PHYSICS 0 PHYSICS 5: Reactor System Design and Scaling Up Process

This report delves into the design of reactor systems, specifically focusing on the scaling-up process. It begins with background information on reactor design, emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of the field and the importance of addressing potential errors. The report then explores various techniques used in reactor design, including modeling and scaling-up processes, highlighting the advantages of scaling up for cost-effective reactor design. It outlines the chemical processes involved, such as batch, continuous stirred, and catalytic processes, and discusses key variables like residence time and temperature. The report further examines the scaling-up process itself, from lab scale to pilot plant, and identifies factors influencing both reactor design and scale-up, such as chemical equilibrium, reactor size, and cost. The report suggests the use of a pilot plant-based scaling-up process to manage complexity and reduce errors, concluding with a summary of the key findings and the benefits of this approach.

PHYSICS 0
Designing a reactor system
based on a scaling up process

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Introduction
The term reactor is a kind of system that includes nuclear chain reactions used for
producing electric energy and developing medical isotope. A scaling up is an effective
process used for designing and implementing a reactor system due to their capability to
provide effective techniques and approaches for implementing reactors. The objective of
the paper is to design a reactor system based on the scaling-up process. There are various
sections that will be included in this report, for example, background information,
techniques used, chemical processes required, scaling up a reactor, factors influencing
reactor design, factors influencing reactor scale-up and suggestions.
Background information regarding reactor design
Rector design is highly multidisciplinary where an effective approach is required for
handling and addressing errors occurred in the system. In every reactor, disciplines such as
material science, structural mechanics, and thermal-hydraulics and fuel science are
required to designing an appropriate reactor system. Bae, et al., (11-19) reported that
reactor designing is a core section of chemical reaction engineering where the scaling-up
process can be used for implementing the best reactor system. It is identified that reactors
included in the nuclear submarines often may not be run at continuous power around the
close due to which most of the reactor designs adopt highly enriched uranium in the fuel
rods. There are numerous technologies involve in the development of reactors including
boiling water reactor, pressurized water reactor, pressurized heavy water and many more.
Using such kinds of approaches consumers can design and implement an effective reactor.
Techniques used in reactor design
Bilal, et al., (582-590) reported that there are major two techniques used for designing
reactors including modeling techniques and scaling up processes. The modeling technique
is grounded on the suggestion that an effective reactor model should preserve both mean
residence time and method in which time spent in the reactor is transferred between
elements of the fluid. While scaling up process is an effective technique that has the

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potential to develop and implement reliable reactors by producing the desired product
when manufactured at a profitable scale. The major objective of the scaling-up process is to
define the criteria on which laboratory-scale transfer to a full-scale profitable unit. Using
such kind of technique, consumers can control and manage errors that occurred in the
systems and complete chemical reactions in an effective manner (Wang Yangcheng and
Guangsheng, 2116-2122). In terms of quality, scaling up is an effective and larger quality
technique by which companies can design cost-effective reactors and generate electric
energy.
The chemical processes require
It is determined that the development of a reactor system deals with various aspects of
chemical engineering and reactions in order to perform operations effectively. With the
help of chemical reactions, the net present value can be maximized for the developed
reactors (Yadav et al., 594-605). The numbers of chemical processes are based on the
application of the reactor system and in the world around five chemical processes involved
in designing reactors. These processes include batch process, continuous stirred process,
plug flow process, semi-batch process, and catalytic process.
Cui, et al., (254-261) reported that reactors are mainly run at a steady state where reactors
are highly operated in a transient state in order to manage operational performance. There
are various key process variables involve while designing reactors such as residence time,
temperature, pressure, volume, heat transfer coefficients and concentrations of chemical
species. According to Eshraghian and Maen, (396-408) chemical process based reactors
have been developed for many years in the industrial and chemistry research procedures.
Small scale versions of such chemical reactors may take benefit of the enhancement
ineffectiveness that appears at such scales including reduced reaction times and enhanced
surface to volume ratio.
Background to scaling up a reactor
In the field of chemical reactions, the term scaling up is defined as the migration of a
procedure from the lab scale to the pilot place in order to perform reactions on different

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levels. It is observed that the rector system can be designed using key characteristics of
scaling up the process where depth analysis is required for addressing the challenges and
issues that occurred in the system (Yuan et al., 56-67).
Laboratory or pilot plant provides a way to perform scaling up the process in regards to the
reactor system. It is identified that the scale-up of a new reactor from the lab needs the
design and operations of a pilot demonstration unit. Such kinds of pilot plants are more
expensive but help to address errors and problems in a reliable manner. Falus, et al., (1608-
1617) provided their opinions on reactor system and highlighted that the vertical cross-
section is an effective approach to design a pilot reactor that delivers relevant
hydrodynamics for the proposed reactor systems. It is suggested that when developing a
reactor system based on the scaling-up process, the pilot plant reactor show be on the
order to 10m high in order to match the mass flux and the space velocity of the profitable
rector.
Factors influencing reactor design
For designing and implementing a reactor, it is significant for the consumers to adopt an
effective technique or process as it can help to reduce errors and enhance overall
effectiveness. The chemical process is an effective factor that impacts on the reactor design
where the developers require a way to complete the chemical process effectively. Chemical
equilibrium is another factor that impacts on the performance of the developed reactors for
which it is significant to use effective scaling-up process.
According to Liu, et al., (195-204) size of the reactor is an effective factor that has the
potential to enhance and reduce the performance of the developed reactors. Therefore, it is
reported that the developers should use the appropriate reactor size in order to enhance
overall performance. From a recent study, it is reported that cost is an essential factor that
may impact on the reactor design as it requires advanced chemical processes and systems
which are more expensive in terms of implementation (Zhang et al., 285-305). Involvement
of a pilot plant for scaling up a reactor design which is more costly and requires in-depth
analysis due to which the developers require complete guidance about scaling up and lack
of experience can produce problems in the development of the reactor system.

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Factors influencing reactor scale-up
It is examined that in the context of the reactor system, scaling up process can be done
using the pilot plan for which depth experience is required in order to complete the entire
process. Design parameters are major factors that impact on the scaling up of a reactor
where it is complex for the developers to select values of parameters including
temperature, pressure and many more (Lv Zong‐Yao and Xue‐Jun, 224-241). The equation
is another factor that can influence the reactor scaling up the process for which it is
necessary to design and implement effective equations while developing reactors. The
working of a pilot plant for the scaling-up process is more complex and requires more time
that can produce barriers in the development of reactor systems (Santos John and
Francisco, 211-217). All these are major factors that influence the reactor scaling up the
process for which the effective approaches and strategies can be used while designing
reactors and adopt appropriate values of included parameters in order to enhance the
operational performance of the reactor system.
A suggested method
After evaluating the problems and challenges linked with the reactor system, it is suggested
that a pilot plant based scaling up process can be used due to their potential to manage
complexity and perform operations in a reliable manner (Vaidyanathan, 4). The major
benefit of such a method is that it helps to reduce the errors and problems occurred in the
system and effectively perform chemical processes. The laboratory and pilot plant may be
included in order to design a reactive system based on the scaling-up process.
Conclusion
It can be summarized that scaling up is an effective process for designing a reactor system
due to its capability to complete the chemical process in a reliable manner. This proposed
research evaluated the techniques used in the reactor design and identified the factors
influencing the reactor design and scaling-up process. It also helped to enhance skills in the
area of reactor system by providing complete information regards to the reactor design
and challenged linked with reactor design. Therefore, it is reported that the involvement of

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the pilot plan can help to complete the scaling up the process in the reactor system and
manage errors that occurred in the systems effectively.

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Work Cited
Bae, Seong Jun, et al. "Preliminary studies of compact Brayton cycle performance for small
modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor system." Annals of Nuclear Energy 75
(2015): 11-19.
Bilal, Muhammad, et al. "Bio-catalytic performance and dye-based industrial pollutants
degradation potential of agarose-immobilized MnP using a Packed Bed Reactor
System." International journal of biological macromolecules 102 (2017): 582-590.
Cui, Dan, et al. "Enhanced decolorization of azo dye in a small pilot-scale anaerobic baffled
reactor coupled with biocatalyzed electrolysis system (ABR–BES): A design suitable
for scaling-up." Bioresource technology 163 (2014): 254-261.
Eshraghian, Afrooz, and Maen M. Husein. "Thermal cracking of Athabasca VR and bitumen
and their maltene fraction in a closed reactor system." Fuel 190 (2017): 396-408.
Falus, Péter, et al. "A continuous‐flow cascade reactor system for subtilisin A‐catalyzed
dynamic kinetic resolution of N‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonylphenylalanine ethyl thioester
with benzylamine." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 358.10 (2016): 1608-1617.
Liu, Liang, et al. "Improved results on asymptotic stabilization for stochastic nonlinear
time-delay systems with application to a chemical reactor system." IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 47.1 (2016): 195-204.
Lv, Li‐Na, Zong‐Yao Sun, and Xue‐Jun Xie. "Adaptive control for high‐order time‐delay
uncertain nonlinear system and application to chemical reactor
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224-241.
Santos-Moriano, Paloma, John M. Woodley, and Francisco J. Plou. "Continuous production
of chitooligosaccharides by an immobilized enzyme in a dual-reactor
system." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 133 (2016): 211-217.

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Vaidyanathan, Sundarapandian. "Adaptive synchronization of novel 3-D chemical chaotic
reactor systems." parameters 1 (2015): 4.
Wang, Kai, Yangcheng Lu, and Guangsheng Luo. "Strategy for scaling‐up of a microsieve
dispersion reactor." Chemical Engineering & Technology 37.12 (2014): 2116-2122.
Yadav, Vijay K., et al. "Stability analysis, chaos control of a fractional order chaotic chemical
reactor system and its function projective synchronization with parametric
uncertainties." Chinese Journal of Physics 55.3 (2017): 594-605.
Yuan, Ye, et al. "Fine-tuning key parameters of an integrated reactor system for the
simultaneous removal of COD, sulfate and ammonium and elemental sulfur
reclamation." Journal of hazardous materials 269 (2014): 56-67.
Zhang, Jisong, et al. "Design and scaling up of microchemical systems: a review." Annual
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