Comprehensive Literature Review: Electric Regenerative Braking Systems

This literature review provides an overview of research on electric regenerative braking systems, crucial for enhancing the efficiency of electric vehicles. The review synthesizes various studies, including those focusing on continuously variable transmissions (CVT), energy recovery models, and optimization strategies using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Several studies examine the impact of regenerative braking on energy flow, battery recharging, and overall vehicle performance, with some comparing different model years of vehicles. The review also covers the design and development of new techniques to improve energy efficiency using regenerative braking, including the use of hydraulic units, flywheel-based systems, and various control methodologies such as parallel and serial control strategies. The analysis includes studies on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electric buses, and heavy vehicles, highlighting the potential for reducing fuel consumption and emissions. The review also discusses the application of regenerative braking in different driving conditions and its integration with anti-lock braking systems (ABS). The studies highlight the contribution ratio to energy efficiency improvement and driving range extension, along with discussions on the impact of slip conditions and optimization of parameters for hybrid propulsion systems and marine vessels. The review concludes by mentioning the cost-effective design of hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) systems and their impact on overall costs and fuel economy.

Running head: Literature review on electric regenerative braking system
Literature review
They analysed hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with regenerative breaking system to develop a
continuously variable transmission (CVT) theoretical loss model. As CVT efficiency varies
with the dissimilar operating conditions, they calculated the transmission efficiency during
the regenerative breaking by developing a CVT theoretical torque model which leads to
battery–front motor–CVT joint operating efficiency. They concluded that CVT torque loss
depends on the input torque, speed ratio and input speed. They proposed a strategy to entirely
utilize the motor breaking power based on the motor maximum breaking force and required
breaking force. They performed the simulation for three breaking conditions and established
that strategy adopted by them enriches the motor operating efficiency and front breaking
power (Yang Yang, Xiaolong He, Yi Zhang, 2018).
They conducted their study on utilizing the energy generated by electric vehicles for different
braking load. There developed a model of electric regenerative braking system to analyse its
performance. The model developed by them is operated at 12V and a bear a variable load for
storing 0.84W of energy. They found that that application of 648gm and 72gm braking loads
can recharges the battery by 0.80C and 0.15C and concluded that increment in the braking
load increase the recharging capacity of the developed system. They found that braking load
is inversely proportional to the rpm, the shaft rpm are 1435 and 2019 at maximum and
minimum load respectively (Mandal, Sarker, Rahman, & Beg, 2017).
They studied the regenerative braking strategy of electric vehicle. They optimized the
different parameters by utilizing (PSO) particle swarm optimization technique. They
governing parameters of their study are breaking strength, state of charge, battery charge
capacity and speed. They concluded that PSO model can enhance the stability of the vehicle
and recovery of braking energy (Zhijun, Dongdong, & Jingbo, 2017).
He studied the energy flow into the battery and out from the battery MY2012 and MY2013.
He compared their regenerative braking efficiency. From his analyses he concluded that
(KERS) kinetic energy resource system is best suit to increase the efficiency of passenger
cars. He analysed the braking power, propulsive and energies utilizing the velocity. From his
results he concluded that there is very small improvement in case of M2013 for regenerative
braking efficiency and is equal to +6.57% (Boretti, 2016).
They design and developed a new technique to improve the energy efficiency of electric
vehicle using regenerative braking system energy flow. They proposed two methodologies
for control system “parallel control strategy” and ‘‘serial 1 control strategy”. They tested their
methodologies under the CTCRDC (China typical city regenerative driving cycle) with three
different strategy and evaluate two parameters energy transfer efficiency and regenerative
driving range and found that these two parameters varies up to 41.09% and 24.63%
respectively (Qiu & Wang, 2016).
They developed a model to improve the efficiency and braking performance of the electric
vehicle based on a hydraulic unit. They also validated their results by developing a same
mathematical model on the MATLAB/Simulink. They present a break-by-wire (BBW)

Literature review on electric regenerative braking system
system based on the direct-drive electro-hydraulic brake (DDEHB) unit system. They
concluded that DDHEB can improve the braking safety by handling it continuously and
rapidly. They concluded that their model supply the regenerative force if it is inadequate
which decreases the pollution and fuel consumption. They concluded that 91% of the braking
efficiency is recovered in case of light braking and 56% in general (Xiaoxiang Gong, Siqin
Chang, 2016).
He designed a regenerative braking system to improve the efficiency of electrical vehicle. He
incorporated the different parameters like, vehicle speed, capacity of battery recharging,
motor braking power. He simulated his result on the software MATLAB/Simulink
environment. From the results He concluded that the efficiency can be recovered by
maximum of 60% (Gou, 2016).
He gives a regenerative breaking system for electric automobiles based on PWM control
equivalent model. First integrated controlling system is introduced by him then composition
principle is applied for regenerative braking system. He used hydraulic ABS model with
double-pipeline, four-channel, and four-sensor. He also conducted the experiments for the
same scenario to find the efficiency of the system and validate their simulation results
(Zhuan, 2016).
They reviewed the study on the regenerative braking system effect on the conventional
electrical vehicles. They proposed two evaluation parameters (contribution ratio to energy
efficiency improvement and contribution ratio to driving range extension) and
methodologies. They analysed the electric vehicle energy flow and proposed the techniques
to quantity the impact of regenerative braking on the electric vehicle performance. They
found the contribution ratio to energy efficiency improvement and contribution ratio to
driving range extension to be 11.18% and 12.58% respectively (Lv, Zhang, Li, & Yuan,
2015).
They designed cost-effective hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) system for electrical
vehicle (EV). For their work they used lithium-ion battery bank and super-capacitor bank.
They targeted their study towards reducing the overall cost (sum of capital and operational
cost) of the system utilizing battery cycle efficiency, super-capacitor bank characteristics and
EV dynamics. They applied their model on a well-known vehicle dynamics model. At the end
presented an algorithm which shows that model developed by them (Lithium-ion battery)
outdoes the conventional EC HEES system by 20.91% for overall cost and 30.29% for fuel
economy (Zhu et al., 2014).
They presented a regenerative braking system (RBS) based on the fly-wheel for energy
recovery. Their model store the kinetic energy generated by intermittent energy resources
with the help of a flywheel with a progressive braking system and epicyclic gear train. Their
model is adaptable in renewable energy recourses like wind and solar (Hsu & Fellow, 2013).
They define all the regenerative braking strategies for a three rear-wheel hybrid vehicle. They
targeted their study towards finding all the losses during energy capture and then utilizing
these results to design an optimal ergative strategy. They minimised the transfer loss during

Literature review on electric regenerative braking system
the kinetic energy recapture to develop the regenerative braking strategy from the efficiency
map. They developed two models one without consideration of slip and other with
consideration of slip. They concluded that the slip condition can also affect the final solution
of the problem. They concluded that optimal criteria give the best results in respect of
regenerative braking system. Experiments conducted by them shows that one can capture the
90% of the optimal recaptured energy if deceleration is chosen between 2 to 3 m/s2
(Mammosser, Boisvert, & Micheau, 2013).
They modelled heavy vehicle hydraulic regenerative braking system for urban driving
conditions. They utilized MATLAB/Simulink to model the three-axle hydraulic regenerative
braking. They concluded that their model can reduce the fuel consumption by 21.7% and
11.2-17% for legislative driving. They also run some simulation on the hills and concluded
that model can reduce the fuel consumption for hills by 29.4% at 30 mile/h speed (Midgley,
Cathcart, & Cebon, 2013).
They conducted their study to optimize the regenerative braking and slip control a wheel for
in-wheel motor equipped vehicle. They work on reducing the CO2 emission by utilizing an
in-wheel motor to control the torque at the rear wheels. They also targeted their study towards
to control wheel slip on any road condition by suggesting a method based on the control of
varying friction torque (Solliec, Chasse, & Geamanu, 2013).
He conducted the simulation on the hydraulic regenerative braking system for off-road
vehicles and heavy duty trucks. He targeted his study towards enriching the regenerative
braking energy and engine efficiency of parallel hydraulic regenerative braking vehicle
(PHRBV). The parameters studied by him are torque distribution, vehicle load, fuel economy.
He developed a real time control energy distribution for the projected PHRBV by utilizing a
fuzzy torque control strategy. He modelled his engine to run at a speed of 2200 rpm when
pumping fluid. He concluded that the developed PHRBV enriches the braking regenerative
potential andworking conditions,this minimises energy density of accumulator and improve
the fuel economy of the system (Kumar, 2012).
They conducted their study on optimizing the parameters of hybrid propulsion system
(marine vessels). They developed a multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the
propulsion components like fuel consumption and weight of installation. They utilized
MATLAB/Simulink for modelling of the system. They utilized lithium-ion batteries and
permanent magnet machine and concluded that lithium battery gives better specific energy
capacity which in turn increases the performance of marine vessel (Sciberras & Grech, 2012).
They conducted their study to optimize the performance of electric bus by using regenerative
braking control. The bus is linked to an anti-lost braking system (ABS). They designed a real-
time brake controller to regulate the tactics. They conducted the simulation on the
optimization tool of MATLAB/Simulink. They targeted their study towards giving a better
solution in the situation when frictional braking comes under ABS control. They concluded
that ABS with regenerative braking system attains good result compared to pneumatic ABS
and regenerative braking control (Zhang, Kong, Chen, & Chen, 2011).

Literature review on electric regenerative braking system
He works on improving the hybrid electrical vehicle performance by utilizing the vehicle
regenerative braking energy. He examined the driving cycle phase and recuperation energy
relationship for batteries of hybrid electric vehicles. He utilized MATLAB/Simulink software
for modelling of the work. He concluded that regenerative braking improve the performance
and decreases the fuel consumption of the conventional hybrid electric vehicle. He concluded
that braking energy can increase up to 20% and 50% respectively for city urban field and
large cities respectively (Mohamed, 2011).
References
Yang Yang, Xiaolong He, Yi Zhang, D. Q. (2018). Regenerative Braking Compensatory
Control Strategy Considering CVT Power Loss for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Energies,
11, 497, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030497
Mandal, S., Sarker, M. R. I., Rahman, M. S., & Beg, M. R. A. (2017). An Analysis of
Braking Energy Regeneration in Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Renewable
Energy Research, 7(3), 999–1006.
Zhijun, G., Dongdong, Y., & Jingbo, W. (2017). Optimization of Regenerative Braking
Control Strategy for Pure Electric Vehicle. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 872, 331–
336. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.872.331
Boretti, A. (2016). Comparison of Regenerative Braking Efficiencies of MY2012 and
MY2013 Nissan Leaf. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation,
6(3), 214–224.
Qiu, C., & Wang, G. (2016). New evaluation methodology of regenerative braking
contribution to energy efficiency improvement of electric vehicles. Energy Conversion
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Xiaoxiang Gong, Siqin Chang, L. J. and X. L. (2016). Research on regenerative brake
technology of electric vehicle based on direct-drive electric-hydraulic brake system.
International Journal of Vehicle Design, 70(1), 1–28.
Gou, Y. (2016). Research on Electric Vehicle Regenerative Braking System and Energy
Recovery. International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, 9(1), 81–90.
Zhuan, Y. (2016). Regenerative Braking Scheme of Pure Electric Vehicle Electro Hydraulic
Compound Braking. Journal of Residuals Science & Technology, 13(7), 1–5.
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Lv, C., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2015). Mechanism analysis and evaluation
methodology of regenerative braking contribution to energy efficiency improvement of
electrified vehicles. Energy Conversion And Management, 92, 469–482.
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Zhu, D., Yue, S., Park, S., Wang, Y., Chang, N., & Pedram, M. (2014). Cost-Effective
Design of a Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles. Wiki Article.
Hsu, T., & Fellow, A. (2013). On a Flywheel-Based Regenerative Braking System for
Regenerative Energy Recovery. Proceedings of Green Energy and Systems Conference.
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Literature review on electric regenerative braking system
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