Renewable Energy Resources: A Comprehensive Analysis for Scotland

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INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Introducing Renewable Energy
Resources
Abstract
Renewable energy is the future of this globe. It is fulfilling the demand of energy in an efficient way
and have potential to do more. Renewable energy is highly reliable and cost efficient energy on longer
run. The generation of this energy is happening at commercial, industrial and residential level which is
also beneficial for social and economic sides of any society. This is a study report that would enforce
the world on adoptability of renewable or alternative resources of energy over conventional resources.
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INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Table of contents
List of Figures................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................3
LO1: Potential Renewable Energy Resources:..............................................................................................3
Illustration of Solar Energy Transformation:.............................................................................................3
Illustration of Solar Energy Transformation:.............................................................................................4
Illustration of Hydro Energy Transformation:...........................................................................................5
Illustration of Tidal Energy Transformation:.............................................................................................6
Adoption rate of Tidal Energy and Wind Energy Globally:......................................................................7
LO2: Optimum Efficiencies of renewable energy technologies for Scotland:..............................................8
Connection of Solar Energy and Wind Energy with Local System:.........................................................8
The remote area and its benefits to the people...........................................................................................9
Location in United Kingdom and efficiencies of renewable energy.........................................................9
LO3: Cost Benefit Analysis of renewable energy with conventional resources:........................................10
Designing a solar power system for 3 bed room property.......................................................................10
Total Daily Energy Utilization.............................................................................................................10
Solar Panel Sizing..................................................................................................................................0
Appropriate size solar inverter...............................................................................................................0
Battery Bank Design..............................................................................................................................1
Sizing Charge controller........................................................................................................................1
Engineer Cost Estimate of Designed System.........................................................................................2
Installation and construction costs contrast of all available renewable energies.......................................2
Cost-Benefit Critical Analysis of Different Renewable Energies.............................................................3
Lo4: Socio-economic, Legislative and Environmental factors involved in the consideration and selection
of renewable energy technologies..................................................................................................................4
Socio-Economic Factors........................................................................................................................4
Legislative factor...................................................................................................................................4
Environmental factor.............................................................................................................................4
PESTLE Analysis and possible sources of conflict...................................................................................4
Effective environmental analysis of alternative approaches of selection..................................................5
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................5
References......................................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
List of Figures
Figure i: Transformation of Solar Energy into Electrical Energy..................................................................4
Figure ii: Transformation of Wind Energy into Electrical Energy................................................................5
Figure iii: Transformation of Hydro Energy into Electrical Energy..............................................................6
Figure iv: Transformation of Tidal Energy into Electrical Energy................................................................7
Figure v: Connection Diagram of Solar Energy and Wind Energy with Local System................................9
Figure vi: historic track record of the IEA in predicting solar.......................................................................2
List of Tables
Table 1: Engineer Cost Estimate....................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Introduction
From the earlier days of humanity to, till now, the biggest question on this globe is "how
to mitigate energy demand and supply gap". It is an undeniable fact that mankind has full filled
their maximum need for energy from conventional resources like fossil fuels, and point of worry
these fuels are limited in quantity. Although they are easily available and abundant in the core of
the earth, still they will and up someday by fact. So this necessary to switch on some alternative
resources that will never run out and have the massive potential of energy. Sun, Wind, and water
are considered to be such an alternative resource. We all know, how much there are filled with
energy but just need to transform it into a usable form. With the development of Technology,
mankind has developed such technologies that may easily transform these natural energies into
usable form like electrical energy. Overall, this reports is aimed to discuss such Technologies
that may transform these renewable energies into electrical energy. Designing, planning, costing,
and adequate selection of renewable energy is on a site is another key subject of this report.
Efficiencies of different renewable energy resources and their comparative analysis with
conventional resources efficiencies is also a part of this report.
LO1: Potential Renewable Energy Resources:
The advancement of technology has gifted many modern days sustainable and renewable
energies to the world, but still most popular renewables are hydroelectric, solar, wind and tidal
energy. Here we will discuss these prominent renewable resources according to their working
principles with proper schematic diagrams. We are going to discuss below, further, the adoption
rate of some of them and their future prospect (Lund, 2007).
Illustration of Solar Energy Transformation:
Solar energy, among other renewable energies, is considered to be the greenest form of
energy and we may easily transform it into usable electrical energy. Photovoltaic module or
panels that have been powered through Sun energy are used to transform sunlight into electrical
energy. These PV panels are fabricated through silicon chips also known as silicon cells. This
generated electrical energy from PV modules is later used either to operate the load in premises
or to store in batteries. All this operation has been illustrated using arrows and drawings in the
schematic diagram of figure i. For a better understanding, we will illustrate all this process
component by component. Solar modules are usually mounted on the top roof of any residential
or industrial building. The installer may also place these modules on a flat surface like earth, but
all depends upon the availability of space. The critical point in the selection of area or side is
that the site should not have any kind of shades during sun-rises times. Usually, sunrise or
sunlight hours are considered to be in between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. Second critical point while the
installation is that you face the modules in a correct direction, where it may get maximum
sunlight throughout the day. For example in Northern hemisphere with direct the Solar module

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
towards the south, while in Southern hemisphere with direct the modules towards the north. PV
module made with Silicon cells excites the electrons when they receive the photons from the Sun
and ultimately generates the pencil difference on and terminals. The generated potential
difference is "direct" and not "alternative" in nature. Further, excited electrons, then, pass
through charger and stores in batteries, in the form of chemical energy. Normally the
consumption load is "AC" in nature and not "DC, so we place an inverter to convert this stored
DC potential to AC (Boyle, 2004).
Figure i: Transformation of Solar Energy into Electrical Energy
Illustration of Solar Energy Transformation:
The wind is another essential form of renewable energy because, till the end of life, it is
not going to run away. Wind turbines are the core of overall technology, which is used to
transform wind energy into a usable form of energy like electrical energy. A typical wind
turbine usually consists of 3 or 5 number of blades called "propellers" and these blades are
equipped with a rotor mechanism. All of the scheme, collectively called wind turbine, is
mounted on a mighty tower or pole. The height of these polls varies according to the
applications. For example, the wind turbines used to power residential premises use typically 20
meter high poles or towers. On the other hand wind turbines used in wind farms to feed national
grid have more than 80 or 100 m height. The taller is the pole the more pressure of wind we
would have to transform maximum possible electrical energy; this is a typical principle used for
the selection of pole height. The basic procedure to transform wind energy into electrical energy
is in the schematic diagram below, using arrows and labels. We can assess that the basic

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
components for wind renewable technology are the same as were for Photovoltaic technology.
The only change is in the generator type; in case of the PV system, it was photovoltaic whereas
in this wind energy case it is a turbine. Batteries, as usual, are used to store surplus generated
electricity while inverter to convert DC power into AC for load consumption. Further, talking
about operation of wind turbine; blades rotate a magnet linked with and rotations of magnet
inside an electromagnet produces electrical voltage. This was all operational principle of “wind
turbine” system.
Figure ii: Transformation of Wind Energy into Electrical Energy
Illustration of Hydro Energy Transformation:
Hydro refers to "the water"; and the name clearly implies that it is a form of renewable
energy that uses water as a source and transforms it into electrical energy. The hydro turbine is
the core component in the overall scheme of the hydro energy system. Among all other
renewable energies, hydro is considered as the most adopted and beloved form of energy because
about 15% of total gross production is being done this methodology. We build a very high
structure called "Dam", and the height of the dam from the turbine level is called "head". This
head is directly proportional to potential energy stored in water and potential energy, as a result,
is also directly proportional with net produce electrical energy. The penstock is a pipe, shown in
the figure below, that carries the pressured and regulated water rotates the hydro turbine. The
mechanical energy output from the hydro turbine, then, rotates the connected generator. The
surge tank is also another complementary unit which stores some excess water that could be used
in case of emergency to produce extra pressure on blades of the turbine. Dams or hydro power
units are, usually, built on running rivers, so water again joins the river after transforming power
into electrical power inside “power house”.

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Figure iii: Transformation of Hydro Energy into Electrical Energy
Illustration of Tidal Energy Transformation:
We all observe the Mighty Tides in the oceans, and they are produced due to the
gravitational pull by the moon as well as sun and Earth spin. With the proper search, mankind
has developed such a mechanism that can transform the energy stored in the tides into electrical
energy. We can assess the potential in these tides from the observation: “in some areas, tides rise
up to 40 feet high. Tidal turbines are used for this type of transformation. From the schematic
diagram below we can observe that the construction of this transformation system is just like a
hydro energy system. Arrows in between different components of the system, in below figure,
are showing a sequence of different sub-processes. In the time of high gravitational pull the
ocean water is stored behind Dam and in the low-tides time that stored water is used to transform
into electrical energy by passing through the tidal turbine. We do not call this structure as Dam
but we call It barrage. Sluice gates are used to regulate the flow rate of water being passed
through turbines. Barrage is constructed in between 'sea', so it is equally possible that sometime
high-tides will be on one side and some time on the other side of the barrage. So the turbines
used for tidal energy conversion are bidirectional that has the capability to transform energy in
any case. On one side, where tidal energy has many positive aspects; the barrages in ocean baes
are destructive for water animals.

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Figure iv: Transformation of Tidal Energy into Electrical Energy
Adoption rate of Tidal Energy and Wind Energy Globally:
With the progression of technology, now, mankind is gradually accepting the bright
reality of alternative energy resources. This is why different nations, at countries level, are
adopting them swiftly. I will highlight just two renewable energies, tidal energy and wind
energy, in terms of their adoption e.g. how population has accepted them and planning for future
to meet their energy needs through them. Globally, though, acceptance of tidal energy is at
steady pace, however it is taking boost. Factual condition is that, currently, there are only 9
power plants in world that are based on tidal energy. According to the statistics, Alstam Tidal
R&D Center, United Kingdom has adopted tidal energy at most compare to other nations. UK
has above 4-5 GW installed capacity of tidal and wave barrages Similarly, France has a total
installed capacity of 3.5 GW plants. These figures are just, regarding, pilot projects and this
R&D center, on commercial level, is planning to expand plants after 2019. This report shows that
globe, now, is adopting tidal energy exponentially; as an alternative form of energy.
Now, if I talk about wind energy then different statistics are present that describe about
adoption pattern of this energy. World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) is a well-established
institute in this regard that monitors the adoption rate of wind energy. It tell us that, by far, 600
GW wind mills has been installed globally. The adoption rate is different for different states,
countries and nations. The Chinese, European nations and Americans are at top tier, in terms of
adoption, while other progressive nations are steadily adopting it. In these 600 GW, 53.9 GW
were installed, just in last year i.e. 2018. This shows that with the every passage of year, now
mankind is feeling more obsessed for wind energy By February 2019, China were having
installed capacity of more than 200 GW, while USA has about 100 GW.

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
I would recommend all of the alternative forms of energy over ‘traditional forms’ like
biomass and fossil fuels. There are numerous positive side behind this recommendation like
“these are green, clean, long-lasting, and low operational costs”. The countries that having long
ocean beaches like Newzeland, West Indies, Srilanka and Australia etc. must need to rip off the
potential they have by adopting tidal and wave power generation units. The wind flow is,
usually, higher at nearby patches of beaches; so the same countries are also recommended for
adoption of wind energy too. In simplest words, all those countries that are having long patches
of ocean beaches must need to realize the importance of tidal and wind energies and share
maximum of their electrical energy demand through these sources.
LO2: Optimum Efficiencies of renewable energy technologies for Scotland:
Connection of Solar Energy and Wind Energy with Local System:
In first section of report, we have discussed 4 types of renewable energy resources but
only two of them, solar and wind, are being accepted an alternative to residential loads. Here we
will discuss how we can connect them with our local national grid, already in use. The schematic
diagram for both of these energies, we have already discussed, will slightly be extended and
modified to connect with national grid. The connection of these renewable technologies with
local or national grid means, user either may feed-in (sale) the surplus produced energy to
national grid or may fetch back from national grid (in case of low production). We must need to
learn that all types of alternative energy resources are being controlled by environmental
conditions. This means, as per environmental condition, we either may have extra production
than our usage or less production than our demand; both of these cases are inefficient. This is
why grid-tied connection system had been introduced for bi-direction movement of energy, in
order to make overall system efficient.
The connection diagram of wind and solar with local system is shown in diagram below.
First of all, there are two types of generators; first is wind generator and other is solar generator
or PV modules plant. Both of these generators are producing DC outputs that are being regulated
through their respective charge controllers. Both of these charge controllers are connected with
batteries and charging it with produced energy. Then, it comes the central component of system
i.e. “Grid-Tie Inverter”; It is “feeding-in to load” and at the same time a “2-way energy meter”.
We can observe, from diagram, that 2-way energy meter is in between load and national grid
poles. According to the instructions, sent by grid-tie inverter, 2-way energy meter allow to move
the energy to and fro.

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Figure v: Connection Diagram of Solar Energy and Wind Energy with Local System
The remote area and its benefits to the people.
The renewable energy is a best alternative option to feed the energy desires of any remote
areas like “hilly areas”. Foula, Scotland is a remote island location in Britain. As it is an island,
so covered with ocean and naked areas. It means, it is having an abundant availability of “wind”
and “sun”. In other words, we can easily fulfill the energy desire of habitants or population of
island by adopting the solar energy and wind energy for them. Because, in other way, approach
of national grid is approximately not possible in on island. The residents of Foula are, right now,
isolated from rest of the globe because electricity is rare there to connect them through internet
or technologies. Fist benefit which they will get is ‘elimination of isolation from globe’.
Secondly, of course, they may get enough energy from solar, wind or tidal turbines to install
small manufacturing units. In this way they can export their productions, using renewable energy
resources, to the rest of Britain and improve their life style.
Location in United Kingdom and efficiencies of renewable energy.

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Scotland is a region in United Kingdom and it will be analyzed here in terms of
efficiencies of different renewable technologies. According to the analysis of Solar Trade
Association, a UK based organization, the same capacity PV plant will produce more energy in
Scotland than if it would be installed in other locations. Edinburgh from Scotland, for example,
would give an efficiency of 96 percent while same plant would give 85 percent in Glasgow. For
the solar panels, to get better efficiency, there should a clear day and maximum hours available
and less heat in environment. These all environmental conditions do satisfy in Scotland because
it get longest daylight hours and less sunshine or heat. Currently, considering high efficiency of
solar plants in Scotland, it has been installed 188 MW net capacity. Regarding wind energy,
Scotland had produced about 1,850,512 MWh by 2018 and, as per news, wind mills of Scotland
are getting efficient day by day due to friendly behavior of environment. According to a post of
CNBC, Scotland’s wind turbines have produced a record about 86,467 MWh, in a day. It was
216 percent more than the energy demand of country. For other renewable technologies, like
tidal energy, Scotland has a potential of 10 percent to meet energy demand of country residents
(Turner, 1999).
LO3: Cost Benefit Analysis of renewable energy with conventional resources:
Designing a solar power system for 3 bed room property
Consider a property in East London and it is having 3 major or minor bed rooms. First of
all, according to load schedule, they have designed a heating and cooling system using a 0.75 ton
AC. The off-grid solar power system would be designed, now, as a case study here.
Total Daily Energy Utilization
Client wants to operate this load for 6 hours daily (D.U.H). Thus
P1−ac=0.75 toninverter AC= ( 1+50 % ) × 730=1095 W
W T −ac= W 1−ac=P1−ac × D . U . H
WT −ac= W 1−ac=1095 ×6 ¿ 6570 Wh
O . F=100 %=1 (As load is only one)
ɳ=75 %=0.75
Total Energy Per day=Ed= ( WT −ac+W T−dc ) ( O . F )
ɳ = ( 6570+0 ) ( 1 )
0.75 =8760 Wh

INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar Panel Sizing
First of all we selected a standard solar panel from market with 24 V system voltage (load
is heavy and we want to reduce cable sizes with going to high voltage system). It is Sharp Solar’s
ELDORA GRAND Series panel whose data sheet says:
W mpp=300W I mpp=8.05 AV mpp=37.28 V I sc=Short Circuit Current=8.74 AV oc=45.10V So
consider V s =24 V
PGF=4.32h for West LONDON
Total watt peak rating=PT = Ed
PGF =8760 Wh
4.32 h =2028W
Total System Current=I= PT
V s
= 2028 W
24 V =84.5 A
Number of∥300 watt panels=n p= 84.5
8.05 =10.49≅ 11
¿ series number of 300 watt panels=ns = V s
V mpp
= 24 V
37.28V =0.643≅ 1
Total qty of 300 watt panels=N=1×11=11
Appropriate size solar inverter
Pc−ac(basic)= P1−ac=1095 W ; from step 1
Pc−dc(basic)= P1−dc =0 W ; because there is no DC appliance connected only load is 0.75 ton
inverter AC.
Pc−ac = ( Pc−ac (basic) ) (O . F)
ɳ = ( 1095 ) (1)
0.75 =1460W
Pc−dc= ( Pc−dc(basic) ) (O. F)
ɳ = ( 0 ) (1)
0.75 =0 W
LGF=25 %=0.25
Minimum Inverter ¿(¿ watts¿)=Pinvert= ( 1460 ) × ( 0.25+1 ) ≅ 1825 watts
Sinvert = Pinvert
cos ∅ = Pinvert
0.8 =1825
0.85 =2148VA
Minimum Inverter ¿(¿ KVA ¿)=Sinvert= 2148
1000 =2.15 KVA