A Detailed Report on Ethics in Information Technology for AI

This report delves into the crucial topic of ethics within information technology, exploring the application of various ethical theories to the field of artificial intelligence and robotics. It begins by introducing the significance of ethical frameworks in decision-making, particularly in the context of emerging technologies like surgical robots. The report then examines four key ethical theories: utilitarianism, deontology, social contract theory, and virtue ethics. It analyzes how each theory applies to the development and deployment of AI, including discussions on autonomous robots in surgery, decision-making processes, and the potential impact on human roles. The report also addresses the advantages and drawbacks of each ethical framework, providing a comprehensive overview of the ethical considerations in the rapidly evolving landscape of information technology and AI. Finally, the report concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the importance of ethical decision-making in this field.

Running head: ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ETHICS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Name of the Student
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Discussion........................................................................................................................................3
Utilitarianism...............................................................................................................................3
Deontology..................................................................................................................................4
Contract........................................................................................................................................5
Virtue...........................................................................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................8

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Mindmap
Figure 1: Mindmap Developed
(Source: Created by Author)
Introduction
Ethical theories have played a key role in decision making which is considered to be
found of it. All the given theories provide some viewpoints from which individual guidance can
be achieved for decision making. Most of the theories focus on decision-making or decision rule,
like analyzing the outcomes (Marković & Bokan, 2017). There is a need for following the duties
of an individual which is completely done in ethical way. Surgical robots are completely

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extended beyond the surgeon capacities and filter out the hand tremor. It merely allows the
surgeon to pull off the laparoscopic long handle tools. The point can be concluded that robot is
like a tool which is directed under the control of human.
The coming section of the report provides an overview has been trust of robot surgeon for
operating on individual. For complete understanding of ethical theory, there is need for some
complete understanding regarding common set of goals. It is mainly done so that the decision
marker can achieve this for being successful.
Discussion
Utilitarianism
This particular ethical theory highlights the individual ability to understand the output of
any action. Considering Utilitarian, the perfect choice of biggest advantages for people is one for
ethical correct one. There are mainly two kind of utilitarianism that is act and rule utilitarianism.
Act utilitarianism completely provides definition of utilitarianism where a person carry out acts
that benefit most of the people (Vinnari, Vinnari & Kupsala, 2017). This does not depends on
personal feeling or even social constraints like law. Rule utilitarianism completely takes into law
and every much associated with fairness. Rule utilitarian aims to benefit most of the people but
through the fairest and completely available. It completely adds some benefits for rule
utilitarianism that can add both value and justice.
At present, surgical robots are completely extended beyond the surgeon capabilities that
is they can filter out some hand tumors. The point can be concluded that medicine will be served
in much better if some of the robots become autonomous agent (Khan, 2017). Decision making
and independently working is completely based on some of the assigned task. The technological

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development has ultimately led to decision making and reducing any kind of error related to
human fallibility. If automation completely enhances the overall outcome, then there is need for
stopping it. Providing a robot with job promotion is not considered to be very much far-fetched
(Fuenmayor & Benzmüller, 2019). Much of the work is required for development in both
academic and industrial laboratories.
Working with some mock-up of human tissue and robots of experimental that have
sutured, clean wounds along with cutting down tumors. Some of the trials have been done on
robot system against human and founding robots which are precise and efficient in nature. Some
of the researchers has completely compared the overall performance of robots and human
surgeon on similar task. They have concluded stiches which are uniform and even have a much
tighter seal.
Deontology
It is a known to be class of ethical theories which states that people require to be follow
obligation and duties to whom they are generally engaged. It generally focus on the point that
person need to follow some obligation for some individual in the society as a result of upholding
individuals duty. All the steps are required to be taken into account if and only if it is ethically
correct (Everett & Kahane, 2020). Deontologist always aim to keep some of the promises to
friend and even follow the law. A person who follow the deontological theory need to produce
some decision as it is based on individual collection of duties.
Robot surgeons are completely ready for use on different human patient, which may
highlight future of surgery (Loreggia, Rossi & Venable, 2017). It stands out to be sensitive
subject as it put the real surgeon at rest. The same concept works perfectly for operating room

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and line of assembly. Surgical robots are ready for decision making and make decision which is
difficult to understand. In case of surgery, a robotic system merely cuts a certain flap in the
cornea of patient and even if its lies outside the laser pulse. It is needed for re-shaping the inner
section. In case of knee replacement, autonomous robots can easily cut through bone along with
proper accuracy with human surgeons.
Deontology comes up with many positive aspect, but it has many drawbacks. One of the
biggest drawbacks is does not have any rational or logic behind deciding the individual duties. It
is the duty of business person to be completely decide his or her duty so that meeting is done on
time (Vinnari, Vinnari & Kupsala, 2017). In some cases, this stands out to be good, but the
reason behind this is completely unknown. In some cases, the complete duties of a person are in
conflict.
Contract
Social contract theory is known to be a descriptive theory about society along with
relationship in-between rules and laws. Social contract theory does not provide a regarding the
point that people should behave, but instead of that, it provides some basic idea. This merely
highlights how to implement rules, laws and regulation. Irrespective of the social contract theory,
the understanding of rule would be complete limited (Drury, Lucia & Caruso, 2017). Social
contract theory is very much important for justifying the power of law enforcement that can exist
in the current population. This is a part of contract which the society has looked down for
exchange of security. In some cases, contract can created some issues when the power is being
used by law enforcement.

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Sport surgical system, which is Toronto based aims to provide a quite different approach
for automated imaging. In this, the system insert tiny robotics camera in the body cavity.
Cameras move around the point, which is completely based on the surgical instruments. This
particular kind of automation is considered to be sensible for first step robotic-surgery (Tsalikis,
2018). If the projection of automation tool for surgery is found to be true, then robotic surgeon
stands out to be commonplace in the whole operating rooms. It can be expected in the near future
that people will trust them with some complicated task. If the robots are found to be reliable,
then the role of human surgeon will change to large extent. The role of surgeon is meet the
patients and making decision regarding the treatment. It will merely help in supervise the robots
to work on commands. Most of the surgeon are completely fascinated with improving the overall
performance.
Virtue
This particular theory is completely judged by a person using his or her character instead
of action which is completely deviated from normal behavior. This merely checks into account
the person moral, reputation and motivation when the rating is unusual and unethical behavior. It
is considered to be completely unethical in nature. Surgeries required involvement of soft tissue
of chest, pelvic and abdomen poses huge amount of challenges (Loreggia, Rossi & Venable,
2017). The anatomy is found to be very much different where the autonomous tool will be there
for identifying the internal organs and shaking blood vessels. Different parts that make up the
innards of person will shift in this procedure, so as a result, there is complete modification in the
surgical plan.
In the operation room, automation does not require the involvement of either needle,
scalpel or anything else which is sharp and dangerous. Recently, two organization are planning

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to bring their surgical robots in market so that they can develop market which move
automatically (Everett & Kahane, 2020). This automatic moving will give the surgeons the
required view as if the machine is reading their minds. Currently, most of the surgeon are making
use of Intuitive da machine to stop anything that they do to move the camera. The system is
inclusive of eye-gaze tracker, which is built into the viewing console of surgeon and completely
controls endoscope.
One of the biggest drawback of ethical theories is that it does not make any consideration
related to change in the moral character of person. For example, a scientist who has done mistake
in the past may have late night horror story like the scientist standing in good (Vinnari, Vinnari
& Kupsala, 2017). Scientist neither intentionally plagiarized the act, but still, the act was
committed. Researcher has done some sudden change that is from moral to immoral, which
completely goes unnoticed for the given evidence.
Conclusion
The above pages help in concluding that the report focus on analyzing the given topic on
basis of ethical theories. Robot stands out to be best fancier tool under the human control. Most
of the people even think that medicine will be served in better way if the robots become an
autonomous agent which help in decision making. It stands out to be technological development
which adds reliability and even reduces human error. Giving robots this kind of job promotion is
not completely farfetched but it requires technology which has been created in both academic
and industrial labs. For complete understanding of ethical decision-making, this is very much
important to understand the decision-making. It is merely needed for understanding the outcome
and following some of the duties to some other people. This is merely taken into account due to

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the factor that individuals ethical decision. For complete ethical decision-making, individuals are
required to consider some ethical correct decision making.

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References
Counts, R. W., Pitre, J. P., & Sullivan, C. (2018). How the Students Use Ethical Theories to
Name Their “Most Ethical” Person Awards. Journal of Modern Accounting and
Auditing, 14(1), 1-5.
Drury, M., Lucia, J., & Caruso, V. (2017). Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Theory to Guide
Their Future.
Everett, J. A., & Kahane, G. (2020). Switching Tracks? Towards a Multidimensional Model of
Utilitarian Psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
Fuenmayor, D., & Benzmüller, C. (2019). Automated Reasoning with Complex Ethical
Theories. Deduktionstreffen 2019, 13.
Fuenmayor, D., & Benzmüller, C. (2019, August). Harnessing higher-order (meta-) logic to
represent and reason with complex ethical theories. In Pacific Rim International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 418-432). Springer, Cham.
Khan, M. S. (2017). Comparative study of Quranic and Western ethical theories.
Loreggia, A., Rossi, F., & Venable, K. B. (2017, March). Modelling Ethical Theories
Compactly. In Workshops at the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
Marković, M., & Bokan, B. (2017). Instrument for verification of ethical theories in physical
culture. Physical education and sport through the centuries, 4(1), 71-91.
O'Mathúna, D. P., Dranseika, V., & Gordijn, B. (Eds.). (2018). Disasters: Core Concepts and
Ethical Theories. Springer International Publishing.

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Tsalikis, J. (2018). Can We Act Ethically? Implications of Determinism, Chaos Theory and
Unintended Consequences.
Vinnari, M., Vinnari, E., & Kupsala, S. (2017). Sustainability matrix: Interest groups and ethical
theories as the basis of decision-making. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics, 30(3), 349-366.
Vinnari, M., Vinnari, E., & Kupsala, S. (2017). Sustainability matrix: Interest groups and ethical
theories as the basis of decision-making. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental
Ethics, 30(3), 349-366.