Reproducible Research and Data Integrity: A Comprehensive Report

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Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................2
Reproducible research...................................................................................................................3
Candid Vs Strategic communication..............................................................................................6
The science of science communication..........................................................................................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 8
References..................................................................................................................................... 9
List of figures
Figure 1 Journalists vs. public relations specialists and managers in the U.S.................................5

Introduction
Visualization is the basis of the report. The report is broken down into three parts. The first
chapter of the study contains an outline of and significance of reproducible research. The next
section of the study covers the difference between the strategic and candid way of
communication from the “The truthful art” book. The contribution of confirmation bias and
dissonance reduction in polarization will be covered in the third section.

Reproducible research
If it is possible to produce and generate the precise results of the studies again, then the
research can be called reproducible. Area of scientific computing requires reproducible
research. It can occur if the initial information, data, software, and code are provided access. It
can also be known as reproducibility. Many items are reproducible like statics, charts, graphs,
tables, visualizations, figures and other statistical proof (includes reliable ranges, p-values and
confidence intervals). There are certain conditions that are specified under that the
reproduction of research can be done, like in case the research’s raw data is accessible. Here
raw data refers to non-tampered information. Another requirement for reproduction of
research is to provide the collection of instructions along with full measures which is helpful for
statistical analysis and processing of data (Jackson 2017). In case any organization requires the
reproduction of research than some extra specifications like documents with information and
code, may exist. These are necessary because, with the implementation of the code,
reproduction of distinct information (like graphs, charts, graphics, and visualizations) can be
achieved. Another necessity is system information that is useful in the assessment. The
information must be accessible, and clear (transparent). There are many advantages of
reproducibility of research like this enhances the amount of research accuracy, it assists in
monitoring of research, it boosts the autonomous capacity of research and assists in the
expansion of research.
The primary objective behind the reproducible research is to conduct and document the
research in such a manner that the similar analysis and research using similar information may
be beneficial for new researchers. It is essential as the raw information is accessible, allows for
clear reporting and reduces error hazards. Several concepts can be used to enhance the
reproducibility of research. Replication is a notion other than reproducibility. Replication relates
to them using the same technique to produce distinct information with the same result, whilst
reproducibility relates to using a similar technique and comparable approach to produce
comparable results and information. Several reproducibility values involve file organization,
monitoring a study project's background, documenting the outcomes and code, monitoring the
software version, modularizing the evaluation, and following the probabilistic method. The
jupyter notebook does have a reproducibility characteristic. To check the project, this software
acts as a Docker container. This is regarded as Ipython before. This is web-based open-source
software (Basu 2017). The live code, equations, explanatory text, and visualizations are
embedded in this. It is an excellent reproducibility tool because it can be used by anyone for the
re-generation and replication of the final calculations. This allows the customer to communicate
with the information as well. This can be useful when embedding fresh information sets to
avoid mistakes in speed replication. This tool allows the user to transcribe the computation

together with all captions and text types. This software is useful as quick iteration is possible.
The jupyter notebook software enables individuals to function across geographic locations, time
and teams, as per Patty Ryan. Reproducibility of research is essential because this enables new
outcomes and findings to be observed by analyzing similar outcomes. The research’s
reproducibility guarantees that the findings are accurate or not. In case the investigator
generates a similar result with the help of same technique and method that implies that the
result is right. In case the result is not similar then statistically they may be meaningless. The
Discovery Institute, that is a non-profit organization, is devoted to offering false data about the
science, as per the specified case scenario in the book. The company's primary emphasis was on
popularizing the disparagement. The organization has a budget of one million dollars. The
company does not conduct adequate research and everything is dedicated to the promotion.
The company does great advertising and is created lavishly with graphics, videos, lectures,
websites, presentations, and books. However the marketing system bothers the public because
of information distortion and baloney dissemination (Jackson 2017).

Figure 1 Journalists vs. public relations specialists and managers in the U.S.

Candid Vs Strategic communication
As per the “Truthful Art” book, the candid communication that is used by the experts primarily
concentrated on improving society’s collective understanding. Professionals come from various
fields such as journalism, cartography, statistics, science, information and much more. The
following figure defines a distinction between both the U.S. public relations professionals and
journalists. A while earlier, the term “infographics” used to define data graphical displays was
hijacked by strategic communication. The primary reason for this is to distribute newsworthy
data. Puerile advertisements are usually referred to as clickbait by infographics these days. This
relates to communication that is not candid. It specifically relates to the simplistic, tendentious
and dull graphics which are based on information that is mainly intended not to educate but to
attract traffic linked to the internet. The journalist lies to the individuals and to the public and
can lie to them. Almost all of the strategic communications are truthful. But for the journalist to
cover the reality, this is also compulsory (Cairo 2019). It is essential for the journalist to never
fool the public, but display the statics in a way to give as much positive light as possible and that
is the primary concern of strategic communication. Public relations are, as per these novels, the
method of strategic communication that generates interactions that are mutually useful
between different companies and the community or public. Here the term "mutually does not
relate to the partnership being useful to the public and company in an equivalent way. Between
lying and deceiving there is a major difference. Lying can be called deliberate intervention. The
individual can begin with the communication signal in strategic communication and afterward
discover the data to help the message. In candid communication, on the other side, the
individual begins with the communication of data and examines the data to figure out which
signals or messages are worth spreading.

The science of science communication
Confirmation bug is a method human develops to deal with the impact of tunnel vision resulting
from cognitive dissonance. This is called the bias of confirmation. The individuals are attacked
by a nice story/tale. It will be viewed as an attack on our beliefs as personal. Even if individuals
get information that creates our views, individuals will rather avoid it or alter it to fit their
views. It's a human inclination to prevent or decrease dissonance. To do that people try to
search out the evidence which supports people's thoughts or human perceives the proof to
achieve that objective regardless of whether new or old. There are a number of literatures
about cognitive dissonance and bias in confirmation. The next instance provided is from Carol
Travis and Elliot Aaronson's book called "mistakes were made but not by me". Welfare policies
are provided to liberal and conservative organizations in year 2003 research provided in the
book. The individuals who are liberals backed the policies if they were portrayed as coming
from Democratic Party. Also the opposite was true: the conservative individuals backed the
liberal policies as they were informed they had been suggested by the Republican Party. When
these people were asked as to why they support or decline the policies, both types of people
said they say on the grounds of the evidence assessment. The liberals and conservatives have
blind belief in their own inclination to self-deception, but they were also Eagar to allocate this
self-deception to others. It is proposed and advised that you do not rush to compose the whole
story or even a title instantly after discovering the exciting information point, model or fact.
Another data sources and even the individuals who can assist escape from the confirmation
bias and tunnel vision are advised to be viewed and considered. Exploring the information and
data in-depth and searching for the hidden components and influences on how and what to tell
is essential. The quantity of information and data needed to define that the facts and data are
accurate must also be evaluated. Another stronger example of the book's dissonance reduction
and confirmation bias was press consumption; the author's political view is that of a monetary
centrist and liberals who are secular in socio-cultural issues. It is said by the author that many
individuals believe that based on the view, the New York magazine and The New York Times are
the author's standard newspaper (Cairo 2019). It is said by the author that he was reading those
journals because with the unconscious ideological warning he could read with the material. The
same trials have been conducted on gun control views. And also the outcome was a disturbing
consequence that more information may not correspond to greater understanding, but may
lead to polarization in issues that are religiously and politically contentious, such as climate
change.

Conclusion
Reproducible research was discussed in the report. Reproducible research relates to using a
similar technique and similar information or data to generate comparable or distinct outcomes.
This is also helpful in improving accuracy. It helps detect errors. The individual can begin with
the communication signal in strategic communication and then discover the data to help the
message. In candid communication, on the other side, the individual begins with the
communication of data and examines the data in order to figure out the messages worth
spreading. It is proposed and advised that you do not rush to compose the whole tale or even a
title instantly after discovering the exciting information point, model or fact. Other sources of
data and even individuals who can assist escape from the confirmation bias and tunnel vision
are suggested to be viewed and concerned.

References
What is Reproducible Research 2017, bitesizebio.com, viewed 19 August 2019, <
https://bitesizebio.com/37187/reproducible-research/>
Basu, A 2017, Reproducible research with jupyter notebooks, authorea.com, viewed 19 August
2019, < https://www.authorea.com/users/2191/articles/277178-reproducible-research-with-
jupyter-notebooks>
Cairo, A 2019, The Truthful art, learning.oreilly.com, viewed 19 August 2019, <
https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/the-truthful-art/9780133440492/ch03.html#ch03>
10 Principles of Reproducible Research: The Hands-on R edition 2016, scientificbruno.com,
viewed 19 August 2019, < https://scientificbruno.com/rrr/>
Jackson, J 2017, Jupyter notebooks Meet the challenge of reproducibility, thenewstack.io,
viewed 19 August 2019, < https://thenewstack.io/jupyter-notebooks-challenge-
reproducibility/>
What is Reproducible Research? 2018, displayr.com, viewed 19 August 2019, <
https://www.displayr.com/what-is-reproducible-research/>