A Comprehensive Review of Research Design: Sampling and Data Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of research design, covering various aspects such as randomized and non-randomized sampling approaches, advantages and disadvantages of snowball sampling, and the usefulness of pretesting and pilot testing. It analyzes quantitative and qualitative research scenarios in large-scale projects, differentiating between visual, documentary, and oral history approaches. The report also discusses the benefits of conveying human experience through audio-video methods versus written interpretations and identifies the most suitable approach for sharing human experiences in society. The document elucidates key concepts in research methodology, offering insights into effective data collection and analysis techniques. Desklib provides similar solved assignments and resources for students.

Running head: RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
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1RESEARCH DESIGN
Table of Contents
Difference between randomized and non randomized approaches to sampling population:..........2
Advantages and disadvantages of snowball sampling:....................................................................2
Usefulness of pretesting, pilot testing, or field testing a survey or interview questionnaire:..........3
Analysis of quantitative and qualitative scenario in large scale research projects:.........................3
Difference and similarities between visual, documentary and oral history approach:....................4
Benefit of conveying human experience through audio-video method and written interpretation: 4
Form of approach that is suitable in sharing human experience in society:....................................5
References:......................................................................................................................................6

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Difference between randomized and non randomized approaches to sampling
population:
A sample may be called random when every person in the sampling population has the
same or equal possibility of getting selected. Randomized sampling allow to hypothesize the
public and is definitely the best method of representing a universal sample. Convenience sample
or systematic sample is another method of sample selection where the sample is not random. A
non random or convenience sample is a group that is chosen on the basis on their possibility or
availability. Medical testing on particular disease is an example of the method of nonrandomised
population sampling (Ezzy 2013).
Importance of the role of sampling in conducting research:
Compared to census, sampling is more accurate as it requires less resources and it quickly
provides the required data or information. Sampling makes the reasoning of the research viable.
Advantages and disadvantages of snowball sampling:
The main advantage of snowball sampling is that it is cost-efficient and simple as it
requires less workforce or manpower and small planning in comparison to other methods of
sampling.
The main disadvantage of snowball sampling is that it does not guarantee about the
sample representation and there are chances of sample bias in the sampling that could result in
the possibility of getting the sample of small subgroup of total population.
Usefulness of pretesting, pilot testing, or field testing a survey or interview
questionnaire:
The main usefulness of the pilot testing is to find out whether the effort of conducting a
large scale survey is worthy or not. In pilot testing, the appropriateness of the instructions are

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tested and it also gives better results about the effectiveness of the survey type in accomplishing
the aim of the research study. The collected results of the test are analysed to address the logical
technical or other issues. After that, the questionnaire is revised and second pilot test is
conducted to find out whether the issues have been properly resolved or not. Thus, pilot testing is
performed in a research in order to promote efficiency in terms of utilizing effort, time and
money (Dikko 2016).
Analysis of quantitative and qualitative scenario in large scale research
projects:
According to Clemence, Doise and Lorenzi-Cioldi (2014), quantitative research method
is conducted by performing analysis of the numerical data through various mathematical and
statistical tools and methods. In wider sense, quantitative research is defined a phenomenon
where numbers are used to measure variables and statistically analysed to find out whether the
theory explains or predicts the interest phenomena. The quantitative research projects include
higher number of respondents and also encompasses a large geographical region which actually
improves the generalization of the results.
Where as qualitative research method is conducted by findings are arrived without using
any means of quantification. In case of qualitative research, generalization is an issue as the
method lacks transparency since in this method there are issues such as selection criteria of the
participants and the basis of selection.
Hence, both quantitative and qualitative method examine for duplicity, bias, validity,
reliability and so on. Researcher who uses quantitative method depend on mathematical
techniques based on appropriate software tools and computational algorithms. Whereas
qualitative methods reviews transcripts, interview recording about participant research .

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Difference and similarities between visual, documentary and oral history
approach:
Visual research method is a qualitative research method that uses artistic mediums such
as drawings, film, sculptures, photography, paintings to create and represent knowledge. These
mediums gives a source of information about reality capturing and depicts what the medium
captures, the person behind the medium. For instance, collection of taken photographs illustrates
both the reality as well as gives information about photographs and the photographer (Borji,
Sihite and Itti 2013).
Whereas documentary research method involves application of documents and outside
sources to support the perspective of academic work. In this method, documents are assessed on
the basis qualitative or quantitative analysis or both (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015).
While oral history method is a research method that collects and study the historical
information of everyday life, important events, families, individuals through usage of planned
interviews transcriptions, videotapes or audiotapes. The interviews are conducted to people who
are either observed or involved in the present events or they may members of the families
(Baecker 2014).
Benefit of conveying human experience through audio-video method and
written interpretation:
The audio-video method is more conceptual and effective compared to written
interpretation method. It instantly catch the attention of learners or students. It creates interest as
well as motivate the faculty or teacher or guide in accelerating the learning process. Finally, it
gives realistic approach and experience to students. Thus, it can be said that the ultimate benefit

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of conveying human experience through audio-video method of learning over written
interpretation based learning is that it provides first hand knowledge.
Form of approach that is suitable in sharing human experience in society:
Among the above three research methods of learning, the oral history research method is
most compelling in sharing human experience as by studying and looking into the used materials
of this method we can practically realise or have an idea of how actually occurred or happened.
Hence, it can be inferred that compared to statistical or written data, audio and visual
data evidence is and will definitely be more effective in changing the society as well as public
policy.

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References:
Baecker, R.M. ed., 2014. Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: toward the year 2000.
Elsevier.
Borji, A., Sihite, D.N. and Itti, L., 2013. Quantitative analysis of human-model agreement in
visual saliency modeling: A comparative study. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 22(1),
pp.55-69.
Clemence, A., Doise, W. and Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., 2014. The quantitative analysis of social
representations. Routledge.
Dikko, M., 2016. Establishing construct validity and reliability: Pilot testing of a qualitative
interview for research in Takaful (Islamic insurance). The Qualitative Report, 21(3), pp.521-528.
Ezzy, D., 2013. Qualitative analysis. Routledge.
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A
guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.