurements to fit the track
Figure 12: Width of a passenger station (Israel Railways Limited, 2013)
Mechanical services and equipment tackle the challenges of service delivery in a railway
network. Contemporary networks have computerised designs for design drawing of the rolling
stock production and management of technical issues. It involves electrical engineering in
competent skills for the 21st Century. The planned rail system serves commodity industries in the
region. Having additional freight in the overall network an increase in rail infrastructural
capacity and additional tracks.
2. 2. 5 Junction
The growth demand influences the construction of structures such as tunnels, bridges, block
segments and junctions. These are part of the railway-engineering project. Designed to
accommodate the smooth flow of passenger and cargo freight, these are critical for controlling
unidirectional and bidirectional tracks. The use of train signals prevents head on collisions at
junction levels. Rescheduling also helps to separate platforms for trains on arrival and those in
the departure schedule. These cater for speed and sudden stops or extra trains. Separating the
connections and cancellations prevents disturbances. Risk management featuring a junction plan
serves as a control point for the prevention of overlapping, disruption and delays (Shukla, et al.,

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2017). Dispatch planning considers all case scenarios including rescheduling challenges, crew
and online management platforms.
Figure 13: Overcoming passenger and freight delays on rail line networks (BBC, 2016)
A constraint Programming (CP) model is a useful tool in this process. In collaboration with the
heuristic approach, this technique guides decisions on routes, management of tracks and the
cancellation of schedules. In a rail junction mode, the rail routes coverage has provisions for
convergence and divergence. A station may serve as a junction for more than 2 rail routes to
meet from different direction. The Y shaped design of the East Midlands and Leeds connects rail
lines providing direct routes to other stations (Autopedia, 2015). This triangular junction allows
trains to pass from one section to another. Proper mechanisms for locking and switching rails
must be in place.
3.0 Stakeholder challenges

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In order to take full advantage of the Leek Railway infrastructure Moorland & City needs to
develop enhanced lines using improved technology. This investment costs billions because of the
connectivity and transformation process. However, this next generation system must support the
global standards of reliability and technology based operations. Stakeholders in the industry
include the local government at Leeks and Aston, department of transport, train and freight
operators, suppliers and the customers.
3.1 Private and Public Stakeholders
Private stakeholders in the industry include safety and monitoring, rail delivery groups, non-
profit organizations, rail accident and investigations officers and industry researchers.
Professional associations in the industry provide competent mechanical, civil and institutional
engineers to work on the projects. High-speed trains operate on magnetic tracks with its forces
reducing the speed incredibly. It has improved carriage capacity for passenger and freight
services. The operation is on high-speed transit systems that capture networks across the region
(Demetriou, 2013). This would call for the involvement of stakeholders across the UK.
Consideration for other projects, policies and environmental effects is critical. The rail network
between Leeks and Aston affects regional and integrated networks.

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Figure 14: 3 D design of a wide range user system (GGS Labs, 2017)
As the UK continues to embrace global strategies such as advanced technology, diversity in the
planning and implementation becomes inevitable. Moorland & City’s collaboration plan is
important in dealing with numerous challenges in the UK railway industry (Bataille & Steinmetz,
2013). This project targets a suburban location but it has implications for the metropolitan parts
of the UK. Performance integrated systems using different technologies targets solutions for the
increased mobility in the urban areas. In this case, the company has to deal with:
 An aging railway network
 Operational efficiency
 Advanced technology for contemporary rail system
 Commuter preferences
 Improved capacity of the rail system
 Safety and security concerns

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 Environmental issues related with the transport industry
 An integrated network considering the original railway framework and the global
demands
 Government regulations and available support
3.2 The Aging Rail
The Royal Academy of Engineering ( 2015) addresses congestion in urban and interurban
railway networks. It makes suggestions for an integrated plan that includes investemnet in
infrastructure to enhance capacity and maximize on technology. The aging rail network
continues to expereince challenges of meetiing the demand and maximizing on capacity. It needs
a demand oriented solution that reduces congestion while sticking to the national regulations.
Long term solutions such as the extension of existing track beds (Unseen Steam, 2017). Reviving
unused rails and replacing it with new networks involves a restoration plan to meet the growing
interurban transport needs. improving the capacity of the freight rail transport is also a strategy to
reduce city and town congestion by lorries and vans.
Changes in land use requires a sustainable plan that caters for the present and future generations.
The design may have sociioeconomic constraints. Minimizing the socio economic constaints
requires reduced impact on the environment and geograohical considerations. The design
considers radius, radient and vertical constraints in the infrastructural designs for a multi use
facility (Eidlin, et al., 2017).
Figure 15: image of the old Leeks planned extension (Unseen Steam, 2017)

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3.3 Advanced Technology
Improved communication at the station features GPS, Wi-Fi, modern radio and signalling
systems. Sir Peter Handy, former Transport Commissioner for London points at the importance
of the railway network in an economy (Rail News, 2016). He acknowledges that having a
congested railway network is a good sign of growth because it is an indication that the old needs
a fix. Research proves that the old railway is more expensive to maintain because of the cable
systems and parts. The digital installations mean more trains operating within a short period. The
commitment of the government is a plus for the project.
Figure 16: Upgrading the train systems with modern technology including visual and audio
(Moxa, 2016)

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Figure 17: Global advancements in the Railway industry displaying Japans 311mph train
(Demetriou, 2013)
The Leeks and Aston location is at the centre of the UK and it dwells within busy neighbouring
cities of Manchester and Birmingham. The project needs to consider the road networks and
parking as much as it looks into advancements. Consultations with stakeholders is necessary for
legal requirements and conflict of interests.
3.4 Operational efficiency
Safety is a priority in horizontal and vertical elevation. The superelevation metrics below
describe measures used for the development of an elevation using horizontal curves to overcome
frictional effects. Finding the rate of elevation identifies the coefficient and lateral, which cause
friction and overturing in rail networks. Civil engineering tactics such as the clothoid geometry
gives essential parameters to guide the transition routes. In this case, R is the initial direction or
directional angle for the x and y coordinates.
Figure 18: The alignment model with line, circular and transitional curves (Constantin, 2016)
Working with transportation engineering is important for track resistance, improved haling
capacity and reduced wears that lead to failure of the railway networks. The project needs an
analysis of the jointed verses welded rails, fastenings and the best track speeds. Gradients
compliment the vertical curves used to specify the connectivity of the tracks at the junctions and
stations. The curves in horizontal geometry dictate the speed for both passenger and freight
railways for balanced elevations. The external and internal measures improve the operational
speed of for greater efficiency.

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Figure 19: Weighing options for safety under tunnels (Victorian State Government, 2016)
3.4 Implementation of capacity and commuter preferences
The process of reconstructing the new stations logistics for the urban market addresses the basic
problems faced by the Leeks and Aston stations (Broek, 2012). Adding new carriage to improve
movement within the station and terminus starts with the improved command of the
communication systems. This aides the train control units for reduced congestion. Before
increasing the capacity of a passage space of freight department, an analysis of its potential is
necessary. Using the urban distribution framework as the backbone the plan optimizes on the
timing and capacity deliveries. The plan by Moorland & City sets aside loading bays, stores and
a modern waiting bay for the modern passenger who needs of convenience. In order to address
the impact of the loading tracks, the project needs to adopt strategies that prevent collision. The
use of stronger structures such as steel and concrete also includes an analysis of the depth of the
structures to minimize. Operating temperature ranges as shown in the table is also important.

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Table 2: varied temperature conditions for the train (Moxa, 2016)
3.6 Constraints
Budget constraints include improvements around the station areas. Leeks station and terminus
require a new architectural design. The project needs improved tracks with safety and
economically viable upgrades (Pulido, et al., 2012). The shared commitment between the
government and the private developer Moorland & City seeks to transform an old station into a
modern one using high quality designs. This is a mega project, which is bound to encounter
challenges on time limitation, uncertainties, multiple stakeholders and gaps in private
partnerships. It is not always easy to attract investors in the maintenance of such large projects.
Developing an economical timetable for schedule management is also, a challenge because of the
numerous routes and algorithms involved (Zhu, et al., 2014). Coordinating diverse stakeholders
in the region takes time. Integrating the old network with the new one also poses technical
challenges on the project. In particular is the choice of an effective alignment mechanism

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Figure 20: Disused station in UK in need of realignment (Wright & Clatford, 2017)
Figure 21: Map of Leeks lightweight rail network (Holt, 2014)
4.0 Environmental Impact
The construction of the railway network at Leeks today needs a clear plan of sustainability
(Profillidis, 2014). Although meeting structural challenges is a hindrance to the project,
environmental management is a critical part of the transport industry today. The company needs
a strategic plan for its logistics, operation and logistics. Research in railway operations
highlights the need for energy conservation and waste management. The overall practice of
sustainability in the railway industry contributes to cost reduction. The infrastructural

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developments enhance sustainability through its electricity installations. The widespread use of
LED lightings and low carbon emissions is a priority for this project. Efforts towards recycling
and using alternative energy sources are also in the plan. This plan adopts the green railway-
engineering theme in order to support a balance in economic and social benefits of the project.
Environmental preservation is cost effective and it supports the needs of the community. This
agenda also supports safety by reducing on hazards (Lees, 2012). The project implements this
plan with concerns for reduced noise and air pollution from previous rail networks. However, the
high speed engine also consumer more energy hence future projects will focus on the greater
reduction in energy consumptions.
5.0 Conclusion
Moorland & City Railway Company plans to improve the Leeks railway system by building on its
old platform. This cost effective approach allows the company to corporate with the government
and other stakeholders in growing the industry. This presents opportunities as well as challenges.
In an effort to upgrade an old station for improved city and suburban networks, the project needs
to consider the external environment. The project seeks to ease congestion by improving the
capacity of the UK railway networks and facilitating for faster convenient travelling. In
accordance to the passenger demands, the company develops a plan, which works with the
geographical and city plan. The technical engineering process involves a complex multifaceted
approach to the development and maintenance of the railway system. Contemporary rail network
include advanced technological installations, improved approach to customer service and
sustainability approaches. These designs apply to both passenger and freight rail networks. The
successful implementation of the plan requires competent skills from across different industry
players. Consideration for environmental plans is a priority for this new strategy because of the
global concerns. As a development plan inspired by the global market, this project also needs to
consider advanced security measures. This is a risk management plan to tackle contemporary
challenges such as terrorism, which continue to affect the transport industry.
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