Reconstructing Past Societies: Methodology, Rituals, and Technologies

This essay delves into the multifaceted process of reconstructing past societies through archaeological methods. It begins by outlining the archaeological process, including excavation, artifact analysis, and dating techniques. The methodology employed, which involves secondary data collection and qualitative and quantitative data analysis, is clearly defined. The essay then explores various aspects of reconstruction, including dietary habits, social organization, environmental conditions, ritual practices, and technological advancements of past societies. The analysis includes examples of how these aspects are studied, such as bone and teeth analysis for diet, spatial and temporal variations for social structure, and the study of faunal remains and plant remains for environmental reconstruction. Furthermore, the essay touches upon the origins of agriculture, the impact of humans on the environment, and even provides evidence of cannibalism. The essay concludes by emphasizing the value of various reconstruction techniques and the importance of archaeological activities in understanding the past. The essay uses references to support the analysis.

Running head: RECONSTRUCTING PROCESS OF PAST SOCIETY
RECONSTRUCTING PROCESS OF PAST SOCIETY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Introduction
Archeology have not been ending in the stage where digging stops. Rather it is
considered as the beginning of the archeological process. The other aspects that are considered
other than excavation in the archeological process are namely performing laboratory washing,
cataloging and henceforth perform analysis. In the initial stage, cleaning of the artifacts are
performed. Age of the site is decided with the help of radiocarbon dating process. The diet of the
past societies have been discussed as well. Overview of the examples along with proper
description is stated in the essay. This essay discusses about 3 examples of the society and proper
elaboration of those societies are also provided.
Methodology
The methodology that have been implemented in the process is secondary data collection
and data analysis can be performed. In this case peer reviewed journals are primarily considered
in the process (Luterbacher & Zorita 2018). This section ensures that there will be proper
assessment of the external dependable and authentic sources for data collection and data analysis.
In the initial stage, qualitative data analysis is made. In this section the basic terminologies are
stated. This includes the fact that the terminologies that are important in understanding the
archeological projects gets well accustomed. After this process proper data that provides a better
assessment of the different aspect of the reconstruction process will be considered on the
process. It can be stated that the data that are collected in the process will be enhancing the
process that will be ensuring the fact that there will be proper assessment of the entire research
process is conducted. After this process quantitative data analysis made. In this process, numeric
data is collected. The numeric data that are present in the peer reviewed articles are also
considered in the section.

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Body
Part A
Reconstructing diet’
One of the major process that is considered fir reconstructing diet includes the likes of
analysis of the pathological reports that are generated via the analysis of the teeth and bones.
Analysis of the oral diseases that have been found in most of the samples are also considered in
the process. Analyzing bones with the help of radiography is also considered in the process.
Another major approach that can be used for reconstructing the diet plan is by performing human
paleoparasitology. This includes proper establishment of relationship in between the host and the
parasites. With the help of the analysis of the parasites proper understanding of the diet models
that have been used in the process cans be stated. It have been seen that in several cases,
parasites have been entering the human body via infected food (Burg 2018). The basic food
habits that are considered to be prone to infection includes the likes of pig meat, fish and caprid.
Paleoparasitological instances are major found in the chitin wrapping and the parasite eggs.
However, with the help of mummification, data of the food remains are gathered. It is stated that
in this process, the last food stays in the stomach and is considered as an evidence.
Reconstructing social organization
There are several process by which reconstruction of the social organization can be made.
It can be stated that the data that are collected from the several approaches are mostly gathered
and analyzed as per the estimates that could have been drawn from the entire prospect. After
trying several processes, the most stable process that is to be considered in the section includes
performing proper analysis of the spatial and temporal variations that are present. These

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difference in between the artifacts are properly stated. In this process proper assessment of the
ceramic style is also considered. Data regarding the site size also plays an important role in this
process. The effect of site size is considered to be incorporated in the ceramic style. This will be
helping in performing the patterning of the material remains (Fisher et al., 2018). This ensures
that the data that are collected in the process are collaborated with the data regarding the regional
population rate. This section helps in diversifying in between the villages that were very close to
each other and hence wise the style of living have been similar to each other. This have been
developing inaccuracies in the processing of reconstructing social environment.
Reconstructing past environment
The major steps that are considered in the process are namely performing the
archaebotany, zooarcheology and geoarcheology. The field of zooarchology is concerned with
the processing of the faunal remains that are present. This section ensures that there will be
proper assessment of the items that stay behind after the animals die. This is considered to be one
of the most important aspect that is to be considered in the process. This includes the likes of the
bones, scales, proteins remaining and DNA analysis (Allan et al., 2016). In case of the
archaebotany, the main aspect that is considered in the prospect are the remaining of the plants as
per the processing of the assessment have been considered to be an important process. This
section includes the fact that there have been proper and better analysis of segmentation of floral
data process. Geoarcheology is also considered with the processing of the interrelation that were
established in the processing of the artifacts post deposition.
Reconstructing rituals

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For reconstruction of rituals the major aspects that are considered in the process are
namely the anthropology theories that have been acting beneficial. Different history models were
stated as well. This section ensures that oral tradition have been one of the major prospect that is
to be considered. It have been seen that the axis of identity have been providing proper
assessment of the structure of the social life and hence wise artifacts are assemblages. Usage of
ceramic assemblages as well as the burials are also considered as one of the major aspect that
have been bettering the reconstructing of the ritual processes.
Reconstructing past technologies
The use of technology have been seen in the processing of hunting in most of the time
period. This insists the fact that there is a requirement of the proper assessment of the data
segmentation of the prey they have been hunting. With the help of the size of the prey that is
being hunted, one of the major aspect that is considered in the process is that with analyzing the
prey and the analyzing the hunting technique that can be used the technology that is involved in
the process is also well understood (Miller 2017). Getting a brief understanding of the
technology can also be made with the help of the drawings that are made via the artifacts. These
are considered as the direct evidences.
Reconstructing economy
One of the major economic reconstruction process that are to be considered in the process
are namely analyzing the housing system and the likeness towards performing researching and
development process. It is considered that the past societies that were prone in analyzing the
economic reconstruction have properly assisted economy condition (Radder 2019). Economy is
also reconstructed by analyzing the defense protocols that were followed by the past society.

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Part B
Origin of agriculture
Be major process that have been considered in the process is the fragmentary
documentary evidence process. It is seen that the reconstruction process is made but with a
limited access to areas. Analyzing the present and concurrent landscape is also considered in the
process.
Human impact on environment
One of the major aspect that have been seen that human have been affecting environment
from the very first phase is by creation of pollution. Burning of fire is considered to be one of the
major pollution source since the initial phases. Segregation of harmful gases in the environment
have also been considered in the process. Cutting of trees for several reasons have been another
reason that is to be considered. It is seen that global working process have started since the last
400,000 years and is still ongoing.
Evidence of human cannibalism
It have been seen that there have been proper assessment of the Somerset cave had been
done. This section ensures that with the help of the evidences that are received, macabre
cannibalism rituals that were carried down in Britain were proved (Fouilloux, Ringler & Rojas
2019). In the latest analysis process, proves of human getting decorated and gnawed along with
sophisticated butchery techniques that are e used are considered in the process.
Conclusion

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From the above discussion, it can be stated that there are several reconstruction
techniques that have been followed in the process. It have been seen that the archeological
activities that have been performed in this section are highly concerned with the after excavation
process. There are several chemical processes that are utilized in this processes. The techniques
that are used in the process of reconstruction have been highly tested and hence the data that are
gained in the process have been providing proper assessment of the business process. Proper
discussion regarding the impact that human have imposed on environment6 have been discussed
as well. Proper discussion regarding the cannibalism is also performed in the essay.

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References
Allan, R., Endfield, G., Damodaran, V., Adamson, G., Hannaford, M., Carroll, F., ... & Hendy,
E. (2016). Toward integrated historical climate research: the example of Atmospheric
Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate
Change, 7(2), 164-174.
Burg, M. B. (2018). Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction. The Encyclopedia of Archaeological
Sciences, 1-4.
Fisher, A. M., Cornell, S. J., Holwell, G. I., & Price, T. A. (2018). Sexual cannibalism and
population viability. Ecology and evolution, 8(13), 6663-6670.
Fouilloux, C., Ringler, E., & Rojas, B. (2019). Cannibalism. Current Biology, 29(24), R1295-
R1297.
Luterbacher, J., & Zorita, E. (2018). Analysis and Interpretation: Spatial Climate Field
Reconstructions. In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History (pp. 131-139). Palgrave
Macmillan, London.
Miller, H. M. L. (2017). Archaeological approaches to technology. Routledge.
Radder, H. (2019). From commodification to the common good: reconstructing science,
technology, and society. University of Pittsburgh Press.