Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Real Cost Campaign on Smoking

This report provides a detailed analysis of the cost-effectiveness of The Real Cost campaign, a tobacco mass media initiative aimed at preventing smoking, particularly among youth. The study examines the campaign's background, methods, results, policy implications, and limitations. The methodology includes Return on Investment (ROI) analysis and cost per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) saved. The findings indicate that the campaign has been effective in reducing smoking rates, with a positive ROI and significant cost savings related to averted smokers. The report also discusses the campaign's interventions, target populations, and outcomes, concluding that the Real Cost campaign has improved public health and reduced the financial burden associated with smoking. The study highlights the importance of continued efforts and future policies to further promote awareness and discourage smoking among the population.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of The Real
Cost campaign's effect on smoking
prevention.
DISCUSSION
From the above study or article it can be discussed that
around cost per QALY save the Real cost $1,337 by
preventing maximum of youth to intake cigarette by
education and generating awareness among them about its
harmful effects. Moreover, it has also been found from above
study that other campaign launch for targeting adult tobacco
cessation contribute in saving of $37,355.5 and
$2684 (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Real Cost
Campaign’s Effect on Smoking Prevention, 2018). So,
overall the launch of campaign contribute in saving cost and
better public health intervention.
Policy implications: All relevant policies has been
implemented and decided by policy-makers and stakeholders
on the basis of public health outcome and average cost saved
from the outcome. Such as in February 2014, Food and drug
administration has launched campaign named as national
tobacco public education campaign in order to prevent
smoking among younger age that is 12 to 17 years (Robalino
and Macy, 2018). Therefore, it can be stated that various
policies are made in related to campaign so that public health
can be improved to maximum extend.
STUDY CONCLUSION
From the above study it can be concluded that the smokers'
disability as well as mortality are the largest cost of
smoking, so they need to be considered while
understanding impact of smoking. It can be also
summarized that overall campaign launched has contributed
in reducing smoking among adult to more than $31 billion.
Thus, it can be clearly stated that public health has
improved and financial burden on individual, families has
reduces to maximum extend. So, government as well as
organization needs to take effective measure in order to
promote campaign to generate awareness among youth
about effects of smoking to their health (Prochaska, Das
and Young-Wolff, 2017). Therefore, future policies need to
be made by government to introduce more and more
advertisement campaign to generate awareness among adult
generation to avoid smoking for their health and well-
being.
INTRODUCTION
Health economics is concerned with health issue that are
faced by number of people that are living in society so that
they can live better lifestyles. This posters is based on
analysis of published study that is “ cost-effectiveness
analysis of the Real cost campaign effects on smoking
prevention”. It has contained detailed related to background,
method, results and discussion and policy implications.
BACKGROUNDS
From the previous study it has been founded that Tobacco mass
media campaign is fruitful in preventing approximately 350000
US youth from initiating smoking in between 2014 and 2016.
Thereby it can be stated campaign contribute in reducing overall
cost of nation by reducing intake of smoking by number of
younger generation so that they can life healthy for more time
frame. External environment is ever changing like use of social
media platform, decline in smoking rates with increase in health
awareness among people (MacMonegle and et.al., 2018). Policy
makers are assessing return on investment and cost utility of
tobacco campaign launched that helps in gathering better public
health outcome. Therefore, overall the article focus on the study
of cost-effectiveness of launching campaign in terms of better
public health outcome that is reduction in smoking.
CRITICAL APPROACH TOOL AND WHY
Literature review is an survey of scholarly sources or
information published by relevant, well-known author. This
tool has helped in understanding the researchers has already
ready about the topic by getting information from different
secondary sources. So, these tool also contribute in
summarizing crucial points and facts related to the topic so
that study can be made fruitful. Therefore, the reason behind
using literature review is to get relevant knowledge related to
the cost-effectiveness analysis in context of real cost
campaign effect on smoking prevention.
MacMonegle, A.J and et.al., 2018. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the real cost campaign's effect on smoking prevention. American journal of preventive medicine, 55(3). pp.319-325.
Auer, R and et.al., 2017. Heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes: smoke by any other name. JAMA internal medicine, 177(7). pp.1050-1052.
Robalino, J. D. and Macy, M., 2018. Peer effects on adolescent smoking: Are popular teens more influential?. PloS one, 13(7). p.e0189360.
Farris, S. G and et.al., 2017. Tobacco demand, delay discounting, and smoking topography among smokers with and without psychopathology. Drug and alcohol dependence, 179. pp.247-253.
Noar, S. M and et.al., 2018. Identifying principles for effective messages about chemicals in cigarette smoke. Preventive medicine, 106. pp.31-37.
Prochaska, J. J., Das, S. and Young-Wolff, K. C., 2017. Smoking, mental illness, and public health. Annual review of public health, 38. pp.165-185.
Boylan, M. R., Bosco III, J. A. and Slover, J. D., 2019. Cost-effectiveness of preoperative smoking cessation interventions in total joint arthroplasty. The Journal of arthroplasty, 34(2). pp.215-220.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Real Cost Campaign’s Effect on Smoking Prevention, 2018,[Online]. Available Through: <https://mail.cognustechnology.com/service/home/~/?auth=co&loc=en_GB&id=1305&part=2>.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Real Cost Campaign's Effect on Smoking Prevention, 2018,
METHOD
In order to measure effectiveness of real cost there are two
basic method that are used such as estimation of total ROI
(Return on investment) in order to compare it with actual
cost saved to campaign expenditure. Secondly, cost per
quality adjusted life year saved was another method that has
been used to conduct study.
RESULT
The campaign launch
has contributed in
generating effective
results by improving
public health, reducing
smoking among
younger generation to
maximum extend. It has
been identified that
$128 is overall return
on investment of
campaign launch that
has contributed in
saving $1 spent. The
averted smokers were
around >$31 billion in
cost saving among them
($1.3 billion are
external cost
consideration) ( Auer
and et.al., 2017)
Study objectives
• The main objectives of study is to understand whether the
campaign was cost effective or not.
• The study is made with an objective to gathered data
related to the real cost contributed in reducing financial
burden on society, families and individual due to
reduction in smoking.
• So, overall objectives to pursue study is to understand the
way campaign can be made more effective and attractive
so that adult generation can be informed to reduce
smoking for better health.
STUDY RESULTS
It is area which describe about the result that has been
gained by conducting research or study on the topic so that
accurate decision can be taken in order to decide investment
in tobacco campaign. Overall $246,915,233 expenditure has
been made on smoking campaign that has contributed in
saving cost per quality adjusted life $1,337 and LY saved
$2,094.62. Moreover, it has been identified that QALY
saved $1,337 and $2,095 respectively thereby from the
result obtained it can be interpreted that such campaign
needs to be launch to reduce intake of tobacco to maximum
extend. It has also been find out that campaign has lead in
decreasing 175,941 number of smoke that are at age _>28
years . In year 2016, $149,573 is the overall private cost
to smokers that aged 15.5 years (Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis of The Real Cost Campaign's Effect on Smoking
Prevention, 2018). Present day value is related to all future
expenditure that are made on cigarettes that is >$14,000 in
2016 dollars.
STUDY METHODS
It specific about different method that has being used to
conduct the study and gathered necessary information
related to cost-effectiveness of campaign launch. So, the
method used to evaluate real cost of campaign are estimated
cost per quality- adjusted life year saved and total monetary
return on investment in comparison with total cost saved.
Likewise, the key parameters used to analysis cost per
QALY are estimate number of averted smokers, campaign
cost and number of QALY saved per prevented smokers.
The second method that has been used for study is ROI
analysis through three key parameters like cost saving per
averted smoker, campaign cost, estimated number of
smokers averted (Noar and et.al., 2018). Price of smoking
is one of the method used to calculate cost saving due to
reduction of number of smokers in the society. It
undertakes overall cost of campaign in dollar and estimate
the outcome of campaign itself in dollar. Thus, both QALY
and ROI analysis were two basic method to understand the
outcome of Smoking campaign in reducing intake of
tobacco in younger generation. Limitation of making use of
QALY is that it is purely based on poor measurement
techniques as it is sample and non- representative samples
sized. Furthermore, limitation of ROI analysis is that profit
and investment are difficult to find at the same time only
specific investment is selected that have high rate of return.
So, all these are various attribute as well as limitation of the
method used to complete the study.
Intervention Comparison Outcome
• The study belong to
population of youth
that belong to age
group of 11 to 18
years old. As they
are more motivated
to intake smoking
and tobacco (Farris,
and et.al., 2017).
• Furthermore, it can
be stated that for
study of cost-
effectiveness of
campaign adult or
younger generation
population that
have never smoked
but are suspected to
smoking.
• There are various
intervention that are
used to enhance
public health. Such
as food and drug
administration has
launch an campaign
in order to generate
awareness among
youth age that is
around 12 to 17
years.
• Moreover, theme of
campaign is set “
every cigarette cost
you something” to
inform younger
generation about
the adverse impact
of smoking.
• From the two
intervention
identified from
study it can be
stated that use of
theme in campaign
was much more
effective as it helps
in attracting more
an more individual
that is 90% of
youth get
knowledge about its
impact on health.
• Decrease in overall
smoking by adult
generation is best
method to evaluate the
effectiveness of
outcome (Boylan,
Bosco and Slover,
2019).