Comparative Analysis of Refugee Crisis and Human Rights Violations

This report delves into the critical human rights issue of the refugee crisis, examining its multifaceted dimensions through the lens of international law and its impact on various nations. The report begins by defining human rights and their significance, referencing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as a foundational document. It then explores the legal framework surrounding refugees, including the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, while also addressing the issue of statelessness. The core of the report focuses on case studies of the refugee crisis in Syria, India, and Afghanistan, detailing the specific challenges and human rights violations faced by refugees in each context. The report analyzes the responses of these countries, the role of international organizations like UNHCR, and the gaps in protection and assistance. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and national policies to safeguard the rights of refugees and mitigate the impacts of displacement.

Running Head: Human Rights Issue
HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE
REFUGEE CRISIS
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Human Rights Issue
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Human Rights.............................................................................................................................2
Human Rights: International Law..............................................................................................2
Refugee Crises...........................................................................................................................3
Syria........................................................................................................................................3
India........................................................................................................................................4
Afghanistan.............................................................................................................................6
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................6
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................8
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Introduction
There are more than 190 countries in the world and people are treated with different
laws and regulations. One thing is common for everyone no matter where they live or reside,
Human Rights. Everyone acquires Human Rights when they are born irrespective of
ethnicity, gender, race, religion or nationality. Human rights consist of rights related to life,
education, work, liberty and freedom of expression and speech, freedom from slavery and
many more (Human Rights, 2019). Human Rights at global level provides the responsibilities
and duties of the government to act in a particular way to promote and safeguard basic human
rights and freedoms of a person or society. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is
main and common framework to safeguard basic Human Rights. People of every part of the
world drafted it. In 1948, United Nations General Assembly enforced it as General Assembly
resolution 217 A as common rights, rules and regulation for people of every nation (History
of the Document, 2019). As it can be seen in recent time that the main human right issue is
Refugee Crises and violation of their rights (Zavallis, 2019).
Human Rights
Person inherits human rights when he is born and enjoys them until he/she die.
Everyone in spite the person’s native, belief or religion acquires these rights. These rights can
be limited sometimes but cannot be forfeited (What are human rights?, 2019). Protection of
Human Rights was first mention in Magna Carta in 1215 (Whipps, 2012).
Human Rights: International Law
When we see the origin of human rights at international level then we can see the base
in Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). In 1948, it was adopted. As a result of
UDHR, various international treaties were formed. It is the foundation of human rights
treaties. UDHR represents basic rights and freedoms which are recognised at international
level. The centre of human rights originally set out in the UDHR. United Nations’ signatory
parties have adopted global Human Rights in their domestic law.
Refugee Crises
Refugee Convention of 1951 defines refugee as “a person who is compelled to leave
his or her home and country due to violence, war or persecution because if his or her race,
gender, nationality, political opinion”. The main reasons for the refugee crises are war, tribal
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and religious violence. Syria, Afghanistan and South Sudan consist of 57% world’s refugees
(What is a Refugee?, 2018). The primary international framework handling the cases of
refugee is 1951 Geneva Convention. This convention specifically describes ‘a refugee and
protection of his right in the signatory country. This convention defines the responsibility of
the country in which war criminals are coming in and these people do not get the status of
refugees. Protocol of 1967 widens the scope of the convention because the main problem of
displacement was spreading across the countries (The 1951 Refugee Convention, 2019).
The main issue at global level is the statelessness of a person. A person who is not
having citizenship of any country can be said a stateless person. Most of the stateless persons
are refugees because when they leave the countries where their rights were violated and
coming into another country where they are denied of citizenship. These people do not
belong to any country and hence they remain stateless. The UDHR says, “Everyone has the
right to a nationality”. 68.5 million people were displaced forcefully due to conflict,
persecution and human rights violation in 2017. Out of these 25.4 million were refugees
(Figures at a glance, 2017). This was the highest number of refugees the world has ever seen.
Syria
Syria is the worst effected country by violence and conflicts due to civil war and it has
arisen 6 million refugees. It is the largest crises in the world. Syrian people are leaving the
country to take refuge in neighbouring countries like Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and others.
Lebanon did not sign to 1951 Convention of Refugees. Despite the fact that the Refugee
Convention and its non-refoulement arrangements don’t bind Lebanon, Syrian nationals were
permitted unlimited section into Lebanese fringes, a fleeting approach dependent on a 1993
Syrian-Lebanese understanding for monetary and social participation (Catastrophe in
SouthWest Syria: The Urgent Need for Humanitarian Action, 2018). In 2014, administration
of Lebanon puts confinements on passage on Syrian Refugees. It presented six exacting visa
classes taking after those connected to outside nationals. The circumstance changed because
of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Lebanon’s General Security and
UNHCR in 2003. This political separation kept the Lebanese government from being
legitimately engaged with the emergency, leaving nearby NGOs, the UNHCR and other
universal philanthropic outfits with the obligation of acquiring and conveying exile help
(Nicholson & Kumin, 2017).
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A choice by Jordan to enable another flood of Syrians to look for asylum obviously
offers the best compassionate result shy of a conclusion to the battling. As a matter of fact,
this will be a difficult task, as Jordan as of now has approximately 660,000 Syrian displaced
people and its weakening economy as of late set off some of biggest well known challenges
in years. Jordan did not sign 1951 Convention of Refugees or its Protocol in 1967. In any
case, concerning standard global law, Jordan has the ability to open its outskirts and give
sanctuary to Syrians (Rahma Aburas & Mackey, 2018). Jordan should open its outskirt to
enable Syrians to enter, and the universal network ought to be set up to respond promptly by
expanding help past current respective duties and promising subsidizing for the Jordan
Compact. All the more explicitly, the UNHCR would require a fast infusion of assets to stand
up an extended activity in the north. Israel ought to follow these commitments. Be that as it
may, similar to Jordan, Israel has demonstrated that its fringe with Syria will stay shut.
Rather, Israel is bound to clarify to the Assad routine and its supporters that Israel will not
endure new military activities promptly nearby the territories it controls in the Golan. This
would limit any risk to Israel. It could likewise make an accepted cushion territory or zone in
which Syrians who is escaping the bleeding edges could look for physical wellbeing. The
Israeli specialists and helpful entertainers would then need to scale up cross fringe alleviation
activities fundamentally (Hariri, 2015).
India
India is not involved with Convention of 1951 and Protocol of 1967. In absence of
explicit laws related to refugees in India has forced the administration to embrace a unique
approved measure to handle refugees. Chiefly political and managerial choices as opposed to
any classified model of lead oversee the status of exiles in India. The specially appointed
nature of Government’s procedure has resulted changing treatment of various outcast
gatherings. Essentially the Citizenship Act of 1955 the Foreigners Act of 1946 administer the
lawful status of displaced people in India. These Acts do not recognize displaced people
escaping abuse from different outsiders; they are applicable to all non-natives similarly. In
the Acts, without legitimate travel and habitation archives can be termed as illegal acts and
criminal offence. The arrangements render displaced people subject to expelling and
confinement. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in India
is situated in New Delhi. When it is perceived by the Burmese, Afghan, Somali and
Palestinian refugees get security from UNHCR. Numerous refugees get a little month-to-
month subsistence recompense and all approach the administrations given by UNHCR’s
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executing accomplices in Delhi. These accomplices are Don Bosco, Socio-Legal Centre
(SLIC) and YMCA.
YMCA encourages outcasts to discover settlement and gives consent to training to kids as
well as youthful grown-ups in schools controlled by government through the arrangement of
instruction recompense. Don Bosco gives psychosocial support and professional training.
SLIC provides legitimate guide, legal trainings and programs. India is home to displaced
people of different nations-
1. Tibetans Refugees-1,50,000
2. Sri Lankan Refugees-1,02,000
3. Nepalis Refugees-15,000 to 30,000
4. Hindu-Pakistani Refugees-1,15,000
5. Somali Refugees-400
6. Palestine Refugees-160
7. Afghan Refugees-9,000 (Report of Refugee Populations in India, 2007)
The Government of India (GoI) introduced the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 in
2016. This Bill tries to change the Citizenship Act, 1955 where the procurement and
assurance of Indian citizenship techniques have been established. The Bill expects to stretch
out citizenship to a person who has a place with minorities, for example, Buddhists,
Christians, Hindus, Jains, Parses and Sikhs hailing from neighbouring countries of India who
enter India without a legitimate visa or travel archives.
The most questionable evacuee battle happened last year when 40,000 Rohingyan Muslims
from Myanmar entered India to take refuge. India has sorted Rohingya as unlawful migrants
and a risk to security of country which the Myanmar government was also claiming. The
UNHCR has issued cards to around 16,500 Rohingyas in India, which it says “badgering,
self-assertive captures, confinement and expelling” of outcasts. The UN depicted the
Rohingya displaced people as “the most abused exile network” on the planet that does not
have the help of the worldwide society of country states.
Afghanistan
The refugee crisis in Afghanistan stared couple of decades back. It started after 1978
when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and then it increased in 1990s when Taliban
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attacked and took control over some of the territory in Afghanistan. This led to people leave
the country. In 2014, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees published report
in 2014 that said that Afghanistan is the largest producer of refugees for straight 32 years
(Putz, 2015). Due to insurgencies between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many of the refugees
falls prey of the conflict. Afghanistan is considered as dangerous country for the
humanitarian workers. In Aid Worker Security Report in 2016, it was revealed that 101 aid
workers were killed. It is not only dangerous country fir the citizens but it is difficult for the
people who work to help these people. More than 8 million Afghans need humanitarian
support. They were in need of $339 million but they only got 40 percent of the required
amount (Afghanistan: What you need to know about one of the world’s longest refugee
crises, 2016).
The 1.4 million Afghan displaced people who are enlisted are not exactly 50% of their
all-out evaluated populace of 3 million in Pakistan. Extended exiles emergencies tend not to
pull in the assets important to keep the evacuee populace safe and sensibly all around dealt
with. With security conditions in Afghanistan falling apart and political vulnerability
proceeding, intentional repatriations have practically finished — implying that Pakistan
should deal with a consistent, and maybe even an expanding, number of exiles in the quick
future. It is almost a long time since the beginning of the displaced person emergency and
two ages of Afghans in Pakistan have referred to just this nation as their home. The lives of
unregistered displaced people can be altogether more regrettable than their enlisted partners.
Forty years of administration to displaced people should proceed with nobility and regard for
all (Afghan refugee crisis, 2018).
Conclusion
Through sanctioning international treaties of Human Rights, the domestic
governments attempt to establish household ways and legislations with the process of their
implementation. The domestic legal framework gives the important legal security to human
rights that are mentioned in international law. If the domestic legislation and laws fails to
protect the rights of the refugees than it is the duty of international bodies to ensure the rights
of the refugees are protected. To give the protection and implementation to international
human rights in the countries, the national government should implement policies which can
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provide protection to the rights of refugees. International agencies and national government
should work hand in hand to curb the issue of refugees.
Bibliography
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Afghan refugee crisis. (2018, September 10). Retrieved from The Dawn:
https://www.dawn.com/news/1432016
Afghanistan: What you need to know about one of the world’s longest refugee crises. (2016,
September 8). Retrieved from Rescue: https://www.rescue.org/article/afghanistan-
what-you-need-know-about-one-worlds-longest-refugee-crises
Catastrophe in SouthWest Syria: The Urgent Need for Humanitarian Action. (2018, July 3).
Retrieved from Refugees International:
https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2018/7/3/catastrophe-in-southwest-
syria-the-urgent-need-for-humanitarian-action
Figures at a glance. (2017). Retrieved from The UN Refugee Agency:
https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html
Hariri, O. E. (2015). The Role of Institutions in Responding to the Syrian Refugees Crisis in
Lebanon: The Humanitarian Aid Framework of Saida.
History of the Document. (2019). Retrieved from United Nations:
https://www.un.org/en/sections/universal-declaration/history-document/index.html
Human Rights. (2019). Retrieved from United Nations:
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-rights/
Nicholson, F., & Kumin, J. (2017). A guide to international refugee protection and building
state asylum system.
Putz, C. (2015, September 09). Afghanistan’s 32-Year Refugee Crisis. Retrieved from The
Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/afghanistans-32-year-refugee-crisis/
Rahma Aburas, A. N., & Mackey, T. K. (2018). The Syrian conflict: a case study of the
challenges and acute need for medical humanitarian operations for women and
children internally displaced persons. BMC Medicine.
(2007). Report of Refugee Populations in India. Human Rights Law Network.
The 1951 Refugee Convention. (2019). Retrieved from UNCHR:
https://www.unhcr.org/1951-refugee-convention.html
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What are human rights? (2019). Retrieved from Equality and Human Rights Commission:
https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/human-rights/what-are-human-rights
What is a Refugee? (2018). Retrieved from UNHCR: https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-
facts/what-is-a-refugee/
Whipps, H. (2012, February 9). What is Magna Carta? Retrieved from Live Science:
https://www.livescience.com/2458-magna-carta-changed-world.html
Zavallis. (2019). Refugees. Retrieved from Uited Nations:
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/refugees/
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