Research Method Articles: Summary, Analysis, and Implications

This report summarizes several research articles focused on public health topics. The first article examines the effectiveness of telephone health coaching for COPD patients using a randomized controlled trial, highlighting improved self-management behaviors but no significant impact on health-related quality of life. The second article investigates health policy opportunities for STD reduction, utilizing a Health in All Policies approach and mixed methods to identify key determinants like education and employment. The third article explores attitudes and behaviors of psychiatric nurses towards mentally distressed patients, employing a case-control study and the CAMI-I tool to assess care practices. The fourth article investigates the impact of daylight saving on children's physical activity, using an observational study to correlate evening daylight with reduced activity levels. The fifth study focuses on community health among immigrant populations, using a mixed-methods approach to identify factors influencing health outcomes and advocating for community health assessments. The final article examines work-based smoking cessation among construction workers, using qualitative methods to understand smoking behaviors and cessation needs. These studies collectively offer insights into diverse public health challenges and interventions.

Running head: RESEARCH METHOD
RESEARCH METHOD
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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RESEARCH METHOD
Part 3
Summary Table
Author/s
(year of
publicati
on)
Sour
ce
Topic/focus/
central
research
question
Conce
pt/
theoret
ical
frame
work
Paradigm/
methodolo
gy
Context/Setting/sample/
method
Findings Utility/
applicability
Jolly et
al., 2018
Pub
Med
To examine the
effectiveness
of telephone
health
coaching to
support the
self-
management of
COPD.
Teleph
one
health
coachi
ng for
patient
s with
mild
COPD
in
primar
y care
statistic
al flow
diagra
m has
been
used as
the
concep
tual
framew
ork for
Randomise
d Control
Trial that is
the
selection of
the study
participants
randomly
and also
assigning
the
participants
in two
different
groups.
Two
groups are
experiment
group
(telephone
health
interventio
n group)
In this study, approximately
577 patients with the problem
of dyspnoea were recruited in
this study from the primary
care COPD registers with
spirometry confirmed the
diagnosis. The study was
performed in 71 general
practices in four areas of
England. The participants
were randomly assigned to the
telephone health intervention
group (n=289), and 288
patients were recruited to the
usual care group care.
This study identified
the telephone health
coaching service as
an intervention for
providing care to the
patients. The
outcome of this
intervention
regarding the health-
related quality of life
was assessed at 12
months by using the
St George's
Respiratory
Questionnaire
(SGRQ-C). On the
other hand,
secondary outcomes
were measured by
using the MRC
dyspnoea scale.
Apart from that, the
self-reported physical
This article has
helped in the
knowledge
development
process about
the factor of the
telephone
health coaching
service. It also
has provided
knowledge
about the
effectiveness of
the process.
The use of the
SGQRC
questionnaire
has also been
learned from
the article as
well. The
knowledge
about the

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this
article.
and control
group
(usual care
group care)
and the
comparison
of health
outcomes
of these
two groups.
Here,
pragmatic
multicentre
phase III
randomised
controlled
trial used
for self
manageme
nt
assessment
of the
COPD
patients.
On the
other hand
the
CONSORT
guidelines
used for
RCTs of
non-
pharmacolo
activity of the
participants by using
the International
Physical Activity
Questionnaire, the
psychological
condition of the
participants by using
the anxiety and
depression scale was
measured at 6 and 12
months. The overall
study findings
showed that the use
of the telephone
health coaching
intervention becomes
successful in
improving the self-
management
behaviours among
the people with mild
to moderate
dyspnoea but the no
improvement was
reported regarding
the health-related
quality of life of
those patients. This
result identified the
need for a risk-
mitigating strategy
for preventing the
usefulness of
this tool would
have been
developed as
well. Other
factors that can
affect the
health
condition
regarding the
COPD that is
the
psychological
aspects and the
physiological
factors
highlighted in
the article as
well. Hence,
co-factors of
diseases and
treatment
process of
disease with
particular
emphasis on
telephone
health
intervention are
highlighted in
the article and
these helped in
the knowledge

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RESEARCH METHOD
gical
treatment
reporting
for this
study.
progression of this
disease.
development
about the
utilisation of
this
intervention
process.
Moreover,
knowledge
about the MRC
dyspnoea scale
utilisation has
also been
obtained by this
article.
Avey et
al., 2013
CIN
AHL
To determine
the health
policy, data
and community
efficacy
opportunities
exist for the
betterment of
sexual health
and reduction
of the rate of
sexually
transmitted
disease (STD).
Health
in All
Policie
s
Approa
ch is
the
concep
tual
framew
ork for
this
article.
Mixed
method
that is the
use of
qualitative
and
quantitative
data
collection
and data
analysis
both
simultaneo
usly in the
study
setting.
Here,
photovoice
In this study, the authors
interviewed 20 individuals
from different sectors,
including education, finance,
housing, indigent defence,
prisoner re-entry, faith
community, community-
based organisations,
academia, and the Georgia
Legislature department. The
responses then mapped
through quantitative
analysis.
The literature review
on this context found
that based on Health
in All Policies
(HiAP) determinants
of STD equities. It
refers to education,
employment, male
incarceration, drug
and alcohol
marketing, and social
capital. On the other
hand, the quantitative
analysis found that
the factor of the
education,
employment and
male incarceration
This article
helped in
proper
knowledge
development of
STD. Social
determinants of
these
symptoms with
the help of
HiAP
framework can
be determined
as well. The
utilisation of
the HiAP
framework has
been

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RESEARCH METHOD
is used for
the
community
efficacy
determinati
on which is
referred as
qualitative
research
techniques.
has the opportunity
for the improvement
and policy
development for STD
inequities. Moreover,
stakeholder feedback
has also been taken
and found that
improvement in
policies for the STD
inequity is possible.
Based on the
research, the
knowledge about the
HiAP and STD
determinants
developed along with
the opportunities for
development in the
policies regarding the
STD care inequity.
highlighted in
the article.
Hence, the
knowledge
obtained about
different social
determinants
and effects of
these social
determinants in
the
development of
the STD.
Moreover, the
treatment
process and the
results of the
inequity in
health care for
these patients
highlighted as
well. Based on
this learning,
the proper
planning of
policy
development
for the
reduction of the
disparities in
the health care
system and also
the effective

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RESEARCH METHOD
implementation
of the policy
developed as
well.
Cremoni
ni et al.,
2018
Psyc
hInfo
To determine
the attitudes
and behaviours
of the
psychiatric
nurses and
mental care
professionals
to the mentally
distressed
patients and
finding any
confounding
factors for this
study as well.
NA Observatio
nal Study
refers to
the
observation
of the risk
factors and
effects of
the factors
on the
participants
without
changing
the
exposure of
the factors.
This can be
done with
quantitative
data
collection
however;
cohort and
the case
control
studies are
the types of
this study.
Here, the
The study participants are
recruited from 10 Italian
psychiatric care setting.
Among the recruited
participants, there were 120
responses have been collected
by the questionnaire.
Community Attitudes
Mentally Ill inventory
(CAMI-I) was the validating
factor for the questionnaire.
The Optimal internal
consistency found (α=.856)
after measuring Cronbach's
Alpha for the CAMI-I.
The study helped in
the knowledge
development about
the context of the
attitude and
behaviour of the
mental care
specialists towards
the mentally
distressed and
disabled patients. The
Parametric ANOVA
implemented for the
measurement CAMI-
I profile of each
professional, and the
result showed
significant
differences between
different
demographic values
collected. The study
concluded that the
professionals used
the proper clinical
process and showed
empathy and positive
attitude towards the
disabled patients.
In this article,
the CAMI-I
tool and also
the Parametric
ANOVA use
has been
highlighted
with active
result
development
about the
behaviour and
the attitude of
the mental
health care
professionals
towards the
patients. These
methods and
the results of
the article
helped in the
knowledge
development
about different
assessment
tools and the
condition of the
mental health

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RESEARCH METHOD
study has
been case
control
study.
Based on
the article
three phase
survey has
been
conducted.
Hence, the study also
highlighted that a
CAMI-I tool is a
handy tool in the
process of
identification of the
discrimination and
sensitive approaches
of care in the
psychological
treatment setting of
Italy.
care processes
as well.
Identification
of malpractices
in health care
set up and
effects of
malpractices
have been
found in the
article. Based
on these
factors, the
improving
policies and
procedures for
mental health
care have been
identified as
well.
Goodman
, Page,
&
Cooper,
2014
Pub
Med
To determine
the
effectiveness
of the daylight
saving measure
to increase the
physical
activity of
children.
NA Observatio
nal Study
refers to
the
observation
of the risk
factors and
effects of
the factors
on the
participants
without
changing
For this study, 23,188
children of 5 to 16 from 9
countries and 15 studies were
selected gathered for the
International Children's
Accelerometry Database. 439
children among all selected
children have studied, and
data collected from these
children before and after the
clocks changed.
The result of the
study has highlighted
that there is a
significant
relationship between
the long evening
daylight and low
amount of increase in
the daily activity of
the children. It has
also been seen that
the association of
these factors are most
This article
effectively
highlighted that
the factor of
daylight affects
the physical
activities of the
children. Based
on this article, a
different aspect
of physical
deterioration
has been found.

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RESEARCH METHOD
the
exposure of
the factors.
This can be
done with
quantitative
data
collection
however;
cohort and
the case
control
studies are
the types of
this study.
Here, the
research is
a cohort
study.
Actigraph
accelerome
ter has
been used
to measure
physical
activity and
time of
sunset and
covariates.
prominent in the late
afternoon and early
evening. The factors
were most evident
when comparison of
the same child noted
before and after the
clock changes.
However, the
consistency of this
outcome or the
association of the
above mentioned
factors were found
among five mainland
European, four
English and two
Australian children.
Some study set up
also highlighted large
scale association
between day length
and activity of
children. However,
any kind of
association between
maternal educations,
age and weight status
of children has not
been found. Hence,
the authors
concluded that the
evening daylight of
Thus this
knowledge can
help in the
process of the
new
intervention
development
for this
condition of the
children. The
factor of the
physical
activities
among the
children and
the growing
age effects
should be
considered for
the
development of
interventions
and plans that
can help in the
reduction of
this issue as
well.

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Australia and Europe
play a crucial role in
the development of
physical activity
among children.
Hebert-
Beirne et
al., 2018
CIN
AHL
The focus of
this study is to
obtain
knowledge
about the
concept of the
community
health
condition and
outcome
concerning the
ethnic
background
and culture of
the people
immigrant
from a
different
country to the
community.
Little
Village
particip
atory
commu
nity
health
assess
ment is
the
concep
tual
framew
ork is
used
by the
authors
here.
Mixed
method
that is the
use of
qualitative
and
quantitative
data
collection
and data
analysis
both
simultaneo
usly in the
study
setting.
Here, the
study
designed as
a
qualitative
study and
based on
10
qualitative
questions
which are
focusing on
Total of 84 participants was
selected among them. Most of
the participants were from the
age group of 19 to 29. There
were 72 responses collected,
among which 13 per cent
were below 18, and 11 per
cent were above 60. These
participants have been
selected from ethnic minority
groups.
Based on interview
and assessment of
collected data, three
types of factors have
been identified in
terms of the health
condition of
immigrant people in
a community. Three
themes were
collective chronic
mental stress impact
on the mental health
of families, health-
promoting assets
inherent among
ethnic enclave and
occupation is one of
the obvious
determinants of
health. However, it
has been treated as
valueless one in the
immigrant
communities. These
findings helped
authors to develop
community health
Based on the
article, it has
been found that
there are
different
factors for the
health
condition
deterioration of
the immigrant
people. The
health care
inequities and
the
discriminative
factors affected
the health
outcomes as
well. Hence,
this article
helped in the
development of
health policies
can be
developed for
the
improvement
of the

9
RESEARCH METHOD
the social
determinan
t of health
and their
impact
seeking the
knowledge
of the
participants
.
assessment (CHA)
method. This method
includes community
member administered
community health
survey, and oral
history component,
which helps in better
assessment of the
community and the
focus would be on
the occupation as a
social determinant of
health.
conditions of
health of these
people as well.
The
effectiveness of
CHA and
community
health
assessment has
been identified
as well.
Sherriff
&
Coleman,
2013
Pub
Med
To determine
the knowledge
about the
work-based
smoking
cessation
among the
construction
site workers
along with the
belief,
behaviour and
cessation needs
of smoking.
NA Qualitative
Study
refers to an
exploratory
study
which
helps in
obtaining
the
understandi
ng the
opinion
and
feelings of
the
participants
on the
focused
topic. Here,
Total of 23 people was
interviewed who were
selected from two
development sites and seven
employers. All these
participants were either
routine or manual worker in
the site, and the semi-
structured interviews were
conducted here.
Results of interview
process highlight that
factor of the
knowledge about the
negative effects of
the smoking habit
among the workers is
evident, and the
intention of cessation
of smoking also has
been highlighted.
However, awareness
about smoking
cessation is less
among people. Thus
it can be concluded
that more emphasis
to awareness
program for the
The results of
the article
highlighted that
the importance
of health
literacy and
awareness
development
regarding
smoking is
required.
Hence,
knowledge can
be utilised to
develop a plan
for the
awareness
program. Thus,
the reduction of

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the study
has been
conducted
by focus
group
discussion
method
including
the
employees
and
employers
who are the
routine and
manual
smokers of
the
constructio
n sites.
employees. The
employers would
require developing a
smoking free
construction
workplace developed
with the help of
Smoke-free
legislation. It can be
applied to the
construction and
other workplaces as
well. Hence, it can
also be stated that the
awareness and the
attitude for the
cessation of smoking
should also be
considered as well.
smoking rate
among people
and the co-
morbidities of
this disease as
well. This
article also
highlighted a
lack of
awareness and
high rates of
smoking
among people
working in
construction
sites. Thus the
focus should be
provided to
these people as
well.

11
RESEARCH METHOD
References
Avey, H., Fuller, E., Branscomb, J., Cheung, K., Reed, P. J., Wong, N., . . . Williams, S. (2013). Using a health in all policies
approach to address social determinants of sexually transmitted disease inequities in the context of community change and
redevelopment. Public Health Reports, 128, 77-86.
Cremonini, V., Pagnucci, N., Giacometti, F., &Rubbi, I. (2018). Health care professionals attitudes towards mental illness:
Observational study performed at a public health facility in Northern Italy. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 24-30.
Goodman, A., Page, A., & Cooper, A. (2014). Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of
evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries. The International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 84
Hebert-Beirne, J., Hernandez, S., Felner, J., Schwiesow, J., Mayer, A., Rak, K., . . . Kennelly, J. (2018). Using community-driven,
participatory qualitative inquiry to discern nuanced community health needs and assets of Chicago’s La Villita, a Mexican
immigrant neighborhood. Journal of Community Health, 43(4), 775-786.
Jolly, K., Sidhu, M. S., Hewitt, C. A., Coventry, P. A., Daley, A., Jordan, R., . . . Fitzmaurice, D. (2018). Self management of patients
with mild COPD in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 361, k2241.
Sherriff, N. S., & Coleman, L. (2013). Understanding the needs of smokers who work as routine and manual workers on building
sites: results from a qualitative study on workplace smoking cessation. Public health, 127(2), 125-133.