Research Methodology Report: Parental Trust in Childhood Vaccinations

This report provides a comprehensive overview of research methodologies applied to the study of parental trust in childhood vaccinations. It begins with an introduction to research methods and their importance in academic investigations, focusing on the assessment of an article concerning parental trust. The report is divided into two parts, with the first part addressing key research questions related to parental confidence, benefits and risks of vaccinations, and the necessity of parental trust. It utilizes the PICO framework for a qualitative study and justifies the use of qualitative analysis. The report also discusses the selection of relevant sources and analyzes the impact of vaccine scares. Part 2 includes detailed tables summarizing two articles on influenza vaccination, analyzing their methodologies, findings, and conclusions. The report emphasizes the importance of parental knowledge and the role of healthcare providers in addressing parental concerns. It references studies that highlight the socio-economic, psychological, and physical risks influencing parental decisions on vaccination. The report concludes by underscoring the need for healthcare workers to educate parents about the benefits of immunization and the strategies to increase vaccination coverage, referencing World Health Organization guidelines and the challenges of health service inequalities. This report is a valuable resource for understanding public health research and the factors influencing vaccination decisions.

Research Methodology

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
Question 1a..................................................................................................................................3
Question 1b..................................................................................................................................3
Question 2a..................................................................................................................................3
Question 2b..................................................................................................................................4
Question 3a..................................................................................................................................4
Question 3b..................................................................................................................................4
Question 3c..................................................................................................................................4
Question 4a..................................................................................................................................4
Question 4b..................................................................................................................................5
Question 5....................................................................................................................................5
Question 6....................................................................................................................................7
PART 2............................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Research methods play a crucial role in for scholar when conducting investigation on one
chosen topic. It comprises drafting of aim objectives, question, collection and analysis. Making
use of proper research tool helps the scholar in managing smooth investigation process. The
present assessment is based on one article which is Risk, responsibility and negative responses: a
qualitative study of parental trust in childhood vaccinations.
PART 1
Question 1a
 Discuss role of confidence of parents in immunisation for children?
 What are the benefits of childhood vaccination programmes?
 Explain benefits and risk which incur during vaccination to parents?
 Why parental trust is necessary in childhood vaccination?
Question 1b
PICO is the most suitable research tool which enables framework for developing search
strategies that encourage critical thinking and literature review. PIO for qualitative study of
parental trust in childhood vaccinations is framed below:
 P: This stands for population, patient or problem of the study. Population of study are
parents who do not prefer vaccination or hesitate vaccination. However, problem of area
of study is risk and lack of confidence of parents during childhood vaccination.
 I: This stands for Intervention which is practice managed to treat certain medical, nursing
or clinical situation. Intervention study immunisation for children.
 O: This stands for outcome that is result of intervention to problem which in this study is
improvement in parenting practice and disclosing expert opinion to parent about
immunisation for children.
Question 2a
In accordance with area of study, topic and research question, it can be said that qualitative
analysis is suitable research method for understanding results and outlining valid outcomes. The
analysis helps in thematic presentation which is used to address research question on the basis of
collected information.

Question 2b
Qualitative research methodology is primarily exploratory research which help in
understanding opinions of parents over immunisation and will assist in outlining role of
confidence of parents in immunisation for children. Further, the reason behind choosing
qualitative methodology is gaining insight over research problems which will help in developing
ideas and thoughts to address questions (Merriam and Grenier, 2019). Thus, it can be said that
this type of evaluation helps in identifying different elements of research topic.
Question 3a
 BMS Public Health <
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4032-2 > The
source will be helpful in addressing research question as it comprise information on
parental concerns and public confidence for childhood vaccination.
 Health direct < https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/immunisation-for-babies > The source is
suitable for addressing research question as it includes knowledge about working of
immunisation, reason why immunisation is important for children and how parents can
get their child vaccinated.
 Campaigns.health by Australian government <
https://campaigns.health.gov.au/immunisationfacts/why-get-immunised > The sources
will help in addressing research questions as it comprise list of facts about immunisation
like it strengthen immune system of child. Further, it comprises information like, 94 % of
5-year-old children in Australia are vaccinated and health care providers and government
programmers are focusing on increasing this figure by creating awareness.
Question 3b
The impact of a vaccine scares on parental views, trust and information needs. This is the
best available evidence which will assist in answering research questions because it covers all the
aspects of research questions like, lack of information about vaccination, confusion and
uncertainty of immunisation, vaccine safety and testing.
King, C. and Leask, J., 2017. The impact of a vaccine scares on parental views, trust and
information needs: a qualitative study in Sydney, Australia. BMC public health. 17(1).
106. DOI: < https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-
4032-2 >

Question 3c
The publication by BMS public health is suitable for addressing research topic because it is
based on parental views over vaccination and has discussed that factors which leads to lack of
confidence of parents on immunisation for children. Moreover, the study type is qualitative
where scholar conducted semi structured interviews with 25 parents who visit child care centres
in Sydney (King and Leask, 2017). Further, the inclusion criteria of study were Australian
Bureau of Statistics Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) postcode data from where
selection was done from different centres of socioeconomic and geographic areas.
Question 4a
 Immunisation for children
 Childhood vaccination
 Australia
Question 4b
It is important for the scholar to use limited articles for summarizing valid information on
outlined research question. Scholar will focus on limited area of study to examine one aspect
critically that is role of parental trust in immunisation for children. On the other hand, extending
research from different articles is also beneficial because it helps the person in exploring diverse
aspect of one topic which helps in logical reasoning over wide range of findings. However, for
covering numbers of articles researcher can outline different sides of study with the help of
different key words of research topic.
Question 5
Table 1
Article Nowak, G.J., Sheedy, K., Bursey, K., Smith, T.M. and Basket, M.,
2015. Promoting influenza vaccination: insights from a qualitative
meta-analysis of 14 years of influenza-related communications
research by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). Vaccine. 33(24). pp.2741-2756.
Type of study Meta-Analysis (Qualitative)
Topic Promotion of influenza vaccination
Aim of study Gaining insights from CDC that is U.S centres for Diseases control
and preventions for encouraging vaccination against seasonal

influenza
Inclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria was unpublished and CDC sponsored studies which
were based on flu immunisation knowledge and beliefs and attitudes
of people on vaccination.
Search Strategy Search strategy used was key words which were health
communication, influenza knowledge, influenza immunization,
communication research and promotion of vaccination (Nowak,
2015). Further, search strategy was customer range of studies that
from 2000 to 2013 which were qualitative where information was
collected with the help of message testing, in-depth interviews,
surveys and focus groups.
Data Analysis Qualitative meta-analysis is done with the help of themes which were
formed on the basis of knowledge, attitude, beliefs of people over
immunisation for influenza and particularly on influenza.
Results The research outlined cognitive facilitator of immunization with 6
cognitive barriers. In accordance with study it is determined that it is
important for the people to be more focused on knowledge over
childhood vaccination and should have favourable benefits because
the practice helps in preventing child from vulnerable bacterial and
viral infection.
Conclusion Hence, from the article it can be said that promoting immunisation
against influenza is important and can help in creating awareness
among general public and health care providers over scheduling
childhood vaccination.
Table 2
Article Knuf, M., Leroux-Roels, G., Rümke, H.C., Abarca, K., Rivera, L.,
Lattanzi, M., Pedotti, P., Arora, A., Kieninger-Baum, D. and Della
Cioppa, G., 2015. Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59®-
adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in children from
three to seventeen years of age. Vaccine. 33(1). pp.174-181.

Type of study Randomized controlled trials
Topic Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 epidemic
influenza vaccine in children of age group 3 to 17.
Aim of study To examine optima dose monovalent, MF59-adjuvanted and A/H1N1
influenza vaccine in paediatric subjects of health.
Population 194 human subjects of age group 3 to 8 years and 160 of 9 to 17 years.
Method Experiment which aim at testing of two primary doses of A/H1N1
vaccine 7.5 μg antigen with a full dose of MF59 and 3.75 μg antigen
with half a standard dose of MF59 adjuvant. Further, a booster dose of
seasonal influenza immunisation with MF59 adjuvant with
homologous A/H1N1 was also given after priming.
Data Analysis Hypothesis driven analysis from which it can be said that all
vaccination groups in experiment ahs robust antibody react and have
long term persistence after priming to boost immunization.
Results One priming dose of MF59 adjuvant was enough to meet criteria of
European licensure for epidemic influenzas vaccinations. Further, it is
determined that 2 non adjuvant was required for meeting criteria of
same Licensure (Knuf, 2015).
In accordance with experiment and results it can be said that
Postvaccination seroconversion rates ranged from 91% to 98% in
adjuvanted groups. However, first dose was 68% and second dose was
98% in the non-adjuvanted group.
Conclusion The study concluded by outlining that MF59-adjuvanted influenza
vaccine containing .75 μg of A/H1N1 antigen which was sufficient to
boost immunogenic and were well tolerated and therefore no subject
withdrawn due to adversity of experiment.
Question 6
The above discussed articles are very supportive for promoting and encouraging learning of
parents about immunisation because the researches helped in outlining diverse aspect of
immunisation and its importance. It is necessary for the parents to have proper knowledge over

childhood vaccination and its scheduling in order to prevent and control diseases. The
discussion of article which was based on risk, responsibility and negative responses was a
qualitative study of parental trust in childhood vaccinations. The study helped in deriving need
and importance of focusing on parent’s knowledge over immunisation. It is the aspect which will
help in promoting parental engagement is medical practice. Further, from review of different
articles it has been derived that hesitation of parents on vaccination is because of risk of trauma
to child and therefore it important for health care providers to interact and educate parents about
prevention of diseases and risk by immunisation. In accordance with this it can be stated that
lack of understanding of parents over immunisation is the major concern which leads to lack of
confidence among individual over vaccination for children. Ward and et.al., 2018 outlined about
parents reflexive understanding over socio-economic, psychological and physical risks because
of which individual hesitate, reject and delay vaccination for their children.
The learning from studies is effective for health care workers because from the analysis it is
clear that it is important for the registered nurse to make parents understand the importance and
need of immunisation for children. It is the individual knowledge, attitude and beliefs over
immunisation due to which parents delay or reject vaccination. According to Ward and et.al.,
2018, it is articulated that hesitation and confidence of parents over immunisation is the reason of
delay in vaccination of children. The study discussed about lack of understanding of families
over testing and safety of vaccinations. The research helped in determining suggestion over
policies and practice of immunisation to target parents and to protect community from spread of
harmful diseases.
According to Thomas and et.al., 2018 it is identified that promoting health guidelines of
World health organisation can be useful for targeting low immunisation coverage area and
spreading awareness among people over vaccination for children. Health guidelines helps in
understanding factors and strategies which can aid in targeting maximum population. Further, the
research states about barriers faced by parents at the time of vaccination due to inequality and
lack of health services. In accordance with study, it is been identified that it is important for the
health care providers to share quality immunisation data which can help educating parents about
vaccination.
On the basis of Knuf and et.al., 2015, study it can be said that information of unpublished
studies reviewed in study should be published for promoting knowledge among people over

immunisation for managing diseases prevention and control. Unpublished articles contain
information which can be helpful for health care providers in promoting awareness among
people which can encourage their engagement in immunisation for safety practices. However,
Baxter and et.al., 2018, study articulated about vaccination which should be reported to suitable
local pharmacovigilance systems and service users for a review by specialists who are
responsible for managing future vaccinations.
PART 2
Learning from different journals and academic articles has always been an interesting part of
learning as it helped in gaining wide range of knowledge over one area of study. Exploring
immunisation for children was of interest as it helped me in deriving my own strengths and
weakness which needs to be focusing for managing efficient learning for my learning program. I
was aware about immunisation which according to me is a safety approach for children and it is
necessary for the parents to ensure scheduled vaccination of child in order to protect the
individual from life threatening diseases. In accordance with academic learning I learnt that
immunisation is the safest practice which is given to child for killing and weakening bacteria and
virus. According to Phillips and et.al., 2018, I learnt that mortality due to vaccine- preventable
disease is low and there are several diseases like polio, smallpox, type B Haemophilus influenza
which can be eradicated from vaccination. In my opinion over immunisation safety I feel
vaccines lead to good results but also have occasional harm but is temporary. In accordance with
my academic learning I feel it is important for the parents to understand immunisation which
helps in protecting children against harmful infections before the individual come in contact with
community. Australian babies and children are vaccine against rotavirus, whooping cough,
tetanus, rubella, pneumococcal infection, meningococcal, hepatitis B, etc.
I explored different articles and journals which helped me in gaining wide knowledge over
parents’ role and hesitation in children vaccination. I gained knowledge from health direct which
is Australian government managed site. Also, I explored articles on BMS public health, Mayo
clinic, etc. for gaining insight over area of study. I feel for gaining knowledge it is important for
the researcher to have control over different type of methodological tools and keywords which
helps in finding relevant information on topic of interest. I acquired wide knowledge over area of
study, research methodology and analysis of collected information. The research was beneficial
for which because the study boosted my knowledge over different methodological tools. I

learned about PICO framework which assist scholar in deriving problem in start which helps
systemic base for further research. Further, I gained knowledge over intervention which is
crucial factor which helps in addressing research problems. Incorporating use of PICO
framework is necessary when researching because at the end it focuses on outlining outcomes for
derived problem. Apart from this, I gained knowledge over qualitative analysis which helps the
investigator in presenting research outcomes in systematic format on the basis of question of
study.
In accordance with learning I feel knowledge and confidence of parents about immunisation
is a safety concern. Before assessment I used to think that role of confidence of parents in
immunisation for children is essential part because it signifies their engagement in vaccination
scheduling. Risk and side-effects are secondary concern and have temporary effect on child but
immunisation prevents child from life threatening.
Yes, learning from course has change my perception over negligence of parents over
vaccination because the facts assumed by parents over vaccination are vague and therefore, I feel
it is important for the health care providers to focus on creating awareness among parents about
the benefits of immunisation regardless of risk. I feel before entering into community it is
important for the families to ensure that immune system of child is ready to fight against harmful
bacteria and virus (Nowak, 2015). As per learning from different researches and studies I learnt
about safety to get immunised which is protecting yourself because vaccination is the safest way
which helps parents in protecting child against harmful diseases. In addition, immunisation is
necessary because it helps in managing safety of whole community because the more people are
society will be immunised will prevent diseases from spreading.
I was aware about immunisation practice and its safety concerns but the studies helped me in
gaining knowledge over views of parents on vaccination which can hinder this medical practice.
In accordance with interpretation of different studies I learned about importance of engaging
parents in child vaccination. Hence, on the basis of learning I feel beliefs, knowledge and trust of
people in medication practices play a crucial role in influencing individual opinion over
immunisation. In addition, I feel promoting health by organising health care programmes and
campaigns for free will help in encouraging parents’ involvement in immunisation.

CONCLUSION
The study summarized about role and confidence of parents in immunisation of children.
The assignment outlined different articles over safety, risk and responsibility for vaccination.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Baxter, C.M. and et.al., 2018. Potential immediate hypersensitivity reactions following
immunization in preschool aged children in Victoria, Australia. Human vaccines &
immunotherapeutics. 14(8). pp.2088-2092. DOI: <
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21645515.2018.1460293 >
King, C.L. and Leask, J., 2018. Parental disease prevention health beliefs and triggers for
keeping children home from childcare—a qualitative study in Sydney, Australia. Child:
care, health and development. 44(2). pp.326-331. DOI: <
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cch.12481>
Knuf, M. and et.al., 2015. Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59®-adjuvanted A/H1N1
pandemic influenza vaccine in children from three to seventeen years of
age. Vaccine, 33(1), pp.174-181. DOI:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25444803>
Merriam, S.B. and Grenier, R.S. eds., 2019. Qualitative research in practice: Examples for
discussion and analysis. Jossey-Bass. DOI: <
https://www.wiley.com/en-ao/Qualitative+Research+in+Practice:
+Examples+for+Discussion+and+Analysis,+2nd+Edition-p-9781119452027 >
Nowak, G.J. and et.al., 2015. Promoting influenza vaccination: insights from a qualitative meta-
analysis of 14 years of influenza-related communications research by US Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vaccine, 33(24), pp.2741-2756. DOI: <
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25936726>
Phillips, A. and et.al., 2018. Vaccine‐preventable child deaths in New South Wales from 2005 to
2014: How much is preventable? Journal of paediatrics and child health. 54(4). pp.356-
364. DOI: < https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jpc.13835>
Thomas, S. and et.al., 2018. Tailoring immunisation service delivery in a disadvantaged
community in Australia; views of health providers and parents. Vaccine, 36(19), pp.2596-
2603. DOI: < https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X18304419>
Ward, P.R. and et.al., 2018. Risk, responsibility and negative responses: a qualitative study of
parental trust in childhood vaccinations. Journal of Risk Research. 21(9). pp.1117-1130.