Research Project on Smoking and Life Expectancy

This project investigates the effects of smoking on life expectancy, focusing on health and social care. It includes a detailed literature review, research methodology, and analysis of data collected from various sources. The findings aim to raise awareness about the dangers of smoking and its impact on public health, particularly through the efforts of the National Health Service (NHS). The project outlines objectives, rationale, and recommendations for improving health outcomes related to smoking.

Research Project in
health and social care
setting
1

Table of Contents
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)..................................................................................................3
Project outline and its record.......................................................................................................3
Factors affecting the selection process of research project..........................................................4
Critical reviews on key references...............................................................................................5
Research project specifications (Research methodology)...........................................................6
Planning and procedure for research specification......................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 (LITERATURE REVIEW).......................................................................................9
Research resources.......................................................................................................................9
Research investigation in agreed specification and procedures.................................................12
Data collection...........................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3 (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)..........................................................................14
Appropriate research techniques................................................................................................14
Data interpretation.....................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 4 (RESULT)................................................................................................................18
Appropriate media to present research outcomes......................................................................18
Discussion..................................................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
Recommendation and justification............................................................................................19
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................21
2

TITLE
Effect of smoking on life expectancy: A case study on health and social care.
CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)
Research study is considered as one of most critical aspect because it allows to have
sustainable gathering of information in regard to subject. Present research is about smoking and
its impact on the life expectancy. It has been noticed that smoking is one of most critical issue in
recent time period. Number of diseases are being caused due to smoking. It is one of key reason
that study on such subject provides a better learning about smoking habits and its impact on life
being. Through consideration of present research the issues in regard to life expectancy can also
be overcome effectively.
Project outline and its record
Research project description
A research project in done on health and social care to know the views of smoking affects
the life expectancy of country’s people .In this regard, a systematic planning procedure for
collecting data and analysis on the basis of gathered information. It is useful for making
decisions in future time to enhance efficiencies of health care sector. The present report is based
on understanding different health and social care research terms for effectiveness of National
Health Society (NHS). It is public limited organization of UK that provides hospitalization and
social services to million people. Through this research project, different techniques to aware
society with smoking effect on human body. However, for this purpose, various views and
opinions of doctors and professionals regarding smoking is described. In addition to this, several
research techniques for conducting research program and gaining professionals’ views are to be
introduced. Moreover, social economic impact on nation’s effectiveness is to determine through
this assignment (Andrews and Hampel, 2015). Therefore, research method is to related to
finding out causes for disease and its impact of society is to be understood efficiently. Hence,
students are able to understand systematic research tools for gaining service takers’ views on
smoking by studying this research project.
Aim of research project
To understand impact of smoking on life expectancy.
3

Objectives of research
The project manager of NHS sets following objectives to be achieved that are useful for
protecting through smoking injuries. In this regard, some of the main targets can be expressed as
below:-
 To conduct research program for collecting data related to smoking impact on life
expectancy.
 To aware society with protection of human life for reducing use of Tabaco.
 To understand negative aspects of smoking that is ineffective for human life.
 To contribute in social and economic welfare of country.
 To provide health and social care to million service takers of country.
 To evaluate risk factors and effectiveness of prevention strategies.
 To understand mental health and employment factor for nation’s growth as well
conducting developmental programs.
Rationale of the study
The present research project is significant for analysing impact of smoking on human body.
However, protection towards negative aspects of using smoking and health side effective things
are to be understood for social welfare. In accordance to this, it is important to gain deep
knowledge regarding healthcare and social services for country’s effectiveness. Therefore,
different tools and techniques for conducting research program that generates various ideas for
health promotion. In this process, it is helpful for achieving various components for social
welfare as well aware society with side effect of smoking and tobacco.
Factors affecting the selection process of research project
With the time there is regular enhancement of various kinds of cancer and illness are
taking place. However, it is needed to reduce this issues through aware society with reducing use
of smoking. In this process, various factors are to be applied by NHS that is essential for
recognizing smoking effect on health care sector of country. Moreover, project is to be
accomplished through determining doctors and professionals’ views on smoking as injury for
human body. Therefore, research program is to be conducted as well different views can be
gained for making decisions for social welfare and protecting society with different care services
(Gale and et.al., 2013). Thus, reasons behind several diseases and their solutions can be
4

described through this research project. In addition to this, care services provisions to service
users with mental illness can be understood that affects young adults’ reaction towards social
welfare and awareness for social economic growth of nation. Along with this, the study is to
cover various tools for projection including research methodology, collecting information,
analysing doctors’ views on smoking impact on healthcare sector. Hence, mental and physical
illness reduction can be achieved through contributing good service qualities to million patients’
as well aware society with side effects of smoking and tobacco. In this regard, several tools and
techniques for conducting research and developing activities are to be expressed for health
promotion effectively.
In addition to this, researcher can also collect data through secondary method under
which information are gathered through ready and prepared materials such as newspaper,
government publications and analysing financial and non-economic tools of organization. Apart
from this, analyst can also collects data by recognizing other entity’s performance that affects
competitive strategy. In this process, research project selection is done effectively through
conducting research program and further as per analysis, making decisions for effectiveness of
NHS (Goodman-Scott and et.al., 2013). However, different tools can be used for social welfare
as well protecting public through reducing interest towards smoking that impacts on healthcare
sector of country. Including this, it is beneficial for nation’s growth as well its social and
economic growth at high level. Therefore, recognizing these collected data is useful for
generating several ideas for better hospitality and healthy as well secured services.
Critical reviews on key references
According to Huang and et.al. (2013) research project in healthcare and social sector is
helpful for country’s effectiveness. In this regard, different tools and techniques are applied for
social awareness related to presenting negative aspects of smoking and its side effects. However,
smoking leads to physical and mental illness which is not good for human body. Thus, it is
essential to analyse negative aspects of smoking as well aware society with diseases’ symptoms
occurred through smoking. Including this, it is needed present physical and mental side effects of
unhealthy products. It is beneficial for effectiveness of health and social care sector of country.
In addition to this, protecting public for smoking is needed for health promotion and creating
social welfare at high level. However, proper management for research project and public
5

welfare can be gained effectively. Moreover, research project in health and social care is
essential for increasing quality services of hospitalization and care services. Therefore, social
services and effectiveness of social skills are useful for social and economic growth of nation. In
this process, varieties of tools can be applied for health and social services effectively. Thus, data
are collected through different tools as well further implementation is created that affects
organization and country’s effectiveness. Moreover, it is valuable for society’s awareness as well
encouraging them for using healthy and secured through presenting negative aspects of smoking.
On the contrary to this, Kuntz and et.al., (2013) argues that smoking is not so effective
for modern youth society. It is beneficial for negative perception people as well the society of
country where there is no restrictions over smoking. However, environment of nation and
organization get disturbed. It is not benefited for effectiveness as well supporting all sectors of
nation. In accordance to this, various outcomes are obtained that impacts on country and its
healthcare as well social sector. It is interrelated with different tools and techniques same as
negative implementation. Therefore, it is required for project manager of organization to focus
on all society’s awareness that is related to society and community’s welfare in social and
healthcare sector. In this process, it is essential to make decisions and implementing plans for
effective projecting and following on all steps of research project steps determined to increase
efficiency of organization in health and social care effectively.
Research project specifications (Research methodology)
Data are collected from various sources which include both primary and secondary data
for analysing NHS role in health and social care sector. Therefore, gathering data through
conducting survey and face to face survey presents current performance of organization at first
time which is neither related with past activities nor with future intention. In this process, data
are collected at first time as well actual position of organization is determined (Landt and
Melville, 2013). By this tool with healthcare sector of country, role model of NHS in smoking
prevention can be obtained. However, data are collected effectively that are useful for better
quality services. While, on the other side, for secondary data collection, information are gathered
through ready and prepared sources for example; books, articles, analysing actual organization’s
performance and so on. Therefore, by collecting data through ready and recorded materials are
useful for increasing healthcare sector effectiveness of NHS in adequate social development of
6

nation. In this regard, different research methods are used for satisfied healthcare and social
welfare of country’s people. Apart from this, it is able to generate different ideas for healthcare
and social skills in public welfare through encouraging people for reducing smoking and
tobacco. In this process, different tools and techniques are used for presenting actual role model
of NHS for country’s effectiveness as well able to provide better hospitality to satisfy service
takers with hospitality services (Lazarus and et.al., 2014).
Planning and procedure for research specification
Project manager of NHS is going to conduct social and healthcare programs for public
welfare and aware society with health promotion. In this process, different tools and techniques
for conducting research and implementing action plan can be understood briefly as below:-
Plan Activity Estimated cost
incurred on
projection
Time frame
Conducting research Researcher uses
different techniques
for collecting data
from ready materials
such as analysing
organization’s
performance and its
role model in
country’s
effectiveness.
200 2-3 weeks
Data collection Gathering information
through research
program that leads to
prepare planning for
effective social
welfare.
50 1 week
Data analysis After collecting data, 100 1-2 week
7

project manager
identifies
performance as per
which different ideas
are generated for
effectiveness of health
and social care
services.
Action planning and
its development
Through making
decisions to be
followed for
conducting
development program
for social awareness
regarding smoking
side effects on human
body.
400-500 4-5 weeks
Performance
evaluation
In this process,
comparison between
actual and standard
performance is
created that is useful
for bridge the gap as
well meeting set
targets effectively.
200 1 week
Hence, above mentioned procedure is to be followed on for projecting including cost and
time frame is estimated. In this regard, a systematic project planning is to be presenting to
conduct research as well development programs through collecting data by analysing
organization’s performance (O'Leary, 2013). Therefore, it can be forecast that project can be
8

succeed through following on all steps of planning procedure and also remains able for social
welfare that impacts on country’s effectiveness.
CHAPTER 2 (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Research resources
Concept of smoking
According to Ricciardi and et,al,, (2015) WHO FCTC, smoking is a chronic disease that is
known as drug: active ingredient of tobacco, nicotine is an addictive drug and as such has the
characteristic of other drugs: tolerance, physical and psychological dependence. Smoking can
cause various diseases, including various forms of cancer, heart and brain disorders, chronic lung
diseases, infertility, sexual impotence, aging of the skin and sudden death of that infant son who
is exposed to the smoke of tobacco that are in the environment. Smoking means inhalation of
smoke of burning tobacco through a cigarettes, pipes and cigars. If someone do smoking on
regular bases than he will be habitual of it and have psychological addiction towards smoking. It
is asserted by the US Food and Drug Administration that nicotine delivery devices are cigarettes
and smokeless tobacco , and nicotine act as a stimulant and tranquilizer based upon the
consumption level of nicotine .
According to Speight and et.al., (2016) Tobacco smoke contains more than 7000
chemicals. Tobacco was first introduced in late 17th century in Eurasia .For consuming tobacco
smoking is most common or simple way. As of 2008 to 2010, studies found that about 49% of
men and 11% of woman aged nearly 15 or above in 14 low income and middle income countries
have consumed tobacco. A study of Jennifer O' Loughlin and colleagues found that fist smoking
experience were taken by seventh grade students. They found out that the advertising of
cigarettes, smoking done by their parents, siblings and friends were attracting and encouraging
students for smoking. It is very important to aware peoples about smoking because smoking has
a very bad effect on both mental and physical condition of peoples, as due to smoking about five
million peoples are died every year. In the Standard for Cigarettes Smoking Behaviour, smoking
means intentionally inhalation of tobacco it does not include the unintentional inhalation of
smoke which is present in atmosphere and chewing of tobacco. As per World Health
Organization, Tobacco products are those products which are entirely or partly made of leaf of
tobacco and which can be smoked, chewed or snuffed.
9

Smoking and life expectancy
As per Bauer,in (2014) a survey was conduct to know the life expectancy of smokers and
non-smokers in US according to the age and sex and to know about current smokers in US in
1986. In survey it if find that life expectancy is higher of non-smokers as compared to peoples
who smoke. Researchers found that a normal men can live average life of 83 years or more as
compared to peoples who smoke. The peoples who smoke lost 28 minutes with each pack of
cigarettes they smoke and on an average they will lose there 25 years and average life will be
nearly 58 years. As per University of California, Berkeley Wellnes Letter, April 2000, Found
that consuming one cigarette will reduce life by 11 minutes and with each pack of cigarettes a
day ,loses 2 months in an year. Around 1.1 billion of peoples are there who smoke and half of
them are die in their middle age due to diseases caused by smoking and loosing there 25 years of
life. ( Dying to Quit, " a 1998 book by Janet Brigham)
Smoking caused chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of these disease depends upon the amount and
duration of consumption of smoking as heavy smoking cigarettes reduces life expectancy by 8.8
years as compared to average cigarettes as they lose 6.8 years. There is loss of 4.7 years of life in
smoking cigar or pipes. Moreover if a person consume cigarettes than the disease free life will
reduced by 5.8 years and if he is consuming cigar or pipes than he will decrease his life
expectancy by 5.2 years. If a person stops cigarettes at the age of 40 than he has increased his life
expectancy by 4.6 years and disease free life will increase by 3.0 years. Dr. Jonathan Emberson
and Dr. Robert Clarke said that they conduct a test on 7000 men whose age are nearly 77 from
1997-2012, in there test they found that out of 7000 men 5000 are died due to vascular diseases,
cancer and respiratory disease, and they found that there is increase in death ratio by 50% as
compared to non-smokers. A new study found that smokers who became 70 also lose average 4
years of life, this study is held on men aged between 66-97.
Smoking and social environment
There are around 1.2 billion peoples including males and females who smoke. Most of raw
tobacco leaves and manufacturing of cigarettes will take place in five countries that is China, US,
Brazil, Turkey and Indonesia ,and more than 1% of agriculture land is devoted by Malawi,
10

Korea, Macedonia, Moldova and Lebanon in producing tobacco and around 5% of land
deforestation is caused by tobacco in Africa. Various chronic disease are caused by smoking
such as cancer ,brain disorder , lung disease , in fertility , sexual impotence, aging of skin and
sudden death which is caused by smoke of tobacco present in the environment. As between
2008 to 2010 it is found that both males and females are consuming tobacco in 14 low-income or
middle-income countries, but the consumption of men are about 49% as compared to woman
which is 11%. As per University of California, Berkeley Wellnes Letter, April 2000, man
reduces his life by 11 minutes with each stick of cigarette and around 2 months in an year with a
pack of cigarettes a day. Around 1.1 billion peoples are there who smoke and half of them are die
in their middle age due to diseases caused by smoking and loosing there life expectancy by 25
years. Major cause of death in prevailing time is tobacco. Cigarettes are causing harm to social
environment also (Social environment includes population, size , gender, ages, habits etc.
definition by WHO) and due to it around 5 million peoples are die in an year and one in adults
worldwide ,and almost half of peoples who smoke around 650 million peoples will also killed by
smoking
Critical evaluation on smoking impacts
Cigarettes directly attack every organ of our body and make person thin and caused chronic
diseases. As per US research report, the number of death due to smokes is around 480000 in a
year it means one in five death. Major causes of death by smoking is chronic diseases like human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries coronary
heart diseases for stroke by 2 to 4 times, and developed lung cancer in men by 25 times and in
woman by 25.7 times. Smoking reduce overall health, and can affect his working capability by
increasing leaves from work and can increase his health care cost. As per Mokdad AH, Marks
JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL," smoking causes stroke, heart diseases ,cancer ,cardiovascular
diseases ,damages blood vessels and also reduce blood flow to legs and skin, causes respiratory
disease and its smoke can harm environment also. Nearly every year around 600 million trees are
destroyed for providing fuel to dry tobacco it means one tree for 300 cigarettes .Tobacco tree
required lots of chemical inputs around 16 types of pesticides for growing and for curing it
require 11.4 million tons of solid wood a year. In 1995 all over the world manufacturing process
of tobacco will produce 209 million kg of chemical waste and 2.26 billion kg of solid waste.
11

Currently tobacco is one of the major cause of death as death of one in ten adult are held due to
tobacco. (Blumberg, Cooper and Schindler, 2014).
Tobacco and poverty are link with each other. By following many studies it shows that
poorest household’s food, education and health care. As pregnant woman are lacking safety
because electronic cigarettes are very harmful. Chemical which are used in tobacco
manufacturing may have affected the environment. Hence, tobacco give two important factor in
the world, in one side it give an opportunities to make the country grow and in another side it
will make a cause of all time losses such as human losses, environment losses etc. Around 10%
of total expenditure in held on tobacco in low income countries. According to Mackey and Gass,
(2015) It means that peoples have less money to spend on their basic minimum needs of life like
food ,education and health care. Electronic Chemical which are used in tobacco manufacturing
may have affected the environment. Hence, tobacco give two important factor in the world, in
one side it give an opportunities to make the country grow and in another side it will make a
cause of all time losses such as human losses, environment losses etc.
Research investigation in agreed specification and procedures
A deep understanding and knowledge related to research planning including approach,
design and philosophy can be understood as below:-
Research design:- There are several kinds of research design techniques for conducting
research for example exploratory, descriptive and experimental. However, for present research,
analyst use descriptive research under which he describes all problems and issues occur at
workplace. Including this, it is considered that by using this design, forming structural
framework of organization's performance is created by which varieties of data are collected as
well different ideas are generated for better quality services to achieve organization's
effectiveness (Reynolds and et.al., 2014). Including this, by using descriptive approach, overall
summary including structural framework and problems with their solutions are determined
through this research study. In addition to this, it is valuable to conduct research as well making
decisions on the basis of organization's performance analysis.
Research philosophy: - Under this process, researcher uses positivism theory by which
positive and negative aspects are determined. In addition to this, several tools and techniques
related to following any rules, descriptions and several tools are presented that is interlinked with
12