Recent Developments in Autonomous Vehicles: A Comprehensive Report

This report examines the recent developments in autonomous vehicle technology, focusing on the progress made by various countries and companies in the field. It begins by exploring the initiatives in countries like China, Japan, Australia, and the United States, highlighting the prototypes, testing, and commercialization plans. The report then delves into the activities of key organizations such as General Motors, Waymo, Daimler-Bosch, Ford, Volkswagen Group, BMW-Intel-FCA, Aptiv, Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance, Volvo-Autoliv-Ericsson-Zenuity, and PSA, detailing their approaches, partnerships, and timelines for launching driverless vehicles. The analysis covers different aspects, including the use of artificial intelligence, the advantages and disadvantages of autonomous vehicles, and the challenges associated with their commercialization. The report concludes with an overview of the future of autonomous vehicles and their potential impact on society.

6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
Recent Development in Autonomuos Vehicle
Authors (Student)
Abstract—The paper examines recent development in
autonomous car through an exploratory technique in which
secondary sources are sought to give informed opinion
concerning the autonomous vehicle. The investigation begins by
looking at development by a few countries, different companies
and what they are doing. A chronology of progression in which
the concept of autonomous has passed through is given until the
point of using artificial intelligence. In addition, the reasons why
organizations are thinking of commercializing the driverless
vehicle are given, the advantages and disadvantages, the paradox
situation and a conclusion.
Keywords—Autonomoust; Technology; Driverless; Vehicle
I. INTRODUCTION
The driverless vehicles in getting into the heart of the society
and is attracting the attention of many players. However, there
is concern over its practicability and viability to solve the
many societal problems such as easing traffic congestion in
big cities. Currently, there is heated competition by country on
who will emerge the first to deliver the driverless vehicle. It
has become a challenge to the point that international
organizations like Google, Yandex, Toyota, Apple etc. are
now venturing into this heated competition striving to be
among the first to deliver an autonomous car with the aim of
eying on the prospects. In this paper, the examination starts by
looking at recent development in an autonomous vehicle in
different countries, companies working for its realization and
types of driverless cars, reasons for companies choosing
commercial ground, pros and cons, the future of autonomous
vehicle and end by giving a conclusion.
II. DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
China being a technological hub globally has endeavored to
develop a driverless car. The Baidu has developed and
released a driverless prototype car which drove through
Beijing for 18.6 miles. Through this advancement, the country
is optimistic that it will get autonomous vehicle operate in
commercial locations by 2019 and predict a widespread mass
production by 2021 [8].
In Japan, the venture of a driverless car is underway. Toyota
and Nissan have been undertaking the project of development
of autonomous car since 2013. The Japanese government
stated that on the realization of a driverless vehicle, the senior
citizen will be the first to use and followed by people with
limited transport in the society and hope that by 2020
driverless vehicles will be released for public transport [17].
In Australia, development of driverless vehicle is in progress.
The Aussie transportation has illustrated the development of
driverless trucks, cars, and driverless bus trail. The bust trail
testing is taken in Perth and the bus - ‘RAC Intellibus’ carries
11 passengers going at 25 kph receiving positive responses,
with a larger number of participants accepting of it being a
good service [6].
In Europe, Yandex in Russia together with Daimler, Kamaz
and NAMI are using an App technology in their driverless
minibus testing where the App connects with Yandex's cloud
to get information on the route to follow.
In America, there are several players who are on the road
testing their driverless technology. Waymo uses Chandler in
Arizona for testing their driverless technology car. Ford, as
well as General Motors, use App in their ‘Cruise Automation’
car to the driver from home to the office. Furthermore, Uber is
testing its driving cars in Phoenix, ‘Nutonomy’ test their
driverless cars in a park in the south of Boston and ‘Navya’a
French Company test their driverless buses in Las Vegas [10].
III. ORGANIZATIONS WORKING FOR
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE AND THEIR
DEVELOPMENTS
Besides the competition among countries, there is also stiff
competition among organization on the race to delivering the
driverless vehicle. According to [24] irrespective of the
company’s fame and name, the run for a driverless vehicle is
begged on reality to great strides in developing and deploying
driverless vehicles. As a result of high technologies in place,
organizations are focusing on particular features of
deployment with no human involvement in monitoring the car
to cover the trip and since it entails a different range of
technologies, companies have different strengths in different
technologies. In this point, some companies work on one-stop
shop whereas others work with third-party partners to create
the autonomous car [12].
1. General Motors - GM
The company design Cruise AV as their first driverless car
that does not include steering wheel. The approach taken is a
one-stop shop where they design, create software and build.
They are optimistic about delivering a fleet of driverless cars
by 2019. They have given a timeline to their efforts. The
company is looking at developing driverless taxis in big cities.
In this respect, they have sought permission from the US
Department of transport (USDOT) through a petition to start
commercial autonomous car operation in 2019. Through this
venture, the company has the expectation of getting a profit
margin of between 20 – 30 percent [33].
2. Waymo
Irrespective of GM’s optimistic nature, Waymo is thought to
have taken a lead by the time GM is operationalizing their

6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
driverless car in 2019. This reason is that Google is strong in
terms of technology. Waymo began earlier working their
driverless car and by 2012, they have completed level three of
this project. They completed the development of sensors and
computer systems by 2013 and in November the company
tested their vehicles on public roads completing 4 million
miles as well as testing their minivans in Arizona without
human intervention. The company became the first to report
on the issues of public safety to the federal government
illustrating the features of their technology. When other
companies are in research and development, Google is in their
car works in all situations [7].
3. Daimler-Bosch
The partnership of Mercedes-Benz and Bosch have created the
‘Robo-taxis’ their endeavor for the creation of the driverless
car came together in order to combine their expertise and
resources. Currently, they are planning to test their robot-
taxis’ on public roads. The company is very positive about
bringing in level 4 and level five vehicles by 2020. The
conceptualization of the ‘robot-taxis’ bring in the idea of
building the car from the beginning as opposed to making it
like a technology kit [30].
4. Ford
The organization in the struggle to realize the driverless car,
partners with organizations from different industries with
other organizations in order to realize its dream of developing
a driverless vehicle by 2021. The company is focusing on
commercial vehicles for commercial services as opposed to
the consumer. The organization is currently testing its vehicles
in Miami taking considerable time with the aim of
strengthening on the technology while at the same time
developing on the broader model of scaling up the services
once it is realizable [37]. They partnered with Postmates to
deliver a package with the use of the driverless vehicle in
Florida City while testing their cars. Alongside the
development of the driverless vehicle, the organization is
working on its business model to get the best way of doing
business and keeping maintaining driverless vehicles.
Moreover, the organization is developing an ‘operations
terminal’ where to maintain and secure its vehicles. The set
aside place incorporate offices for washing vehicles, including
their essential sensors, and for maintenance. Prior to self-
driving vehicles hitting the road, the organization will have
arranged to oversee expansive, driver-less fleet effectively,
and the steps taken at Miami indicate a big milestone in the
process [7]. The company does not follow other companies
who develop their products for the sake of selling to
companies like Uber and Waymo but develop and uses it for
business and is similar to the strategies for companies like
General Renault-Nissan and Motors [25].
5. Volkswagen Group
Volkswagen Group and Aurora reported a key organization
that unites the two to convey driver-less cars to urban areas.
The point is to incorporate Aurora's self-driving sensors,
equipment, and programming into Volkswagen's vehicles.
Volkswagen had accomplished more on-street testing than any
organization beyond what Google has done. Volkswagen is
adopting a conservative strategy on the utilization of the
innovation [31].
Self-driving innovation will be the highlight of future
individual transport. The coordinated effort with Aurora will
give the profitable practice in the designing group the
advancement of programming and hardware for realization of
driver-less vehicles, and, moreover, mobile services for urban
areas and it is the reason why the Volkswagen Group is
increasing the pace. As driver-less system achieves the
required development and levels in the main urban areas;
integration is possible over the brand's categories, for various
product classes like SEDRIC, transports or vehicles to self-
driving lorries [25]
Later on, individuals can obviously utilize the versatility
application or computerized virtual associate to driver a self-
driving electrical car to drive them door-to-door or utilize the
Volkswagen One Button that has GPS, network as well as a
compass, as a small fob with most extreme accommodation
fitted for ease of operaation [37].
6. BMW-Intel-FCA
BMW collaborated with Intel and Mobileye in 2016 with the
objective of putting up driver-less vehicles for sale to the
public by 2021. The three organizations are developing and
working on the BMW iNEXT model, which is going to serve
as the establishment strategy and set a basis for fleets of
completely self-governing autos for riding. They intend to
have Level 3 autos for clients in 2021, and Level 4 as well as 5
ride-hail autos for urban test programs in that year [1].
7. Aptiv
Aptiv bought nuTonomy, the main designer of self-governing
driving programming. NuTonomy's innovation is second just
to Google's, giving Aptiv a high positioning as far as
mechanical ability. nuTonomy has been running an expansive
trial of driverless cabs in Singapore since 2016. Aptiv
combined with Lyft at CES 2018 to offer Level 4 self-
governing rides down the Las Vegas strip to participants. The
organization trusts its framework and this has to be scaled for
production.
8. Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance
This partnership together is working on a driver-less and auto-
sharing services, to be dispatch in the next 10 years. It will
start testing a self-driving taxi benefit in Japan this year-2018.
The world organizations together contributed as $1 billion to
finance mobility new companies throughout the five years as it
hopes to make advances with new innovation during the era of
fast change for the transportation part. Worldwide automakers
are trying to combine their assembling ability with the agility
of new companies that are taking on electrification,
autonomous and artificial intelligence — advancements that
are changing the business (Bloomberg, (2018).
9. Volvo-Autoliv-Ericsson-Zenuity
The collaborators are building end to end self-governing stage
that coordinates vehicle programming and frameworks with
associated security information from different vehicles and
foundation. They additionally as of late propelled an
advancement lab for simpler cooperation with new companies.
In a multifaceted and computerized division, where

6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
mechanization and associated vehicles include the future, new
prerequisites are being set as far as work approaches.
The organizations need to fortify their situations at the point of
a changing car industry and aiming to work together with new
businesses to create and create more secure and more
proficient transportation for tomorrow's reality [22].
The venture permits common advancement of new innovation
and cooperation with small new businesses, whose thoughts
and motivation require drawing from. Moreover, the
organization's aim is to invigorate the improvement over the
Swedish car group with the goal of expanding and intensifying
competitiveness for tomorrow's transportation.
In a period when the vehicle business is experiencing fast
change — common trade between specific organizations can
make more powerful solutions and more quickly [26].
10. PSA
In France, the Groupe PSA is collaborating with AImotive to
combine efforts to realize a driverless car. The collaboration
has been able to pull efforts using the experience and expertise
from Citroën broad produced Citroën C4 Picasso which uses
AI-based Algorithms [32] .The Company is optimistic to
realize Level 4 series by 2025 and completely driverless in
Level 5 car by 2030. The reason is that the company is
currently testing the Peugeot 3008 GT Autocar fitted with
cameras, four radar sensors for short and three radar sensors
for long ranges. The vehicles are able to cope on a busy road
filled with traffic [9].
IV. HISTORY AND TYPE OF DRIVERLESS VEHICLE
The driverless car journey began in 1925 when the radio-
controlled car invented by Francis Houdina operated with no
human intervention. The artificial intelligence concept was
born in 1969 by John McCarthy and the “automatic
chauffeur,” was developed with the capabilities of employing
television cameras to navigate the road following instructions
inputted via the keyboard [35]. The use of command prompt
permitted users to change destinations, speed, and stop. The
radio controlled car employed integrated circuits and motors
that received the radio signal on the path to follow. This was a
breakthrough for that time and many researchers were
optimistic that this will be the future of cars but this was not to
happen owing to a shift in technology [23].
In the 1980’s, there emerged another era, Mercedes created a
trailed robotic van on the road reaching a speed of 39mph.
EUREKA in between 1987 to 1995 created Prometheus
Project. In America, the ALV (Autonomous Land Vehicle)
was developed which was using computer vision and
autonomous robotic control and achieved 19 mph.
Another transformation shift came in 1987 with the emergence
of neural systems employed to steer as well as driver-less
vehicles. This became the foundation of today control plans in
vehicles [25].
In 1990 scientists developed vehicles using technologies that
allowed further movement, faster and more autonomous. The
Navlab project completed 3,100 miles on their project and
semi-autonomous since and brakes were controlled for safety
purposes by a person.
This concept was further extended by Dean Pomerleau, a
Carnegie Mellon researcher enumerates the use of neural
networks to permit driverless vehicles to get raw data and
input them as controls for steering, and this was later realized
through the use of Navlab self-driving car system in 1995. The
driverless minivan developed drove 2,797 miles across
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to San Diego with no human
intervention [29].
In 1996, the ARGO Project employed a changed Lancia
Thema in following normal lane patterns. It voyaged 1,200
miles at 56+ mph. The vehicle contains two black-and-white
low-cost cameras coupled with stereoscopic vision algorithms
for learning the environment.
The 2008 era with advancements in technology saw great
advancement and the idea of self-parking vehicles was born.
Since 2000, there has been the realization of self-parking, self-
switching system and parking assistant installed in present
vehicles and soon the realization of driverless car will be bone.
Japanese Prius hybrid, Lexus LS sedan, Ford and BMW
vehicles have parking assistant incorporated.
Mercedes S-Class in 2014 realized the semi-autonomous car
with the capabilities of self-steering, capability to remain in
the driving lanes and can avoid accidence.
Google began the journey of the driverless car in 2009 under
the Waymo project and by 2014 the company had driven their
driverless car under testing for over 300,000 miles. They
reveal that they now have a driverless car that is fully
autonomous with not steering, brake pedals, gas pedals and
they had tested it on 2 million miles [34].
Tesla in 2015, created Model S that combined sleek looks and
driverless system. The vehicle only requires one to be on the
wheel o react to any issues that cannot be handled and is 92%
driverless, for example, it’s unable to stop at traffic lights. The
company is very optimistic about realizing the full driverless
car by 2021.
V. REASON FOR COMMERCIALIZATION
Organizations that are currently venturing and putting efforts
and money on the driverless vehicle are because of the
looming fortune ahead if things go well. It is no wonder why
many countries are striving to be on the top priority in getting
the autonomous vehicle on the road for commercial purposes.
As per Intel's research and on the “passenger economy” as
they call will be worth approximately $7 trillion a year. It is
the reason why companies are now turning their strategies and
efforts to the development of the autonomous vehicles so that
they will be part of the competitors to capture the market [19].
In this way, the pioneers of self-driving hardware and software
can construct their plans of action in light of practical stage
methodologies surrounding a general self-driving hard-and
programming model supplemented with related
administrations and business connections [36]. Given the
financial esteem that can be acknowledged in numerous
business sectors and business situations with self-driving
vehicle innovation, the plan of action will at first be extremely
productive. As in numerous different markets, the pioneers
have the capability of building up a main and ideally enduring

6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
business sector position. However, the competitive advantage
will come down after some time as the market moves toward
becoming commoditized and it will be difficult to keep
contenders out – not at all like the present models in different
markets which appreciate extensive system impacts [21].
VI. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
DRIVERLESS VEHICLES
Advantages of Driver-less Vehicles
There is going to be minimal accidents caused if the dream of
a driverless car is realized. This is because the use of
technology coordinated systems proved accurate. Drunkard
drivers will be a forgettable thing. The only barrier is the
integration of the technological features into the working of
the vehicle [18].
The other aspect that is going to be obtained with the
realization of a self-driving car is that there is going to be an
increase of leisure activity onboard. The mini-leisure rooms
are visible through the space that will be created and no need
for the passengers to face forward (Memon, 2018). The
passengers are able to enjoy entertainment through available
technology and as such long journey can be lightened with no
need of a disturbing driver. Along with this line, passengers
are able to enjoy their sleep for the duration of the journey
[11].
The traffic jam experienced in big cities will be solved. The
system of driverless car will open up ways of creating traffic
coordinated system control. The driverless vehicle will be able
to assess the roads with no traffic and find an alternate route
without traffic jam [5]. In this respect, the commuting time is
going to be reduced drastically. Moreover, as a result of high
accuracy attained, speed limits could be increased so that it
relates to safer driving and thereby reducing the length of the
journey [3].
The fatigue realized while driving will be non-existent since
everything is under control through technology. Moreover, the
vehicle with the use of sensory technology will be able to
perceive the environment better as compared to human senses
thus eliminating the issues of poor visibility, detecting subtle
and smaller obstacles and reason to reduce traffic accidents.
Additionally, the parking stress and maneuvering will be
eliminated since the vehicle will drop the passengers and look
for a parking [11].
The need for special people will now be solved completely
since this category of people will get the joy of sitting and
taken to the destination of choice [3].
The driverless vehicles will bring about a reduction in costs
like for instance fuel costs, and insurance premium costs thus
saving the owner extra expenses and thus ensures efficient
travel. In addition, theft of vehicle will be reduced because
these vehicles get locked by a key and the key will need
encryption for it to open. The encrypted algorithm cannot get
realized by the thieves [11].
Disadvantages of Driver-less Vehicles
Irrespective of the many advantages and gains on the advent
of a driverless vehicle, there are as well disadvantages. First,
the cost of getting these driverless vehicles will be too
prohibitive as compared to ordinary vehicles and ordinary
people will not afford. This is going to be a product for the
only specific class of people in the society [11].
The people who depend driving of truck and taxis for their
daily living are prone to lose their jobs. The end effect is that
many families will be affected owing to unemployment.
Currently, driving creates numerous jobs for many people in
different parts of the world. The net consequences are that
these huge numbers of people will pose other problems like
increase in crime rates, illegal drug trafficking, and some will
engage in bad habits like drug abuse as a way of getting solace
[20].
Despite the accuracy expected, in a case where there is a
minor hitch or mistake on the vehicle, the consequences will
be far much worse than as compared to the error caused by a
human driver. In addition, there is going to create issues on
people to take responsibility as well as accountability in a case
where there is a problem. This will create a crisis since a
problem can be a hardware or software related and the
driverless vehicle cannot make ethical decisions while on the
road [17].
Furthermore, the privacy of information will be an issue. Since
these driverless vehicles, information of people, property, and
geographical locations will be required. This renders private
information public and is against the privacy and regulation
laws [3].
The security is another disadvantage that driverless vehicles
will create. Since it is reliant on software on most of its control
operations, hacking will be a problem. Hackers maneuvering
into the vehicle’s software get the chance to manipulate the
controls as well as the operations of the vehicle thus paving
way for other threats to the people and the society. The
terrorists can take advantage of driverless vehicles and use as
a means of moving dangerous weapons [11].
Currently, the present models of driverless vehicles cannot
operate on adverse weather conditions, for instance, roof-
mounted laser sensors do not work on heavy rains and snow
interfere with cameras. If this is not solved, there is going to
create issues on these vehicles when operating at different
weather conditions [3].
The road system networks, as well as street lights already in
place, may not be suitable for driverless vehicles. This calls
for upgrading of all infrastructure networks. The upgrade
requires a colossal amount of money from the governments.
This is another burden that will roll back to the taxpayer [11].
VII. THE PARADOX SITUATION OF DRIVERLESS
CARS
The Radar Reflections
The principles employed by driver-less cars are the application
of radar sensor system for navigations. The radar works by
detecting radio wave reflections from nearby objects. While
on the road, the car keeps on transmitting radio frequency that
gets reflection the cars and objects nearby and the reflection
time take get measured and used to calculate the distance
between nearby objects and the car so that needed action get
taken [12]. The principle may be the subject of interferences

6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
from other cars when the number of such vehicles on the road
is many. Therefore, radio waves from other cares may cause
interferences in the same location. Even though this principle
is perfect on airplanes, the number of airplanes in the sky is
limited within any given period of time and distance between
airplanes is large [27]. The challenge is the ability of a vehicle
to differentiate its own reflected signal and those signals from
other vehicles. Irrespective of the fact there might be multiple
frequencies for radar, their range of frequencies will be limited
given the number of vehicles manufactured. Additionally, the
even with the use of global positioning system to detect
distances between vehicles, the appearances of other objects
like mountains and tree could give a false signal of a nearby
vehicle [38].
Accident Liability
There are the issues of liability in a situation where an
accident occurs. Since the driver-less car has the control all
left to the software and little provision is left for the driver, the
responsibility of bearing the liability raises questions on who
to take the blame [4]. When a Toyota Prius was involved in an
accident, it was an autonomous care but with some provisions
for the driver to take control when control does not work for
the software system. In this instance, the brake pedal failed
and instead of stopping the car, it was accelerating. In this
case, the software company was the cause because the
software failed and locked off the manual system completely
[16].
On account of driver-less autos, the software will be the
principle section that will drive the auto as well as settling
available options. Whereas in the normal circumstance a
driver is on the steering wheel, the current design such as the
one for Google does not have the steering wheel and brake
pedal [28]. In such designs, when there is no mechanisms for
driver to control such as a directing wheel, a brake pedal,
emergency pedal, then how is the individual in the auto
expected to control the auto in the event of an emergency?
Furthermore, in the idea of self-ruling autos, the passengers
will be relaxing and may not have any concern on the
movement conditions of the car. In circumstances where they
are required, and have to take care of the car, it might be too
late to deflect the circumstance and save the situation [14].
On account of a mishap, nobody is held obligated for harms.
In addition, the self-driven auto does not have control of the
drive and therefore not accountable for the accident. The
question that remains to be answered is whether to take the
manufacture liable or owner of the car [31].
Crowd Navigation
Additionally, the challenge that still remains is on the
interaction of the care and the passengers crossing or any
animal crossing the road. The person who crosses the road
creates a challenge to the driverless cars since there is still a
lot to be done so that this car detects passengers crossing the
road on red lights. Alongside this, how will the driver-less car
act on abrupt animals that might abruptly cross? This calls for
an interface as well as an intelligent system to detect human
and animals on the road [8].
VIII. THE FUTURE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE
For any individual who looks at the innovation and its
potential, there can be little uncertainty that numerous players
will, in the long run, understand self-driving auto innovation.
There are numerous business players who have the motivation
and adequate assets to tackle the issue [34].
After some time, all the necessary tools, as well as hardware
and software, will turn out to be more refined and more
accessible. Therefore it is improbable that a supplier of self-
driving auto innovation will have the capacity to build up
advantage over the competition based on innovation [33].
Despite what might be expected, the time is here when
innovation will be known by numerous people and that it will
be commoditized. That is the time when self-driving auto
innovation is taken as a necessity component of the vehicle,
where autos will not be separated based on self-driving auto
innovation and where clients do not mind particularly on the
type of self-driving auto innovation [15].
IX. CONCLUSION
The development of driverless vehicles is getting more and
more attention from countries all over the globe. The pace at
which it is accelerating is alarming with every country striving
to be among the first in the commercialization of this novel
product. Companies, on the other hand, are taking the same
step with the aim of pioneering into the lucrative looming
market. As a result of its multifaceted as well as challenging
nature, a number of organizations are collaborating with the
aim of bringing out the best in order to realize the far-fetched
dream. A number of companies are on the road testing the
novel autonomous car. On realization, many benefits will be
felt across the globe despite having some drawbacks.
It is apparent that the far-fetched dream is near; however, there
is the paradox situation that is blurring the dream from its full
realization. The radar reflection, the liability issue, the crowd
navigation among the many challenges the realization of the
dream. However, the future of autonomous vehicle is
promising if only the paradox situation is solved. The efforts
that are exerted through collaboration and research will soon
bore fruits and transform lives in the society.
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6th Annual Conference on Research Methods for Engineers May 21, 2018
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