Article Review: Evaluation of Two Research Papers' Methodologies

This report presents a comprehensive article review, critically evaluating two research papers focusing on distinct areas: dynamic pricing in sports events, specifically for Bayern Munich, and high-growth entrepreneurial firm funding, contrasting native-born and immigrant entrepreneurs. The review ...Read More

Running head: ARTICLE REVIEW
Article Review
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
2. Paper One.....................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Abstract.................................................................................................................................3
3. Paper One Discussion..................................................................................................................4
3.1. Ontology...............................................................................................................................4
3.2. Epistemology........................................................................................................................4
3.3. Axiology...............................................................................................................................4
3.4. Methodology.........................................................................................................................5
3.5. Method..................................................................................................................................5
3.5.1. Tool Used.......................................................................................................................5
3.5.2. Target Population...........................................................................................................5
3.5.3. Results............................................................................................................................6
3.6. Keywords in Research..........................................................................................................6
3.7. Conclusion of Used Methods................................................................................................7
4. Paper Two....................................................................................................................................7
4.1. Abstract.............................................................................................................................7
5. Paper Two Discussion.................................................................................................................8
5.1. Ontology...............................................................................................................................8

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5.2. Epistemology........................................................................................................................8
5.3. Axiology...............................................................................................................................8
5.4. Methodology.........................................................................................................................9
5.5. Methods................................................................................................................................9
5.5.1. Used Tools.....................................................................................................................9
5.5.2. Sampling Method.........................................................................................................10
5.5.3. Results..........................................................................................................................10
5.6. Variables within Study.......................................................................................................10
5.7. Conclusion of Methods.......................................................................................................11
6. Comparison and Contrasting.....................................................................................................11
7. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................13
References and Bibliography.........................................................................................................14

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1. Introduction
“High-growth entrepreneurial firm funding: qualitative study of native-born and
immigrant” and “How Efficient is Dynamic Pricing for Sport Events? Designing a Dynamic
Pricing Model for Bayern Munich” are the selected two articles. The objective of the paper is to
contrast and analyze two selected articles, one of which belongs to academic and another to the
sports. In analyzing the selected articles major factors that will be considered for comparison will
be epistemology, ontology, quantitative, qualitative, weaknesses and strengths represented in
each journal article. In comparing these two articles analysis of suitable academic frameworks
along with analyzing the research methodology employed in each research paper. Major
considerations for article comparison will be article significance, research problem, research
method used, validity of findings, results those have been analyzed along with the conclusions
and recommendations gathered from the findings.
2. Paper One
2.1. Abstract
In the journal article “How Efficient is Dynamic Pricing for Sport Events? Designing a
Dynamic Pricing Model for Bayern Munich”, it has been gathered that the importance of the
journal article is to analyze the theoretical principles related with dynamic pricing in general
along with on the dynamic pricing with increased focus on sports industry (Kemper & Breuer,
2016). The research problem that is recognized in this article is that dynamic pricing in the
current years is considered as most dynamic pricing model for the sports industry in the
managerial point of view.

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3. Paper One Discussion
3.1. Ontology
Ontology is considered as nature of reality and from the interpretivist view there are
several realities and that social reality subjective and socially built as it attains emotions and
feelings. The theoretical approach that is underpinned within the journal article “How Efficient is
Dynamic Pricing for Sport Events? Designing a Dynamic Pricing Model for Bayern Munich”
includes elaborating the current pricing structure of Bayren Munich in order to develop a
theoretical support points related with the suitable dynamic pricing techniques.
3.2. Epistemology
Epistemology analyses the aspects that is considered as valued knowledge and the
knowledge attainment is from subjective evidence to contributors. The findings in this paper
explained concepts and existing arguments related with sports demand, dynamic pricing and
dynamic pricing techniques employed within sports (Kemper & Breuer, 2016). The major
motivation literatures on which the current research is relied on includes previous studies on the
criticism on the existing mathematical models related with dynamic pricing that is observed to
operate from the viewpoint of neoclassical demand theory.
3.3. Axiology
Axiology is considered as the role of values and considering same, the paper considered
following interpretivist view in the research method. Considering the criticism on the researcher,
the current research addressed its objective to develop a new theoretical framework that has
supported numerous studies on the sports demand. In addition, the literature review analysis in
the current journal article stressed on carrying out an in-depth analysis on current pricing

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structure of Bayern Munich rather than just analyzing the existing pricing models and strategies
concepts used within the sports organizations (Kemper & Breuer, 2016).
3.4. Methodology
Moreover the article reviewed the conclusion and the recommendations it was gathered
that it was consistent with the findings by employing suitable research methodology. This is
ensured as the results gathered was represented in four steps that included the quantitative form
of findings like descriptive results and Monte Carlo situation which facilitated in revealing the
effects of dynamic pricing model in contrast to optima fixed price approach in setting ticket
prices (Kemper & Breuer, 2016).
3.5. Method
3.5.1. Tool Used
From analyzing the research methodology employed in the journal article “How Efficient
is Dynamic Pricing for Sport Events? Designing a Dynamic Pricing Model for Bayern Munich”,
it has been elucidated that the research method employed in this research was both qualitative
and quantitative. Employing such research method facilitated in exploration of the developed
research question through supporting to developing a general model design on dynamic pricing
for sports.
3.5.2. Target Population
The sample in this research was selected was 8 demand function for games of Bayerm
Munich (Kemper & Breuer, 2016). The results were analyzed employing simulation game model
within which 11 games were categorized A games and six games were classified into B games.

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3.5.3. Results
From evaluating the selected journal article “How Efficient is Dynamic Pricing for Sport
Events? Designing a Dynamic Pricing Model for Bayern Munich” a detailed idea has been
gathered regarding conclusions and recommendations related with the findings of the study.
From critical analysis of this article it has been elucidated that the conclusion that was gathered
in comparison to findings indicated that the demand functions related with computation of
cumulative distribution functions of the price points. The findings gathered in the article
facilitated in gathering a suitable conclusion on intersection of the operation research,
economics, sports and marketing (Kemper & Breuer, 2016). These were all considered in
determining the demand functions along with related effects of pricing approach. Based on such
findings effective recommendations were developed in the journal article that can ensure suitable
implementation of Dynamic pricing model within sports. In addition, it has also been analyzed
from the presentation of conclusions and recommendations based on research findings that it
offered effective recommendations for sports on implementing new pricing strategies thro
explanation of theoretical and practical implications (Kemper & Breuer, 2016). In addition, the
recommendations solely focused on setting an effective example for the clubs in order to inspire
them to implement dynamic pricing strategies within their sports.
3.6. Keywords in Research
The keywords used in the research are Dynamic Pricing, Sport Events and Designing a
Dynamic Pricing Model for Bayern Munich that were discussed all over the study in analyzing
the overall findings regarding effectiveness of dynamic financing.

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3.7. Conclusion of Used Methods
From the data collection through analyzing the events, it was gathered that responsibility
of the researcher was to minimize subjectivity, by allowing the events to independently decide
the outcomes of this article are considered to be important as it has an objective to design a
dynamic pricing model for a sports club within a nation where the clubs do not implement such
pricing model. In accomplishing this research, the researcher had a motive of applying the
technique of Monte Carlo Simulation in proving the fact that dynamic pricing is more efficient in
comparison to the optimal fixed price approach.
4. Paper Two
4.1. Abstract
From analyzing the journal article “High-growth entrepreneurial firm funding: a
qualitative study of native-born and immigrant”, it has been gathered that the importance of the
journal article is to analyze the ways in which the native-Bourneentrepreneurs activity attempts
to obtain equity based financing like entire capital along with business angel financing, while
immigrant entrepreneurs avoid equity financing (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah,
2017). The research problem recognized within the article stated that in majority of studies the
entraprenual finance literature just focused on singlefinancing source. This necessitates the need
for understanding the supply side of the enntreprenual funding. This problem motivated the
researcher to consider finding a solution to the problem through analyzing several aspects of
immigrant entrepreneurship that is still unaddressed and examining the likely differences in the
preferred financing choices of native born entrepreneurs and high growth immigrants (Kemper &
Breuer, 2016). The outcomes of the article indicated that immigrant entrepreneurs rely on single

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source of finding and in contrast, native-born entrepreneurs recommend bootstrapping as a form
of initial finding source.
5. Paper Two Discussion
5.1. Ontology
Ontology is considered as nature of reality and from the interpretivist view there are
several realities and that social reality subjective and socially built as it attains emotions and
feelings.The theoretical approach that is underpinned within the journal article “High-growth
entrepreneurial firm funding: a qualitative study of native-born and immigrant”, encompass
elaborating the existing arguments on the concept and approaches of entrepreneur firm funding,
bootstrapping, debt financing, equity financing along with analysis the effect of entrepreneurs
cultural background on the financing choices (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017).
5.2. Epistemology
Epistemology analyses these aspects that is considered as valued knowledge and the
knowledge attainment is from subjective evidence to contributors. The theoretical approach that
was employed in this journal article was empirical research that facilitated in analyzing the
existing theories and concepts regarding financing choices suitable for the entrepreneurs.
5.3.Axiology
Axiology is considered as the role of values and considering same, the paper considered
following interpretivist view in the research method. From analyzing the journal article it has
been gathered that the major motivation literatures that encouraged carrying out the current

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research encompass previous studies on the characteristics of the entrepreneurs that can have an
important role in the financing, formation along with management of the entrepreneur company.
Previous studies analyzed focused on the dilemma faced by the native and immigrant
entrepreneurs in choosing their financing strategies motivated the theatrical concepts analysis on
the best suitable financial funding techniques (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017).
5.4. Methodology
Through evaluating the research methodology employed within the journal article “High-
growth entrepreneurial firm funding: a qualitative study of native-born and immigrant” it has
been gathered that the research method employed within this journal article was qualitative
approach. Additionally, the article reviewed the conclusion and related recommendations in
consistence with the relevant findings. This is evident as the immigrant and native entrepreneurs
indicated a high growth degree because of employing several financing techniques like angel and
debt funding and bootstrapping (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017). Through
5.5. Methods
5.5.1. Used Tools
Through evaluating the research methodology employed within the journal article “High-growth
entrepreneurial firm funding: a qualitative study of native-born and immigrant” it has been
gathered that the research method employed within this journal article was qualitative approach.
Through using this research method the article gathered effective findings on the research
question related with effective choice of financing techniques for the immigrant and native
entrepreneurs (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017).

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5.5.2. Sampling Method
The sample selected in carrying out the research was 25 semi-structured interviews of the
entrepreneurs carried out by a single interviewer from a foundation that is publically assessable
from its website. Analysis of the results was carried out through using NVivo 10 software that
facilitated in qualitative exploration of financing choices of the entrepreneurs within the selected
sample.
5.5.3. Results
Analyzing the selected journal article “High-growth entrepreneurial firm funding: a
qualitative study of native-born and immigrant”, an in-depth evaluation has been carried out on
the conclusions and recommendations derived from the research completion (Moghaddam,
Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017). From critical evaluation of this journal article it has been
evidenced that the findings were represented through elucidating useful practical implications of
the findings. Through developing this section, the article focused on offering necessary
recommendations through transforming findings into normative indications that must be carried
out with causation. In addition, the article also offered relevant recommendations aligned with
findings that centered on recommending the most suitable funding option on making proper use
of bootstrapping along with its joint utilization that might decrease with time. Moreover, the
findings were also represented in a simplified manner that represented impact of social networks
on their funding choices.
5.6. Variables within Study
The variables selected within paper one was dynamic pricing efficiency as dependent
variable and sports events as the independent variable based on which the relationship among
them was tested in testing the suitable implementation of dynamic pricing model within sports

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industry. The variables selected in paper two were high growth of Entraprenual Companyfinding
and the independent variables were native born and immigrantentrepreneurs. Relationship
between these variables wastested in analyzing the suitable funding method to be used by native
born and immigrantentrepreneurs.
5.7. Conclusion of Methods
From carrying out comparative evaluation of both Paper A and Paper B it has been
revealed that, the research methodology employed within Paper A was different than that of
Paper B. Paper A considered employing quantitative as well as qualitative research methodology
in addressing the developed research question. On the other hand, Paper B focuses on
implementing qualitative research methodology in gathering suitable findings and insights on the
developed research question (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017). Additionally,
sample selection for attaining quantitative and qualitative data in Paper A was done through the
simulation model in constant to Paper B that considered interview to be the suitable data
collection method in attaining qualitative responses. Moreover, Paper A employed Monte Carlo
Simulation model in analyzing the data collected and on the other hand Part B focused on
employing software in gathering constructive qualitative findings on the study subject.
6. Comparison and Contrasting
In comparing both the articles, it has been gathered that paper A focused on analyzing the
implementation of new pricing model approaches than the ones those already exist within
“Major League Baseball”. On the other hand, Paper B majorly focused on analyzing the ways in
which cultural background of the entrepreneurs that affects the preferred financing choices of
high-growth entrepreneur companies (Kemper & Breuer, 2016). The introductory section of the

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paper focused on analyzing the decision making between the venture capital and equity
investment for the entrepreneurs. However, the introduction section is too focused on developing
a pricing model for the football sports leagues along with having the purpose of stimulating the
financial effects of pricing approach through anticipating demand functions. Paper B explained
the objectives and the aspects to be discussed in each sections of the reason in a detailed manner;
however, Paper A had a limitation in elbowing on the aspects those are to be explained in all the
sections covered within the research journal (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017).
Paper A explained the aim of the research based on previous research on stimulation of the
financial effects on dynamic pricing approach. However, Paper B focused on developing aim of
the research based on analysis of the marketresearch of issues faced by entrepreneurs in deciding
their financing choices.
From analyzing the selected journal analysis, it has been gathered that there are certain
differences in the theoretical approach employed by Paper A and Paper B is distinct. In paper A
it was analyzed that the literature overview was provided in three steps. The first step focused on
describing the argumentative literature on sports demand along with the role of ticket prices. The
second step offered an overview regarding development within the dynamic pricing field. The
third step centered on the evaluation of existing theoretical arguments on dynamic pricing with
focus on sports industry (Moghaddam, Aidov, DuVal & Azarpanah, 2017). On the other hand,
Paper B focused on just analyzing the qualitative aspects related with socio-cultural environment
of the entrepreneurs along with their preferred financing choices centered on native-born and
immigrant entrepreneurs. Moreover, unlike Paper A, this journal article did not solely base
development of the theoretical framework of this study on the precious research as there was
lack of prior research in the subject. Employing qualitative approach in developing literature

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facilitated in attaining novel insights on preferred funding choice of immigrant entrepreneurs
(Kemper & Breuer, 2016).
7. Conclusion
The objective of the paper was to contrast and analyze two selected articles, one of which
belongs to academic and another to the sports. It was gathered from the contrasting article review
that in comparing both the articles, it has been gathered that paper A focused on analyzing the
implementation of new pricing model approaches than the ones those already exist within
“Major League Baseball”. On the other hand, Paper B majorly focused on analyzing the ways in
which cultural background of the entrepreneurs that affects the preferred financing choices of
high-growth entrepreneur companies. The introductory section of the paper focused on analyzing
the decision making between the venture capital and equity investment for the entrepreneurs. In
addition, it has also been revealed that sample selection for attaining quantities and qualitative
data in Paper A was done through the simulation model in constant to Paper B that considered
interview to be the suitable data collection method in attaining qualitative responses. Critical
evaluation of the Paper A revealed that the findings in the journal article were presented in the
simulation model format. For such representation of findings, it has been gathered that Paper B
two different propositions were proposed within each funding choice selected by the
entrepreneurs.

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References and Bibliography
Kemper, C., & Breuer, C. (2016). How efficient is dynamic pricing for sport events? Designing a
dynamic pricing model for Bayern Munich. International Journal of Sport Finance, 11(1), 4-26.
Moghaddam, K., Aidov, A., DuVal, C., & Azarpanah, S. (2017). High-growth entrepreneurial
firm funding: a qualitative study of native-born and immigrant entrepreneurs. Venture
Capital, 19(1-2), 75-94.
Davila, A., Foster, G., & Gupta, M. (2016). Venture capital financing and the growth of startup
firms. Journal of business venturing, 18(6), 689-708.
Samila, S., & Sorenson, O. (2017). Venture capital, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. The
Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 338-349.
Mason, C., & Brown, R. (2015). Creating good public policy to support high-growth
firms. Small Business Economics, 40(2), 211-225.
Florin, J., Lubatkin, M., & Schulze, W. (2003). A social capital model of high-growth
ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 374-384.
Bellavitis, C., Filatotchev, I., Kamuriwo, D. S., & Vanacker, T. (2017). Entrepreneurial finance:
new frontiers of research and practice: Editorial for the special issue Embracing entrepreneurial
funding innovations.
Fraser, S., Bhaumik, S. K., & Wright, M. (2015). What do we know about entrepreneurial
finance and its relationship with growth?. International Small Business Journal, 33(1), 70-88.

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Bewaji, T., Yang, Q., & Han, Y. (2015). Funding accessibility for minority entrepreneurs: An
empirical analysis. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(4), 716-733.
van Balen, T., Tarakci, M., & Sood, A. (2019). Do disruptive visions pay off? The impact of
disruptive entrepreneurial visions on venture funding. Journal of Management Studies, 56(2),
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Lukas, E., Mölls, S., & Welling, A. (2016). Venture capital, staged financing and optimal
funding policies under uncertainty. European Journal of Operational Research, 250(1), 305-313.
Moghaddam, K., Bosse, D. A., & Provance, M. (2016). Strategic alliances of entrepreneurial
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Leeds, M. A., Von Allmen, P., & Matheson, V. A. (2018). The economics of sports. Routledge.
Sweeting, A. (2015). A model of non-stationary dynamic price competition with an application
to platform design.
Wen, X., Xu, C., & Hu, Q. (2016). Dynamic capacity management with uncertain demand and
dynamic price. International Journal of Production Economics, 175, 121-131.
Crompton, J. L. (2016). Implications of prospect theory for the pricing of leisure
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Shapiro, S. L., Drayer, J., & Dwyer, B. (2016). Examining consumer perceptions of demand-
based ticket pricing in sport. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 25(1).

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Xu, J., Fader, P., & Veeraraghavan, S. K. (2018). Designing and evaluating dynamic pricing
policies for major league baseball tickets. Available at SSRN 2796407.
Sunshine, S. A., Goodman, R., Arya, M., Chu, L., & Ripberger, M. (2017). U.S. Patent
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Drea, J. T., & Nahlik, A. (2017). Dynamic pricing in major league baseball tickets: Issues and
challenges. Atlantic Marketing Journal, 5(3), 4.