Regional Planning Report: Regional Planning Framework and Case Studies

This report delves into the multifaceted realm of regional planning, encompassing key concepts, frameworks, and real-world examples. It begins with an introduction to regional planning, highlighting its significance in land use, infrastructure development, and settlement organization. The report then explores specific issues through the analysis of an ABC News report, examining debates on regional definitions in Australia. It examines the impact of decentralization on regional planning, particularly within the European Union, and discusses the challenges of integrating metropolitan and regional areas. The report further investigates themes such as government policies, regionalism, and the allocation of resources, referencing various scholarly articles and reports. The analysis extends to the evolution of planning approaches, government strategies, and the importance of regional collaboration, emphasizing the need for effective governance and sustainable development. The report integrates case studies, such as the debate over regional boundaries in New South Wales, and the implementation of strategies like the SEQ strategy in Australia. Ultimately, the report provides a comprehensive overview of regional planning, offering insights into its complexities and the factors that influence its success.

Regional Planning
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................4
Week 2.........................................................................................................................................4
Week 3.........................................................................................................................................8
Week 5.......................................................................................................................................11
Week 7.......................................................................................................................................13
Week 8.......................................................................................................................................16
Week 6.......................................................................................................................................18
Week 11.....................................................................................................................................21
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................24
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INTRODUCTION
Regional planning refers to as planning for efficient placement of the land use activities
and infrastructure and organizing and settling large areas of land for an individual or city and
town. The main aim of regional planning is to integrate available wider area of big size of the
region. By making sound plans as well as strategies rural areas can be integrated in effective
manner by ensuring proper and balanced development of the region. Also, it focuses on
minimizing conflicts as well as competition level among resources in between cities of a
particular region.
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure,
and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional
planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale.
Report will include ABC News as the media source. ABC News is a public news service in
Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. Report will include the concept of regional planning. The assignment starts with
identifying key issues like regional and metropolitan planning framework of European Union in
week 5 and different issues emerging from regional housing in week 7. Further it will discuss
current example discussed in the media (Jensen, Mandeville and Karunaratne, 2017). At last a
critical analysis of the problem and key ideas and discussions developed in the discussions.
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MAIN BODY
Week 2
Chosen Media: Online news report
Media source: ABC News (online page)
News topic: When is a region 'regional'? Debate over whether Newcastle, Wollongong are in
regional NSW
Author/Editor: ABC Illawarra By Gavin Coote
Date: Updated 8 Mar 2018, 7:21am
The concept of regionalism states that the regional based division of the associated areas
separated from a metropolitan area by a mixture of tangible characteristics that at the same time
distinguishes it from neighboring areas and declares a degree of commonality considering the
“remoteness” and “Firmness” (Henderson, 2018). Alternative views show the increasing nature
of metropolitan areas, as opposed to exposure to city-regions as global economy structure. In this
context, considering a region as 'regional' has become a most debated issue over whether
Newcastle, Wollongong are in regional NSW. Here the term “regional” used to describe
remoteness or “farminess”. A report published in ABC news authored by Gavin Coote
highlighted this issue while arguing the present perspective of regionalism of the government
towards the area of Newcastle, Wollongong. With the help of this issue, one can ascertain current
market scenario and fluctuating trend which has been prevailing in the regional area of
Newcastle, Wollongong.
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The long - running argument of considering Wollongong and Newcastle as metropolitans as
Sydney appears to have been settled when NSW Deputy Premier John Barilaro said it was clear
Newcastle and Wollongong were not regional (Coote, 2018). Arguably this statement can be
considered as the evolved adaptation in Government's definition of region and regionalism.
Therefore, it can also be said that the intensity of political benefits from external opportunities
from the coherence of city-regions and their management often result confusions and
problematic situation.
The Berejiklian government plans to quarantine the $4.15 billion in proceeds from the
Snowy Hydro Scheme's sale of regional infrastructure outside the three largest cities of the state
(Coote, 2018). By formulating strong business plans and strategies in line with business aims and
objectives, one can seek competitive advantages from the market place in an effective manner. In
this context John Barilaro stated the most controversial sentence. The regional boundaries and
their facilitation associated differences often form the sense of being discriminated among the
associated or extended regional area of metropolitan city (Brown & Deem, 2016). The report
published in ABC also highlighted that this controversial perspective and their deliberate
declaration is not a new phenomenon. Previous year similar issue has been raised when
Shellharbour was considered as 'metropolitan', while Lake Macquarie as 'regional' area. The city
of Shellharbour, south of Wollongong, has long been eligible for regional grants but is now
classified "metropolitan". Adding more complexity in the debate, it has been also highlighted
that whether the satellite centers around Newcastle and Wollongong were supposed to be
considered as regional or not. This complexity has emerged from sub - metropolitan regions, or
sub-regions within city - regions, aimed to make better facilitation for themselves within public-
sector funding allocations and global economic flows (Tomlinson, 2017).
There are many themes that highlighted in this discussion. One of these themes is related to
the involvement of the multi - level government structures with the help of careful assessment
which is required on this place - based factors. Meanwhile this assessment prevailing to inter -
government relations to shape the governance formations in the regional areas and undertaking
their development operation in proper and effective manner (Schofield, 2018). Through this
report another theme has been made which is related to the aspects such as attention directed
towards the particular areas (in this case Sydney, Newcastle, Wollongong and other associated
area of NSW). It has been reported on the repeatedly basis that the local councils have forgotten
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to forge a regional collaborative approach in the benefit of the whole region. This discussion is
not only highlighting the theme of current alteration of government perspective on regionalism,
but also reflecting upon other themes such as the achievements of other metropolitan and NSW
regions and especially the local and regional experiences. By having focus on different aspects
related to government rules and regulations, regional planning can be made in accordance to it
thereby ensuring proper compliance has been done of all the applicable regional rules and law.
Adherence of government rules and regulation can help in getting easy approval for undertaking
the construction as well as development related activities in smooth as well as effective manner.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Brown, A. J., & Deem, J. (2016). A tale of two regionalisms: improving the measurement of
regionalism in Australia and beyond. Regional Studies. 50(7). 1154-1169.
Coote, G. (2018). Debate erupts over what makes a region 'regional'. Retrieved 12 August 2019,
from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-08/when-a-region-regional-stoush-erupts-
over-newcastle-wollongong/9524774
Henderson, S. (2018). Competitive sub-metropolitan regionalism: Local government
collaboration and advocacy in northern Melbourne, Australia. Urban Studies. 55(13).
2863-2885.
Schofield, J. A., 2018. Cost-benefit analysis in urban & regional planning. Routledge.
Tomlinson, R. (2017). An argument for metropolitan government in Australia. Cities. 63. 149-
153.
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Week 3
Regional planning has become one of the major issues from the perspective of the
Australian government standards. There are various concepts and standards which has been
involved in relation to it. Beside this, there has been a major shift in the context of applying all
the regional approaches which has been formulated within the given time frame period. With the
evolution in time there has been noticed a continuous changes in all the planning and policies
related aspects. Also, with the change in the political situation, it is also required to make
planning approaches modified as well in accordance with it (Higgins, 2017). With the increase
in the level of pollution, it has been required to formulate sound as well as effective strategy so
as to maintain climatic conditions healthy and environment friendly. However, there must be
development and implementation of a proper governance system as well for keeping record and
control over activities related to regional planning.
By maintaining cities clean and cool, it will doesn't lead to any major changes in the
climatic conditions and thus helps in maintaining level of ecosystem. It includes many other
things which enables in formulation of effective plans and strategies. Similarly, the Australian
government is adopting various types of approaches for the betterment of different region and
areas. Emphasis has been made on development of those areas through which climatic as well as
environmental conditions can be maintained and controlled (Wu, 2015). In this they are allowing
regional societies to take active participation in the decision – making process. Now, integrated
plans are developed that includes each aspect like social, economical, etc. It includes both the
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short as well as long term planning techniques and means. For this, various committees has been
formed but still no desired outcomes has been attained.
In this several themes are included in the discussion. First is related with the regional
approach and how it has changed with the post war consolidation. It shows that how urbanisation
has been developed in the Australia. It has enabled in creating regional councils and committees
(Morrison, Lane and Hibbard, 2015). Another theme discussed is related with SEQ strategy in
which land is divided mainly into 3 categories and on the basis of which regional plan is made
and developed accordingly. At last, it will focus on importance of the regional planning aspects.
Also, it helps in providing benefits in relation to development of metro cities and increasing
sustainability level. Moreover, it allows Australian governance so as to maintain ecosystem and
improving social life of both the local as well as regional communities.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Higgins, B., 2017. Regional development theories and their application. Routledge.
Morrison, T. H., Lane, M. B. and Hibbard, M., 2015. Planning, governance and rural futures in
Australia and the USA: revisiting the case for rural regional planning. Journal of
Environmental Planning and Management. 58(9). pp.1601-1616.
Wu, F., 2015. Planning for growth: Urban and regional planning in China. Routledge.
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Week 5
Decentralisation in Europe has highly created impact on the regional planning as well as on
its related frameworks. Due to change in interpersonal relationship and transfer or power, it is
difficult to connect metro cities and maintain it. Moreover, roles and responsibilities of
government has changed. They are not taking initiative towards development of cities (Carniti
and et.al., 2019). Alongside it, lack of funds is issue due to which states are not connected. So,
long term plans developed are not completed and its results in political conflict.
It is essential to define strategy for growing cities so that regional development occurs.
This require developing a centralised framework rather than for separate cities. This national
cities' partnership provides a much better framework in which all the individual city deals
become more effective and efficient (Singh and et.al., 2017). An agreement includes the national
performance outcomes and helps in driving reforms to the metropolitan governance and
financing.
It provides a platform for the national settlement strategy that finally gets to grip with
where our growing population might live in well conditions. So, issue which has been occurred
was mainly related to the lack of frameworks and rules (Meguid, 2015) which are essential that
needs to adopted. There was no national strategy on the basis of which regional plans are
required to be developed and formed.
From it, several themes has been identified which has been explained as follows. One is
related with the decentralisation that has resulted in arising of the political conflict. Furthermore,
ineffective inter government relation is affecting European Union regional planning. Second
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theme is related with lack of funds due to which all the regional plans and strategies are not
implemented properly like Netherland mainport strategy (Adams, 2016). Likewise, majority of
metro cities are not connected with the strategy which is one of the major concern. It is not only
highlighting the European Union perspectives on the regional planning but also inter
relationship.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adams, N., 2016. Regional development and spatial planning in an enlarged European Union.
Routledge.
Carniti, E. and et.al., 2019. Decentralization and economic growth in Europe: for whom the bell
tolls. Regional Studies. 53(6). pp.775-789.
Meguid, B. M., 2015. Multi-level elections and party fortunes: The electoral impact of
decentralization in Western Europe. Comparative Politics. 47(4). pp.379-398.
Singh, S. and et.al., 2017. Earth observation-based approach for delineating geomorphology-
guided geoenvironmental zones and its utility in regional planning: an analysis in parts
of Bengal Basin, West Bengal, India. Environmental Earth Sciences. 76(3). p.109.
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Week 7
In regional planning there are many challenges faced that has created impact on the
governance system. It is necessary to identify those impact and eliminate it in an effective
manner. However, in the US concept of new regional planning it has been implemented (Dear
and Scott, 2018). This has entirely changed concept and planning of regional planning to a great
extent. Moreover, it includes things related to the Australian regional planning.
The main issue US is facing in the regional planning is to manage transportation system
and its related facilities (Sciara, 2017). The government is not able to develop long term
transportation plans and strategies for sound and proper development of the region. Due to this,
projects are not funded and there is no control over the local council (Davidson and Wibberley,
2016). Likewise, for managing regional transportation, it is another aspect as which is related
with ineffective use of land and lack of economic development in that area. Furthermore, due to
lack of delegation power to all the local council restrict them to adopt any type of plans and
development. With intense pressure from the central as well as local authorities on which they
are highly dependent. They are having limited participation in the decision making process as
well which is affecting their ability to show creativity norms.
In this relation many themes are highlighted which mainly includes role of the local
authority in managing operations related to the transportation services and facility (Cumberland,
2018). There are many several other factors which has been impacting on the US regional
planning and its related activities. In another theme, which is related to the political influence
due to which projects are not completed. The Central government is controlling as well as
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monitoring overall planning and strategies as formulated in line with the development of such
regional areas. Thus, it is required to undertake management related operations related to the
transportation services in many local areas in which need is required. It is considered as one of
the essential approach so as to empower all the local bodies, regulatory authorities thereby taking
their perspective in relation to the regional planning.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Cumberland, J. H., 2018. Regional development: experiences and prospects in the United States
of America (Vol. 2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Davidson, J. and Wibberley, G., 2016. Planning and the rural environment: Urban and regional
planning series. Elsevier.
Dear, M. and Scott, A. J. eds., 2018. Urbanization and urban planning in capitalist society (Vol.
7). Routledge.
Sciara, G.C., 2017. Metropolitan transportation planning: Lessons from the past, institutions for
the future. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(3), pp.262-276.
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Week 8
In urban growth boundary the main issue that is occurring is related with the impact
created on the values of the fertilised land. Also, it is leading to increase in the level of pollution.
In this concept rural areas are developed but not according to the approach which has been used
for developing metro cities (Adler, 2017). Due to this regional goals as formulated are not able to
attained within the time frame decided. Alongside it, in Portland UGB is impact on land is one of
the common issue in UGB.
This concept basically requires proper and effective funding sources for its proper and
successful implementation in the required regional areas. The main issue in UGB is lack of
funding means due to which the land value is decreasing. Also, there are natural growth
constraints such as geographical boundaries, climatic conditions due to which the value of fertile
as well as non fertile land is declining (Cullingworth, 2017). Moreover, changes in the market
conditions and forming of new regulation is becoming one of the aspect which is restricting
growth in such areas. In metro areas, the prices of housing land has risen to a great extent and its
related policies are also creating impact on it.
There are different themes underlined in this discussion. The first is implementing UGB
concept which helps in identifying rural and urban areas. In Portland it is require to find out rural
areas so as to develop them (Long and et.al., 2015). This has enabled in formulation as well as
implementation of proper planning and strategies. The other theme is related with the impact as
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created on the fertile land value and also on the regional planning frameworks for the future
development of the regional areas.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adler, S., 2017. A Historical Perspective on the Metropolitan Portland Urban Growth Boundary.
In Planning the Pacific Northwest (pp. 52-63). Routledge.
Cullingworth, J. B., 2017. Urban and regional planning in Canada. Routledge.
Long, Y. and et.al., 2015. Evaluating the effectiveness of urban growth boundaries using human
mobility and activity records. Cities. 46. pp.76-84.
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Week 6
Key issues
The main issues highlighted in this week creation of Turin Metro Area which focused on
shift from a company town to a metropolitan area. This measure was taken in order to recover
the old industrial zones and poor and neglect urban areas (Damborg, Danson and Halkier, 2017).
For managing this the government of European Union has created many organizations which are
accountable for starting new economic development process in the absence of government like
Turin International Association, Torino Wireless and many others. For developing the area it has
started strategic planning in three phases.
In first it has to adapt an integrated strategic plan for year 2000- 2005. In the second stage
from 2006- 2015 it has developed knowledge for future (Daniels, 2019). And in third stage that
is 2015- 2025 which aims at transforming Turin into a city of opportunity to handle issues like
investment, global economic restructuring, reduced public spending and many other related
issues.
Current example
The current examples of European Union intervention recovery of disused sites, renewal
of distressed areas like Mirafiori Nord, some measures against long term employment and many
others. This strategy also led to economic development and access to employment opportunities.
It is because of the reason that this project created many job opportunities for the local people
residing at the nearby place of the project (Lichfield, Kettle and Whitbread, 2016). Also this
leads to economic development of the country because more job opportunities leads to addition
in the economic output of the country which is beneficial for the country. This also led to
recovery of disused sites which earlier were not in use. But this also worked on renewal of the
distressed areas of the European Union as it focused on reviving and developing the
underdeveloped areas of the country.
Critical analysis
This project is a success because of the reason that it increased the power of the area and
helped the economy in growing and developing. The European Union body promoted different
ideas like regional balanced development, territorial cohesion and many other related ideas
(Williams, 2018). Territorial cohesion is the objective of European Union wherein the main
focus is on strengthening and improving the social and economic cohesion by way of reduction
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in the disparity between different regions in European Union (An introduction to European
Union Cohesion Policy, 2014). This difference can be reduced by way of balanced regional
development. The regional balanced development refers to providing for equal development in
all the regions within a country (Neuman and Zonneveld, 2018). The main focus is on
developing all the regions forming part of the country in accordance with the capacity of each
region that is how much development is required by a particular region so that it benefits the
overall economy of the country.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Damborg, C., Danson, M. and Halkier, H., 2017. Regional development agencies in Europe.
Routledge.
Daniels, T., 2019. McHarg’s theory and practice of regional ecological planning: retrospect and
prospect. Socio-Ecological Practice Research. pp.1-12.
Galler, C., Albert, C. and von Haaren, C., 2016. From regional environmental planning to
implementation: paths and challenges of integrating ecosystem services. Ecosystem
Services. 18. pp.118-129.
Jensen, R. C., Mandeville, T. D. and Karunaratne, N. D., 2017. Regional economic planning:
Generation of regional input-output analysis. Routledge.
Lichfield, N., Kettle, P. and Whitbread, M., 2016. Evaluation in the Planning Process: The
Urban and Regional Planning Series (Vol. 10). Elsevier.
Neuman, M. and Zonneveld, W., 2018. The resurgence of regional design. European Planning
Studies. 26(7). pp.1297-1311.
Online
An introduction to European Union Cohesion Policy. 2014. [Online]. Available through:
<https://ec.europa.EuropeanUnion/regional_policy/sources/docgener/informat/basic/
basic_2014_en.pdf> .
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Week 10
The key topic for this week’s study is regional transition planning. Regional planning
requires a lot of strategies, to effectively solve problems affecting urbanization and the
environment as a whole. With the increasing population and environmental pollution, sustainable
transition is essential in limiting problems that arise from poor planning of urban areas (Carroli,
2018). Regional planning is pertinent in solving the current problems facing multiple nations and
local governments, for instance, Queensland. Poor regional planning not only affects the locality,
but also extends across borders. Sustainable transitions in planning contributes to positive
impacts in management of urban areas (Carroli, 2018). Regional transition is important in
reducing the amount of emissions, and in turn reducing the effects of global warming.
Transition planning in Queensland, is a current example. It describes how the local and
state governments in Australia are working towards development of renewable energy. This is
important in averting the problems associated with coal mining (Cahill, 2019). How is the
problem being defined? The discussion arises as a result of coal-related illnesses, which are on
the rise in Queensland. Furthermore, politics has played a major role for this campaign. For
instance, Australians all around the country felt Queenslanders were against protection of
environment, after the Labour party lost polls, as a result of less support in the area (Cahill,
2019). Transition plan was also motivated by climate change campaigns. The amount of coal
pollution proves to accelerate global warming. As a result, it has led to a debate about transition.
For this transition to be achieved, key ideas have been suggested. Transitioning from
fossil fuels to renewable energy has been the main idea. This will be essential in reducing the
amount of pollution, brought about by the coal industry. Additionally, law reforms will be useful
in ensuring control of pollution by industries is minimized (Carroli, 2018). The creation of new
jobs is the other issue. Most Australians want new jobs to be created before transitioning. This
will ensure no current employees in the coal industry are left jobless (Cahill, 2019). Regional
transitions, focuses on the positive impact of transitioning. Transition will be able to reduce the
number of emissions in Queensland, and in turn reducing the cases of illnesses. Despite, coal
mining being a source of employment to many Queensland residents, the effect of pollution is
more pressing than its benefits.
There are various messages conveyed about regional transition. First is to ensure
renewable energy is developed immensely, to cover the needs of the entire population.
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Additionally, creation of employment opportunities in coal dependent areas, to supplement coal
mining (Cahill, 2019). Moreover, ensuring the evolution of infrastructure, through education and
technology. This will change Queensland’s community mind set on coal dependency (Mayere &
Carroli, 2016). Transition and planning are the pivotal themes in this study. Every person is
concerned about the effects of the coal industry in Queensland, and the solutions that can be used
to limit it. Although this is a crucial discussion, both sides have to be evaluated before making a
permanent decision about transition.
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References
Cahill, A. (2019, Apr 29). Transitioning Australia: Regional Impacts. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1Ebcum0vSw&t=135s
Cahill, A. (2019, May). The Guardian, Politics. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2019/may/23/its-easy-to-
dismiss-queenslanders-as-coal-addicted-bogans-but-its-more-complex-than-that
Carroli, L., & Mayere, S. (2016). Mobility in the South East Queensland Regional Plan: A
sustainable transitions analysis of policy storylines. Retrieved from
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102776/3/102776.pdf
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Week 11
Issue
SEQ regional planning is basically the effective placement of various land activities as
well as the settlement growth within the larger land area rather than the individual city. There are
various approaches in this as it has evolved with time. It contains many things which make it
easy to get it done. However, in it there are different frameworks of growth management. Each
one is developed on basis of sustainability, environment, etc. Here, government is making
constant changes in regional planning. Moreover, in epochs of it for each one there are many
standards and criteria developed. The plans developed are uncertain and of particular time
period. But with change in environment and rise in concerns SEQ regional planning is modified
accordingly. Various approaches are followed in it making it difficult to understand (Calthorpe,
2015). The phenomenon of the climatic changes has the unavoidable effect upon the functioning
of various regions thus changing their typography and their relation with the building elements
that is manifested in the rural regions.
Current example
It has been analyzed that the main issue is vegetarian clearing. Here, rise in population is
putting pressure on values and resulting in degradation of native species and habitat. Moreover,
vegetarian clearance is cause of biodiversity degradation. Thus, in SEQ there is a lot of
vegetarian clearing. Furthermore, there is slow growth rate. So, in order to resolve this issue an
act was formed. The purpose was to define roles and clear vegetation. Due to rapid growth in
population, it is difficult to set standards. Also, no proper plans are developed. In biodiversity
geology, platform, etc. are analyzed. This social movement inspired a lot of people and
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stimulated a powerful message in just a short period of time to the local and regional government
which eventually compelled them to change their policies.
Critical analysis
It can be analyzed that SEQ regional planning is facing issue of vegetarian clearing. For it
various mechanism are used to do so. Also, there is negative impact of it on biodiversity. it is
affecting soil, ecosystem, etc. Due to this there is land degradation and climate change. Hence,
there is droughts and high temperature in Queensland. Therefore, the VMA is responsible for
vegetarian clearing. Several regulations are followed that support in managing SEQ planning.
Apart from it, several instruments are used by local government for its management. Hence,
regional clearing areas are identified and then they are cleared. In addition, VMA and local
VPO’s are protecting and regulating vegetation. The message reflected is used to guide local
authority for clearing vegetation. It limits areas and helps in protecting environment. Alongside,
local policies is required to monitor and manage vegetation clearing at local level. It will be
beneficial in developing regional plans.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Calthorpe, P., 2015. Urbanism in the age of climate change. In The City Reader (pp. 555-568).
Routledge.
Bryan, T.K., 2016. Capacity for climate change planning: assessing metropolitan responses in
the United States. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 59(4). pp.573-
586.
Field, G., Burns, G.L. and Dale, P.E., 2011. Managing vegetation clearing in the South East
Queensland urban footprint. Griffith University.
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CONCLUSION
With the above discussion it is concluded that the term regional planning is considered
very necessary from the perspective of better as well as proper regional housing and
development of the country. The present assignment identified some of the key issues in relation
with the regional planning such as regional housing, approval of the regulatory authority as well
as local bodies. On the other hand, another issue is related to the emergence of regional planning
which is triggered by the impact of rapid urban industrialization. Further it has been discussed
that some current examples relating to the issue like regional housing affordability, housing
prices in the metro cities and many other types. At last, it has been critically analyzed that the
whole issues are need to be overcome for effective as well as sound development of regional,
urban as well as of the rural area and regions. It has been concluded that there are many issues
and problems been faced in regional planning in many countries. There is no proper governance,
funds, etc. for development of regions. However, decentralisation in Europe has limited growth
of regional planning.
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