Control and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: HND Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy sources, control systems, and their integration. It begins by exploring current energy sources, their demand, and environmental impacts, followed by an examination of the advantages of renewable energy, their costs, and associated technologies. The report then delves into energy efficiency measures in buildings and sustainable transportation technologies, including electric vehicles and biofuels. It further investigates the application of power electronics in renewable energy systems, including industrial usage and the technology behind power converters. Finally, the report explores the safe functioning of smart power systems, including operating principles of stand-alone and grid-connected systems, characteristics of smart grid networks, and the significance of power electronics in smart grids and energy storage operations. The report concludes with a discussion of the key findings and implications for the future of renewable energy.

Control and
integration of
renewable
energy sources

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY .................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
P1 Exploration of current energy sources with identification of their demand and impact on
their effect on the environment...................................................................................................4
P2 Advantages of renewable energy sources and their contribution in the global energy
market.........................................................................................................................................5
P3 Costs and technologies related to renewable sources of energy ...........................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Description of energy efficiency measures which are presently being used ........................6
P5 identification of primary factors which influence energy use and efficiency in a building . 7
P6 Discus ion of technological devices which aid to sustainable transportation ......................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P7 Analysis of utilisation of power electronics in relation to usage of renewable energy.........8
P8 Ascertain industrial usage of power electronic convertors ...................................................8
P9 Analysis of technology associated with power convertors and their principles of operations
....................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P10 Explore the safe functioning of a smart power system......................................................10
P11 Operating principle of stand-alone and grid connected renewable energy systems..........10
P12 Description of characteristics of smart grid network ........................................................10
P13 Significance of power electronics in smart grid and energy storing operations ...............10
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................10
REFRENCES ................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Rising demand for utilisation of energy sources is attributed to rising threat of global
warming and harmful effect on climate caused by usage of non-renewable sources of energy.
The main motive of increasing reliance on renewable energy is to diversify energy supply and
lower coal prices and natural gas prices. Renewable energy can assist in lowering pollution and
battle climate change. The present report is based on renewable sources of energy. Exploration
of current energy sources, renewable energy technology, means of energy efficiency in buildings
and factors which impact on such energy mutilation in buildings. In addition to this
technological support for environment friendly transport, usage of power electronics in
utilisation of renewable energy, industrial usage of power electronics and safe operations of
smart power systems are provided in this report. Analysis of electronic power convertor
technologies along with features of smart grid network are provided in this report. Significance
of smart grid electronics and principle of operations of smart grid energy systems are provided in
this report.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
P1 Exploration of current energy sources with identification of their demand and impact on their
effect on the environment
Non-renewable energy sources have been in present demand because they are affordable
in comparison to renewable sources. These sources of energy are present in limited amount and
are not replenished at the speed at which they are consumed.
Coal: This is a widely used non-renewable energy resource as share of coal in global
energy mix was 27% in 2019. The global demand of coal as an energy sources is low and was
reduced by 7% between the 2018 and 2020 as governments from all over the world are searching
for green sources of energy. Pollution caused due to coal mines, coal plants and coial
combustion waste is highly dangerous to the environment and is the main contributor t6o global
warming (Petinrin and Shaaban, 2019).
Renewable sources of energy come from natural sources or procedures which are
constantly replenished such as sunlight or wind.

Solar energy: This energy is captured from beaming light and heat released by the sun
with the help of technological advancements such as solar heating, artificial photosynthesis,
solar architecture and many more. The demand for solar energy is increasing as it can be used to
produce electricity and fuel. This energy source does not produce greenhouse gas which has
positive impact on the environment and contributions to healing environment from global
warming. This energy source is effective for long term use as annual potential for solar energy is
1,575-49,837 EJ which exceeds current energy consumption by large amount (Kim, 2019).
Wind energy: This energy source is generated when wind turbines convert kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical or electrical energy. Wind energy is used to produce mechanical
power or electricity. Rise in demand of wind energy is attributed to the feature of wind turbines
to produce large m amount of energy without subsidy ans at low cost compared to non-
renewable sources. This energy is domestic source of energy and does not produce air pollutants
or hazardous waste which is advantageous for the environment. This enrgy source is suitable for
long term usage as it produces huge amount of energy at low investment without causing
pollution.
P2 Advantages of renewable energy sources and their contribution in the global energy market
Renewable sources of energy are constantly replenished and as it is easily available in
nature. These resources are highly beneficial as they have the potential to provide global energy
demand in a cost effective way without causing environmental harm.
Solar energy is highly advantageous as it requires low maintenance costs can be used for
diverse applications which include heat and electricity production along with integration into
building material to produce heat. Apart from this solar energy reduces ellipticity loss during
long transport and the electrical grid is less vulnerable to burnouts. 2% of global electricity was
produced through solar energy (Ngoko, Sugihara and Funaki, 2018).
The main benefit offered by wind energy is that it is able to produce huge amount of
energy at low cost without occupying huge land and offshore wind turbine have the potential to
give electricity to coastal area in an environment friendly way.
The main advantages of tidal energy are low waste production, inexpensive to maintain,
reliability and high energy density. This energy source is easy to control as tides are easily
predictable. Tidal energy has the potential to supply 10% of total energy consumption.

Geothermal energy does not require fuel an d has vast potential to supply global energy
demand. In addition to this geothermal energy source is stable, globally available and can be
utilised easily. Geothermal power plants are able to produce 0.035 to 2 terawatts of power
presently (Chebotareva and et. al., 2020).
P3 Costs and technologies related to renewable sources of energy
Solar photovoltaic are widely used for solar energy production and the total costs of PV
system has decreased by 59% in the last decade. The main reason behind this is lower
installation costs because of trained installers and usage of new materials such as thin film
materials which are less costly to produce. A single solar panel costs £350-£500 and full
domestic PV system which provides 4kW of electricity costs £6,000. PV systems are being
developed to increase efficiency through efficient materials, smarter solar tracking and
improving storage of solar energy. This will further reduce the cots of this technology, the main
barrier with wide usage of PV systems is their low efficiency of 14% to 22% which needs to be
improved in order to increase their viability for the future.
The cost off setting up Enercon E53 wind turbine which has maximum power output of
800kW is £1.03 million. This high cost is balanced by £250 savings on annual electricity bill,
low maintenance costs and decrease in 2.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. There is focus on
improving efficiency and reliability of wind turbine through effective blade design which allow
attached flow across a range of flow velocity without increasing size of the rotors. Poor market
infrastructure and restricted access to technology are main barriers hindering progress of wind
turbine.
TASK 2
P4 Description of energy efficiency measures which are presently being used
Measures to enhance energy efficiency are being developed all over the globe to produce
renewable sources of energy which provide high output of energy (Apak, Atay and Tuncer,
2017). Technological advancements provide assistance in this producing devices which produce
renewable energy with high efficiency. Presently used energy is provided below:
Hydroelectricity: in this energy source electricity is produced generators are pushed by
the movement of water that is flowing at high speed. Hydroelectricity is produced with dams

which block a river and collect water. When the water is released pressure behind the dam forces
the water down the pipes which leads to a turbine which produces electricity.
Tidal energy: This type of energy is produced by natural rise and fall of ocean tides and
currents. This type of energy is easily produced as tidal weaves are predictable. Tidal plants are
constructed near coastal areas and require heavy investment (González and et. al., 2017). These
plants contribute to environmental harm as it has negative effect on sea creatures and life forms.
Wind energy: This renewable energy source is produced through harnessing wind power
with the help of turbines. Setting a wind turbine is not costly and they produce electrical energy
in area with sufficient wind velocity. This type of energy is environment friendly but not highly
efficient.
P5 identification of primary factors which influence energy use and efficiency in a building
Energy usage and effeminacy of a building is influenced by series of factors. Simulink is
graphical programming environment for modelling simulating and analysing multi-domain
dynamical systems. The utilisation of this software impacts positively on development of
residential building as it allows swift production of virtual prototypes to investigate design
conception at any phase of detail with minimum effort.
NREL is constructed in order to full-fill the requirement of individuals who have the
ownership of the building and the current residents. NREL has effective capacity for simulation ,
this feature of the model is assisting is identification of influencing of energy technological
devices and machinery on electronic power systems. Optimum functioning schedules for daily
household devices are determined through this as it has multi purpose optimisation. Household
devices include cooling systems, heaters and many others.
P6 Discus ion of technological devices which aid to sustainable transportation
Transportation industry is one of the significant contributor of global warming as it is
responsible for 24% of global carbon commissions which are the main cause of environmental
degradation. Governments from al over the globe are focusing on sustaining environmental
friendly transport and lower emission of substance which are damaging to the environment
(Kamankesh and Agelidis, 2017). Environment friendly transport revolves around lowering the
usage of harmful fuel options which are created through fossil fuels and emit harmful gases and
contribute to air pollution. The government is focused on providing green alternatives to fuel
which do not emit harmful waste such as carbon dioxide. Electric auto-mobiles pose as a viable

option for environment friendly transport. These auto-mobiles do not utilise fossil fuels or any
other environment damaging substance and use electricity which can be produced through
renewable energy sources. General public is using this e auto-mobile as they do not cause
environmental damage and are cost effective. Biofuel is another alternative to environment
damaging substances and help in recovering the environment from impairment. In addition to
this hydro energy is another option to enhance environment friendly transport. Car manufacturer
Toyota is focusing on developing hydrogen based transportation while eni which is multinational
oil company is also contributing to production of hydrogen fuel (Pereira da Silva and Horta,
2019). Government from all over the world are inverting in development of infrastructure which
support electrical transport while Tesla has produced innovative electrical auto-mobiles which
are highly sustainable. Increasing usage of electrical auto-mobiles is significant contributor to
creation of environment friendly transportation industry.
TASK 3
P7 Analysis of utilisation of power electronics in relation to usage of renewable energy
Crossed renewable energy systems consists of one renewable and one conventional
energy source and are utilised for convenience, effective transportation and utilisation of rigid
models. Mixture models have large amount of arrangements and are constructed to provide the
ideal force associated with a particular framework. Several kinds of power related devices are
present in crossed framework which includes boards, wind energy, batteries and many other
elements. Mixture models are allowed to be organized with power hardware to handle low high
and uncertain force requirement. The energy obtained from these devices can be stored in
batteries which is utilised during the process of electrolysis to create hydrogen. Diversified
utilisation of transportation is enabled by supply of hydrogen to energy divisions to increase
capacity for significant amount of time (Zhidkov and et. al., 2019).
Electrical output of specific force model does not provide any information about any
particular electrical device. Several electronic devices need AC while others need DC power.
Inverter is used to convert DC power into AC if needed. Apart form this large number of green
power models can have average initial time which is suspended to react to higher force needs.
Models usually need to be utilised for huge amount of disrupted force requisite. Power convertor
are utilised to take measurement of force channelling through a circuit.

P8 Ascertain industrial usage of power electronic convertors
The present world which is highly dependent on technology, various uses of power
convertor make up a sizeable list. In relation to corporations which are based around
manufacturing , usually motors used are controlled through the usage of electronic drivers which
includes ball mills, SAG mills and various others (Karunathilake and et. al., 2018). The main
purpose of power electronics is providing power to its users and it contributes to the enhanced
security of an electrical matrix. Utilisation power electronic devices increases efficiency as they
decrease energy loss in semiconductor components. The investment required to install and
maintain power convertor systems is low which is the reason behind reliability of corporations
on power convertors. These systems take up low amount of space and are used by corporations
for a long time period. Electronic circuits are used in corporations due to their high efficiency
and feature of controlling other operations. The scope of power electronics includes HVDC ()
convertor stations to FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) gadgets which is a significant
contributor in power systems.
P9 Analysis of technology associated with power convertors and their principles of operations
Power electronic convertors are being used for a diverse range of applications and they
have become a part of various household activities, workplace tasks and industrial undertakings.
The primary task of power electronic convertor is related to processing and controlling stream of
electrical energy. Power electronic convertors which are currently being used can perform
various tasks at single time and are constructed on the basis of renewable energy schemes.
Power electronic convertors are classified into two kinds depending on their function:
 AC to DC- Rectifier, it is utilized to covert AC to DC
 DC to AC- Inverter, it is utilised to covert DC to AC in accordance with desirable
frequency
 DC to DC- Chopper, it is utilized for converting from invariant to multivariate or
multivariate to invariant (Deng and Lv, 2020).
 AC to AC- Cycloconverter, it utilized for converting AC to desirable frequency.
AC to DC convertors
This type of convertor is utilised for converting quantity of AC voltage supplied from
main to DC voltage for sending load. Transformer modifies the indispensable AC source supply

with the help of rectifier phase. Usually it is a step down transformer that lowers stockpile
voltage to operative scope of a circuit.
DC to DC convertors
Utilisation of this convertor relies on different type of DC voltage from a rigid DC
source.
AC to AC convertors
This convertor changes the intensity of AC voltage by changing the amount and
frequency.
TASK 4
P10 Explore the safe functioning of a smart power system
Power electric operations have evolved over the years through adoption of effective,
smart and advanced power solutions which has benefited companies over the years both locally
and internationally (Xu and et. al., 2021). Nowadays, large range of companies are
implementing digital system in order to monitor its operations which will somehow help in
generation of profits. Safe and smart operations of power solutions include formulation of solar
power plants across the world in order to eliminate risk of high voltage power which may harm a
living being. Various countries have contributed in renewable resources in order to avoid
emission of carbon while generation of power. Due to increased awareness between human
beings, eco-destructive techniques have been reduced to promote healthy living.
P11 Operating principle of stand-alone and grid connected renewable energy systems
In reference to power systems, grid connected renewable resources are considered as
impactful source of power which enlighten a place with power through elimination of
unnecessary expenses of electric batteries. Being an advantageous system, people are adapting
system technology which provides power through sun shine and extra power is being stored into
the grid so that in case of power cut, such source could be utilized. Whereas stand alone power
system does not store excessive energy in grid but is utilized to charge a bank of batteries. These
batteries are used to store the power and used to draw electricity (Subha and Nagalakshmi,
2021). Stand alone system is expensive in comparison to grid connect system. Both the methods
connect to the renewable source of energy and contribute in protecting the environment.

P12 Description of characteristics of smart grid network
It is observed that smart grid system is reflecting various optimistic characteristics which
will be helpful for consumers as well as producers. These wide range of features could be real
time monitoring, potent pricing structures, advanced power management, lower maintenance,
high outcome, traceable and manageable and so on. This has also produced vast impact across
the globe through increased awareness of grid based smart power systems. Also digital based
grid has been implemented by people through adoption of systematic procedures which has
facilitated individuals with easy management of tasks which will be beneficial in the long term
for both companies and consumers (Ferrari and et. a.., 2018).
P13 Significance of power electronics in smart grid and energy storing operations
Grid based power system has been concluded as reliable sources of energy which is
highly in demand from consumers as well as given adequate priority across the globe. Power
Electronics is basically a program among unreliable and reliable electrical energy systems.
Electrical Energy (AC or DC, voltage or flow) acquired from any sources can be converted into
all around managed AC or DC, Voltage or Current of any ideal level (Erdinc, 2017). PE
eventually manages the preparing of electrical force and how to do so productively. Electrical
force is portrayed by the recurrence, voltage and furthermore the genuine and receptive parts of
force. It is vital as per fact that various forms of structures require various types of forces. It is
significant in the cutting edge world as a result of two things : the capacity to utilize any
wellspring of force for any application and to do so proficiently. Also it is vital as well as there is
great deal of examination progress to expansion of productivity of force converters utilizing
various geographies and gadgets (Awan and et. al., 2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is determined that renewable sources of energy need to utilised
and priorities as the main source of global energy supply in order to deal with the threat of

global warming. The focus on technological advancements should be on developing devices
which help in decreasing harmful environmental effects of various industry such as
transportation industry. Renewable sources of energy need to be utilised and governments need
to focus on developing infrastructure which increases usage of renewable energy sources such as
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and many more. This is because renewable sources of
energy can be utilised fro along time period without causing environmental damage. In addition
to this these sources are cost effective and will supply global energy demand effectively which
decreases pollution and enhances environmental conditions of the earth.
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