Comprehensive Analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Articles

This report provides an analysis of six research articles focused on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The introduction emphasizes the importance of academic writing in understanding ASD, detailing descriptive, analytical, critical, and persuasive writing skills. The report is divided into two parts; part one discusses the role of academic writing, while part two analyzes six articles. These articles cover a range of topics, including qualitative studies on functioning, early intervention strategies, perspectives from the UK autism community, prevalence and characteristics in the US, long-term outcomes of early intervention, and the psychometric properties of the Q-CHAT. Each article is summarized, highlighting the methodologies, key findings, and implications for understanding and treating ASD. The report aims to demonstrate a clear understanding of ASD through the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative research, offering a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in the field.

UNIT SKILLS FOR THE SOCIAL
SCIENCE

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1
PART 1.........................................................................................................1
PART 2.........................................................................................................2
Article 1: An international qualitative study of functioning in autism spectrum disorder
using the World Health Organization international classification of functioning,
disability and health framework..............................................................................................2
Article 2: Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions: Empirically Validated
Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder............................................................................3
Article 3: Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK
autism community.....................................................................................................................3
Article 4: Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among
Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network,
11 Sites, United States, 2012..................................................................................................4
Article 5: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children with
Autism Spectrum Disorder.......................................................................................................5
Article 6: The psychometric properties of the Quantitative-Checklist for ASD in
Toddlers (Q-CHAT) as a degree of autistic traits in a public sample of infants and
toddlers OF Singapore.............................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................6
REFERENCES.............................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Autism is known as autism spectrum disorder which leads to impaired
communication and lack of social interaction. The person suffering from this disorder
faces serious issues in development and it is a chronic condition which can last lifetime.
The assessment will identify about academic writing and its importance in form of
reflection where the individual will outline own learning from writing of different article
when researching about autism. Further, the study will be outlining 3 quantitative and 3
qualitative articles to demonstrate clear understanding over Autism.
PART 1
In accordance with different researches over Autism I realized that academic writing
plays crucial role in preparing critical and intellectual study. Academic writing is the
discussion of facts and findings where the researcher outlines every basics information
which was involved in developing an article. In my opinion academic writing is the
collection of methods, secondary information, primary research, summary, introduction
and discussion (Bacha, 2012). In corporation of these elements in systematic forms
leads to academic writing. However, I learned about 4 types of academic writing skills
that is descriptive, analytical, critical and persuasive. Further, it is important for the
researcher to incorporate academic writing as it defines intellectual boundaries of
discipline and specific area of study which requires expertise.
The most commonly use writing skill is descriptive because it helps scholar in
outlining every basic information about person, place, event and specific idea on which
research is based (Academic writing, 2018). It is the type of writing which helps the
researcher in provide clarity of information which becomes easy for the learners to
understand the aim and outline of topic. As per my learning I feel descriptive writing is
necessary because it demonstrates details of study which helps reader and learners in
paying close attention to specificity of information. It is done to provide sufficient
elaboration of details which helps in communicating every bit of detail.
Apart from this, I feel analytical researcher are another form effective academic writing
which presents argument of claim. It helps in making critical analysis and is used by
researcher to examine relationship of two variables which can be dependent or
independent (AlHassan and Wood, 2015). On the basis of analysis of different studies, I
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evaluated that analytical writing is incorporated by scholar when the aim of individual is
to argue one some idea or issue. According to me analytical academic writing style is
useful when the researcher aims at comparing two facts or ideas.
Apparently, critical academic in scripting is another considerable method which
offers approachable way of writing (Babcock and Thonus, 2018). As per my learning it is
important or the scholar to use critical writing styles as it helps in developing argument
and incorporating wide range of idea over one issues. Thus, I would like to conclude by
stating that academic writing is an intellectual way of expression of thoughts and ideas
in form of inscription (Academic writing, 2018).
PART 2
Article 1: An international qualitative study of functioning in autism spectrum disorder
using the World Health Organization international classification of functioning,
disability and health framework
The study is conducted to derive functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder where the
researcher collected views and perspective of different people like, professionals, family
members of patients, etc. (Mahdi and et.al., 2018). This was qualitative study where
scholar conducted semi structured interview and focus group of 19 stakeholder group.
Where total number of participants were 90 and were from different regions like, India,
Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Canada. The assessment helped in outlining that Autism is
neurodevelopmental disorder where the person experiences difficulty in communicating,
speaking, social interactions, etc.
In accordance with research, it is evaluated that functioning of ASD is related to
various factors of individual’s life, like, societal inclusion, education, physical
impairments, psychiatric complaints, etc. Further, from the study suggested about
specific strengths which are related with functioning of Autism like visual spatial skills,
attention, capacity to auditory perpetual. On the other hand, article also suggested
about involvement of people in societal activities and individual’s environment which
also plays crucial in developing a functioning of disorder. In this study objective of
authors was to collect opinion of care giver, families and professional functioning ability
of people suffering from ASD.
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Article 2: Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions: Empirically Validated
Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder
The aim of scholars in this study was to determine importance of intervention in
case of early diagnosis of Autism (Schreibman and et.al., 2015). In this research,
scholar incorporated researches of past 20 years by representing two methods for
determining Autism in young people and improving outcomes by managing specific
intervention practice. The key words used in this study are, developmental naturalistic,
behavioral and early intervention.
The study outlined various intervention which helps in managing growth of Autism
in early age like Naturalistic behavioral intervention which helps the family and care
giver in handling unwanted and challenging behavior of child. For example, Toddlers
are vulnerable to situation and wish to do what they feel is correct and therefore this
intervention allows them to be in situation of their favor but which is safe but encourages
their interaction. It is considered as effective forth growth of child as it is highly-
structured behavioural interventions where teaching and involvement of child is based
on homely playable items, toys, food. The approach neglects avoidance and based on
child motivation. Moreover, the study discussed about imitation which is another
strategy of promoting learning of child suffering from ASD. As per this, it is identified
that child start imitating before speech which denoted best way of engagement.
Article 3: Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK
autism community
The research was conducted with the motive of analysis Autism disorder with
different views of people over autistic people (Kenny and et.al., 2016). In this scholar
directed online survey of 3470 residents of UK where the individuals were asked to
describe autism by adding rationale to their choice. The article is based on qualitative
analysis of open ended questions. The participant’s in study has own characteristics
and were different from each other where there were 758 family members, 340 experts,
and 233 autistic adults.
According to suffers, it is a disability for which many families and societies have no
information and therefore is turning difficult to be diagnosed at early stage. However,
few individuals suffering from ASD argued that it is not disability but a different way to
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perceive situation and world. According to some it not disorders but occurs in people
due to lack of support and societal interactions. As per the views of professionals it
outlined that yes it is the unique of people for perceiving world and cannot be
considered as syndrome. Further, it helps in differentiating between two people
because it is not possible that every person owns same level of thinking and mental
functioning. On the basis of family reviews, it was interesting to understand that as per
families it is the person own distinct identity just like personality traits and
characteristics. Likewise, as per families it person potential and unique way handling
life and cannot termed as syndrome or diseases. Thus, from the discussion of
respondents it is outlined that there is no significant way of describing Autistics people
or ASD disorder.
Article 4: Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children
Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11
Sites, United States, 2012
The motive behind conducting this study was to determine prevalence of Autism
Spectrum Disorder with the help of ADMM that is Autism and developmental disability
monitoring, which is surveillance system that aim in demonstrating reason behind
increasing autisms disorder (Baio and et.al., 2018). The research is based on
surveillance by ADMM of 8 years’ children who stay with family or immediate guardians
in network of 11 ADMM in US. Researcher conducted this surveillance in two phases
that is abstracting and screening of evaluations which are done by expert service
worker of community. However, the second phase is reviewing of abstracted information
by expert clinicians.
In accordance with surveillance, it is determined that in combination 14.6 (68) of
per 1000 8 years’ children were vulnerable and risk of developing ASD. Further, it was
noticed that risk of prevalence is high for boys that 23.6 among 1000 whereas 5.3 for
girls. In accordance with surveillance of on Hispanic black children and Hispanic white
children scholars argued that lack of access to treatment or delayed treatment is the
cause of ASD among some grouped children. Thus, the study outlined that Autism is
demonstrate by lack of child ability to interact, think and act upon certain situation. In
accordance with development of disorder, it is determined that approximately there are
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3.3 cases of 3 to 18 years of children and 3.6 cases of 8 12 years suffering from chronic
disorder.
Article 5: Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder
The aim of the study was to outline early intervention which can helps 6 years old
children to deal with symptoms and causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The scholar
conducted randomized controlled trials of 39 children suffering from this disorder (Estes
and et.al., 2015). In this the focus of researcher was test effective of Early Start Denver
model. However, the intervention was conducted by authors with high level of
concentration for 2 year participants at their home. The children were examined at the
age of 6 that is 2 years after involvement. Key words used in this study were early,
autism, long term, outcomes, and intervention.
In accordance with intervention and model, it was evaluated that during 2-year
interaction there was stable improvement in intellectual and social interaction ability of
children but on the other hand there was no specific improvement in mental growth of
children post treatment. In addition, there was significant improvement in children who
was in model group. Thus, from the discussion it can be outlined that early intervention
is effective for treating Autism but owns long term developmental course. The
researcher discussed about behavioural involvement with children which is the most
approachable way of integrating efforts of service users in developing their
communication, language, intellectual ability, language functioning and cognitive
behaviour.
Article 6: The psychometric properties of the Quantitative-Checklist for ASD in Toddlers
(Q-CHAT) as a degree of autistic traits in a public sample of infants and toddlers
OF Singapore
The aim of this study is to determine sub clinical autistic traits which are inherited in
people from their families or relatives (Magiati and et.al., 2015). In this study
examination is done by determining convergent validity and test-retest stability of Q-chat
sampled Toddlers and infants of Singapore. The Q chat is completed by care givers at
18 months which denotes sample of 368 and 24 months which denotes sample of 396.
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The key words used in study are ASD, dimensional, Autistic traits, Toddles, checklist,
Quantitative, etc.
In accordance with quantifiable measures, it is determined Q chat results
accounted for 38. 1% which implied three factors responsible for Autism that is
language and speech factor, social and behavioural traits and communication. As per
consistency of Q chat results it was outlined that most persuasive scores were of
language and speech. However, in comparison it was outlined that scores of Q chat
sampled participants were higher in comparison to unselected participants of UK
(Magiati and et.al., 2015). On the basis of Q chat it as identified that ASD syndrome
develop in chid if born preterm that is less than 30 weeks of gestation.
CONCLUSION
The report summarized about autism which is a prevailing disorder in which person
faces difficulty in communicating and social interaction. The study also discussed about
different styles of academic writing and their importance in developing intellection study.
The assessment helped in developing critical understand over topic by outlining 6
different studies where three were quantitative and 3 were qualitative. Thus, from the
discussion it is concluded that the major cause of Autism is behavioural, cognitive and
inheritance aspect.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
AlHassan, L. and Wood, D., 2015. The effectiveness of focused instruction of formulaic
sequences in augmenting L2 learners' academic writing skills: A quantitative
research study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes. 17. pp.51-62.
Babcock, R.D. and Thonus, T., 2018. Researching the writing center: Towards an
evidence-based practice. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.
Bacha, N.N., 2012. Developing learners' academic writing skills in higher education: A
study for educational reform. Language and Education. 16(3). pp.161-177.
Baio, J. and et.al., 2018. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged
8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites,
United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. 67(6). p.1.
Estes, A. and et.al., 2015. Long-term outcomes of early intervention in 6-year-old
children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 54(7). pp.580-587.
Kenny, L. and et.al., 2016. Which terms should be used to describe autism?
Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism. 20(4). pp.442-462.
Magiati, I. and et.al., 2015. The psychometric properties of the Quantitative-Checklist for
Autism in Toddlers (Q-CHAT) as a measure of autistic traits in a community
sample of Singaporean infants and toddlers. Molecular autism. 6(1). p.40.
Mahdi, S. and et.al., 2018. An international qualitative study of functioning in autism
spectrum disorder using the World Health Organization international
classification of functioning, disability and health framework. Autism
Research. 11(3). pp.463-475.
Schreibman, L. and et.al., 2015. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions:
Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism
and developmental disorders. 45(8). pp.2411-2428.
Online
Academic writing. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/14011/writing/106/academic_writing>.
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