A Study: Cross-Cultural Training in Healthcare Services in the UAE

This report presents a research proposal focusing on the critical need for cross-cultural training within healthcare services, specifically examining the context of the United Arab Emirates. The proposal includes an introduction outlining the importance of effective training for healthcare staff, especially in diverse environments. It aims to investigate the necessity of cross-cultural training, assess the challenges of organizing such training programs, and recommend strategies for improvement. The literature review explores the concept of cross-cultural training, its various types, and its benefits, such as improved communication skills and enhanced cultural understanding. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including the primary research instrument to be used. The research emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in healthcare, highlighting the need for practitioners to understand and address cultural differences to provide better patient care. The report aims to contribute to the enhancement of healthcare services by promoting effective cross-cultural training practices.

CW2: Research Proposal
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................9
PRIMARY RESEARCH INSTRUMENT....................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................20
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Title - A Study Investigating the need and ways of cross cultural training within the health care
services. A study on Philips in United Arab Emirates.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH PURPOSE
In every business there require an effective training so that staff skills and knowledge is
enhanced. There are various types of training practices that is included within organization.
Training is necessary as it allows staff to learn and gain knowledge by which they perform tasks.
In healthcare sector there are various types of services which is performed by staff. Besides that,
they are responsible for working with team by communicating (Abugre, 2018). As there are
diversified people employed in health care sector so staff need to work with people of diversified
caste, creed, background, etc. Thus, cross cultural training is practices or procedure which allow
individual to improve their working with other people. Also, it enable them to perform tasks in
new cultural. Usually, in present times it is essential for business to understand culture of other
nations so that it helps in smooth running of business. They need to understand culture on basis
of which training practices is embedded in organization. Basically, cross cultural training is
useful in eliminating cultural differences between nations. The training is categorized into two
part that is general and specific. General means to create awareness on how to handle foreign
clients, make staff aware about culture of other nations, manage people of etc. In specific it
means to give training of one particular nation or culture. It is beneficial when people continuous
interact and follow specific beliefs, values, ethics, etc. There are various elements which is
crucial in understanding of culture such as power distance, individualism, masculinity, and many
others. By that it becomes easy to provide training of cross culture and include practices.
However, with that staff is able to work in different countries by understanding their culture.
They get to find out values and ethics followed and then provide health care services. This
allows them to work in flexible and healthy environment (Alexandra, 2018). Furthermore, staff
need to be aware about ethics and values of other nation. It helps in ease in communicating with
them.
There are varied needs of staff in health care sector. So, it is necessary to fulfil their
needs so that staff is able to perform tasks in effective way and attain goals and objectives. It is
found that on basis of needs training programs are designed and developed. Moreover, it require
staff to work in collaboration. Through that, it results in offering health care services. Alongside,
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there are various practices as well that is integrated in training. With globalization there are many
companies which is expanding in other countries and offering care services. Hence, for that they
must possess knowledge of culture of nation. The cross culture training gives insight about
culture. Along with it, health care sector deal with various types of people. Hence, it require to
respect value and dignity of other people culture. The companies who are finding it difficult to
maintain diversity focus on cross cultural training programs. It has been beneficial in adopting
practice of respect and dignity (Benjamin, and et.al., 2019). Cross cultural education and
training process is a complex process. In it a set of activities are arranged in a logical sequence
and the stages or activities involved in are creating cross culture awareness, providing cross
cultural education, etc. there are various factors due to which cross cultural training is required in
healthcare. The need vary from business in health care sector. Apart from it, training enhance
efficiency of staff. The issues are overcome and it helps in negotiating with managers. There are
various methods by which training is implemented in health care. The method is different as it
depend on management. But purpose of training remain same. Also, there are certain challenges
as well that health care sector companies faces. Thus, for that they take relevant actions.
Aim
To investigate the need and ways of cross cultural training within the healthcare services in
an organisation in United Arab Emirates.
Research Objectives
 To identify the need of cross cultural training and the ways in which it can be
implemented in the healthcare sector.
 To assess the challenges which are raised in organising the cross cultural trainings in the
healthcare sector.
 To recommend various strategies through which the practitioners can bring improvement
in cross cultural trainings in healthcare sector.
Purpose of research- The main reason behind doing the research on needs and ways of cross
culture training in the healthcare settings is the cultural competence (Castleman, 2019). It is
basically a field in the healthcare which makes the professionals able to bridge the gap in the
various situations of cross-culture which also ensures that every patient is getting proper
attention along with meeting up their needs. Another reason is that the perception which the
practitioners and professionals have regarding the illness, diseases, its causes etc. also varies
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widely by culture. This means that they must be perfectly trained so that they can treat the
patients well irrespective of their culture. The culture awareness is developing continuously as
the cultures and its people changes frequently. In this situation, the practitioner must have the
ability to reach different cultures and its patients so that they can develop an understanding of
inter culture in their patients, staff etc.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
REVIEW OF CRITICAL THINKING
Theme 1 Concept of cross cultural training in healthcare services
As stated by Cutler, (2018), cross cultural training refers to managing of diversity within
organisation. It is way of increasing individual ability to cope up with cross cultural of
organisation and adopt new culture and environment. This type of training enhances ability of
staff. They understand values, ethics, etc. of other people and work in team. Thus, it results in
creating a positive culture within organisation. It is important as it enable in managing diversity.
The main objective is to increase communication between employees. This is with help of
relevant practices and procedure to be performed in cultural environment. Besides, cross cultural
transit local to global culture. The staff get insight about culture of other employees. They feel
good to interact with others and share opinions. Thus, culture of business is appreciated. Here, an
example can be taken is employee of British culture should be aware about US and Indian
culture. It has been analysed that there are 5 types of cross cultural training. They are specified
below
To deal with cross cultural challenges- it is a type of method in which it deal with challenges
faced. So, here methods, techniques, practice, etc. which is used in various other nations is
highlighted. Then, staff is aware about it and applied in organisation. Thus, practices help in
overcoming challenges and implementing cross culture in effective way. In that different teams
are formed and their trust and confidence is gained (IYAR, and ÖMÜRIŞ, 2021). This led to
smooth running of business.
Training for diversified work force- this is a type in which management provide training to staff
regarding culture, value and behaviour. Here, HRM give effective training to them that helps in
proper training. So, staff gains knowledge about culture background of different people. They
understand values, ethics, etc. and develop strong relation with others. It results in improving
their performance.
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Training on specific country – this training is given to employees for specific country culture. In
that it include location, culture, lifestyle, social values, etc. the employees get aware about
culture of nation. It results in gaining knowledge and what difficulty they can face in it. Usually,
the training is given mainly to managers who work in that country. It helps in dealing with
clients and respecting their moral values, ethics, behaviour, etc.
Training in management practices- it is a type of training that is given in which techniques,
practice, method, etc. followed by management in various countries is highlighted. It enable in
creating awareness about philosophes, management principles, followed by companies according
to culture of that nation (Esposito, and Verma, 2017). Hence, manager is able to understand
various practices and activities at global level. Thus, then it is applied to maintain proper culture
in business.
Training for negotiation- As name depicts it is a training which is given to manager regarding
negotiation skills to be developed for cross cultural parties. The training is specific as it allow in
gaining of skills related to particular culture, client, team, etc. By that it becomes simple of
negotiate conflicts within firm.
Theme 2 Need of cross cultural training and its implementation in healthcare
As elucidated by Kamal Abdien, and Jacob, (2019), there are various factors due to
which cross cultural training is required in healthcare. The need vary from business in health care
sector. Apart from it, training enhance efficiency of staff. The issues are overcome and it helps in
negotiating with managers. When diversity is not properly applied then it impact on negative
way on organisation performance. Similarly, in health care need of training is explained as below
Improve communication skills- this is major need of training as people does not feel comfortable
in interacting with others. They hesitate to talk as they are not aware about their religion or
culture. Thus, for increasing communication cross cultural training is given. The employee
interact with other by approaching. It enable in understanding perception and behaviour of
background and religion. Furthermore, communication helps in building strong relationship. It
reduced cultural and language barriers. By that people are able to learn about themselves. They
get to know value, ethics, etc. of people.
Gain confidence- this is also a need of training as here people confidence is boosted. They like
to interact with other (Marovic, 2020). Besides, it led to gaining insight of what wide culture.
Here, gaining of confidence allow staff to engage with more people. Thus, self confidence
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empower people to actively participate in all activities. Besides, people automatically try to
communicate and get to know about various culture.
Wide view of other culture- it is also a need for cross cultural training. In this in order to give a
wide view of other culture training is given. This gives knowledge and info about ethics, values,
etc. being followed by people in different countries. Moreover, people get viewpoint on other
culture. Along with that, in health care staff get aware about values followed. Thus, accordingly
care services are provided to them. It gives in depth info of culture being followed and how it
varies from their own.
Nageswara Rao, Warad, and Rodriguez, (2017), critiqued that, there is need to properly
implement training. It require a proper plan and strategy for it. Hence, there are various ways
through which cross culture training is implemented in health care sector.
Define organisation context- this is first step where current organisation competence is
identified. Then, training needs are determined. On that basis training program is developed.
Understand cross culture training- Here, it is essential to understand cross culture training before
giving it. This enable in giving clear insight about nature of training and range of approaches.
Hence, criteria is prepared on basis of it.
Promote value of cross culture- the value of training is promoted to stakeholder such as
employees, management, investors, etc. For that data and info is gathered and analysed. This
state why training is important and how it will benefit.
Design and conduct training- It is stage in which training is conducted with all resources and
objectives. Thus, trainers are selected that conduct training program for practitioner,
Evaluate and follow up- the last step where evaluation is done of training outcomes. For that
certain criteria is followed in it. Then, accordingly changes are made into strategies of training
process.
Theme 3 Challenges in organising the cross cultural training
Natrajan-Tyagi, (2018), stated that cross culture training is important in health care
sector as it helps in increasing employee ability to communicate with each other. The training
benefit is it understand culture and maintaining diversity. In view of ( there are various
challenges which is faced in implementing cross cultural training. With that it becomes difficult
to organise training. So, it is necessary to identify challenge and overcome it so that effective
training is provided. There is also negative impact of challenge in cross culture. Furthermore,
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management has to deal with challenge as they need to ensure effective training is provided. It
requires effective strategies to overcome challenge. The challenges are defined as below :
Finding time- this is major challenge in it as for organising cross culture training require a lot of
time for it. This is because this type of training is to be conducted within short time period.
Hence, it require in depth planning to estimate cost, methods, practices, etc. that need to be
implemented in training. Also, in organisation operations are continuous performed so there is no
time left for training. Moreover, already there are different types of training organised to improve
employee skills and knowledge (Prabowo, and Windiarti, 2017).
In depth training- This training is needed to be given in depth because it is based on varied
methods, practices, etc. included in it. Besides, it is complex process to organise such training.
The outcome is based on in depth training as giving short knowledge is waste of time and
money. Here, staff need to be made aware about culture of various countries. So, manager must
possess knowledge of other countries. Furthermore, training session can not be customised as it
is based on culture.
Where to train- it is also a challenge as location of training is not specified. Usually, in various
case training takes place either in weeks or days. But there is no particular space for training. As
in this along with theoretical knowledge it is essential to give practical knowledge as well.
Hence, training can be done either in host or home country or in both. So, if training is not
provided at particular location than it led to failure. There is no flexibility provided in it.
No realistic expectations – With time and cost it is also challenge as there are no realistic
outcomes or results generated. This means that effectiveness of training can not be determined as
it is entirely dependent on behaviour and diversity of organisation. In this only assumptions are
made regarding cross cultural training (Wang, and et.al., 2019). Therefore, unrealistic outcomes
are obtained from it.
But, it is said by Benjamin and et.al., (2019) critiqued that cross cultural training is based
on culture and practices. The aim is to make people aware and understand culture of other nation.
It allows them to communicate and work with others in effective way. When people get to know
about background of other religion they like to get interact with them. The communication
increases that result in diversified work force. There is multi cultural work place created and
social relationship is build within people. It also increases ethical value of firm and build good
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image in industry. The issues are solved as it gives in depth info of culture of other nation. Also,
employee remain committed towards business.
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
In order to conduct research in a systematic way, it is necessary to define various
methods that will be used. It gives an overview to user that what methods have been used. Also,
it becomes easy for the researcher to process further. The methodology give framework about
methods to be used in it (Hou,, and Li, 2019). So, here research onion is used which describe
stages of developing effective methodology. It is defined as follows :
Research philosophy- it is first element mentioned by scholar. By that it is easy to proceed
further in it. So, there are several philosophies in it such as realism, pragmatism, interpretivism,
etc. The use of philosophy enable in gathering of info and analysing it in proper way.
Interpretivism is related to finding out issues in study. Pragmatism is related to view of study in
multiple ways. In current study pragmatism will be used. It will enable in finding out
consequence of study in practical way.
Research design- This is plan where research is done in step by step manner. The scholar is able
to evaluate outcomes by gathering precise data and info. In this there are 3 types of design that
are exploratory, conclusive and descriptive. As name shows exploratory means to gain
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knowledge on subject and collect more info about it. So, usually it is based on literature review.
In descriptive accurate data is obtained about situation. It is initial part of exploratory research.
In conclusive research is done with aim of obtaining conclusion. Thus, in current research
exploratory design will be used. This rationale behind using this is it enable in gathering more
info about cross cultural training (Markle, 2017). Also, methods and ways of cross cultural
training is identified and data is collected in depth.
Research approach- it is way which enable scholar to find out how data is gathered and analysed.
Thus, research is done in systematic way. Basically, there are 3 approaches in it such as
deductive, abductive and inductive. In inductive new theories and concepts are emerged. This is
done via hypothesis and then concluding it. However, in abductive several facts and figures are
examined. And in inductive no hypothesis is involved in it. In present study inductive approach
will be used. This is because it will be useful in analyzing theories and concepts of cross cultural
training (Sarvimaki, 2017). Besides, broad knowledge is collected with this approach. Hence,
results obtained is via observation and it moves from general to board. In previous research
deductive approach was used. Here, scholar test hypothesis from theories.
Data collection- this is most important element in research as overall outcomes are dependent on
it. It enables in collecting accurate and precise data through different sources. Data collection is
process of gathering of info and analysing it to obtain results. Primary and secondary are 2 types
of methods which are used. In primary first time data is gathered. This is done via various ways
such as questionnaire, interview, focus groups, etc. but in secondary data is collected from
articles, journals, books, etc. however, in primary qualitative and quantitative are 2 methods as
well. In qualitative data is gathered on basis of themes and include facts and figures. This is
done through questionnaire. Whereas in quantitative focus is on numeric data and calculations.
Here, large scale survey is done for it. Hence, in present study primary method will be used. For
that data is gathered through questionnaire.
Research strategy- it is a plan which shows that how scholar is going to answer research
question. So, it acts as link between philosophy and research methods. So, there are different
types of strategies such as experiment, survey, case study, etc. for this study survey strategy will
be taken. In that primary data is collected (Dorsten, and Hotchkiss, 2018)
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Sampling – it is necessary to gather sample from population so that data is collected from it.
Sampling is process of dividing population on basis of certain filter and criteria and then
collecting data from it. There are different types of sampling methods available in it. They are
non probability and probability. In probability each one is having equal chance of selection. But
in non probability there is unequal chance of selection of sample. Hence, in current study simple
random sampling is done. Thus, sample size will be 30 practitioners of Philips health service.
Data analysis- it is also vital component in research as it helps in obtaining of relevant results.
Data analysis is process of interpreting and analysing data to obtain specific outcomes. The
scholar need to have knowledge about various analysis techniques. Also, use of methods depends
on nature of data. There are different data analysis techniques available to evaluate data. In
present study thematic analysis will be used to analyse data (Livingood, and Woodhouse,
2017).
Ethical consideration- there are several ethics which need to be followed by scholar. First is
written consent of participants who are taking part in study. The data and info of sample will be
protected and secured. Alongside it, data collected and results obtained have been protected and
secured in database. They are not shared with any other business or person. Also, all data and
info will be stored in database in segregated manner and its privacy and security will be
maintained. The scholar will ensure that research do not hurt culture and values of any
participant and no biases is done.
Reliability and validity – It is part of research in which reliability of data is maintained. Also, it
ensure that study is conducted in logical way. Besides, data gathered will be from authentic
sources. Whereas validity means the extent to which right elements have been used by researcher
is conducting research and interpreting data. It is necessary to use right tools so that outcomes
will not get affected.
Limitation of study- There are certain limitations as well of this study. Here, first is survey is
done only of limited population. So, generalisation capacity will be limited in it. Another
limitation is that scholar is part of research so biases can be done of findings from focus groups.
This may directly impact on findings of research (Livingood, and Woodhouse, 2017).
PRIMARY RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Theme 1 Aware about concept of cross culture training
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Q-1 Are you aware about concept of cross culture training? Frequency
Yes 10
No 20
Total 30
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
Chart Title
Interpretation- A research was done in Philips health service to find out way of cross cultural
training. For that primary data was collected through questionnaire from 30 practitioners. By
analysing data, it is stated that out of 30, 20 said no they are not aware about concept and
training of cross culture whereas only 10 said yes they are aware about it. Hence, it is found
analysed that practitioner does not know what training it is. Due to it, they do not know various
type of culture being followed. Besides that, they do not communicate with each other. This
makes it difficult to work in team. Also, there is lack of knowledge regarding cross culture.
Theme 2 Knowledge about culture of various nations
Q-2 Are you having knowledge about culture of various
nations?
Frequency
Yes 13
12

No 17
Total 30
Yes No
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Chart Title
Interpretation- In order to find out need of cross cultural training in Philips health service
primary data was gathered with help of questionnaire from 30 practitioners. From above graph it
is found that 13 said they are having knowledge about culture of various nation. But 17 said no
for it. Hence, it is stated people do not what ethics and values are followed by people. Thus, they
are not comfortable in interacting with others. Moreover, sometimes they are not able to identify
needs of patient. Also, no team work is performed by which goals are not accomplished in
effective way. There exist communication gap in Philips health service.
Theme 3 Respect dignity and value of other staff while performing practice
Q- 3 Do you respect dignity and value of other staff while
performing practice?
Frequency
Yes 15
No 15
Total 30
13

Chart Title
Yes No
Interpretation- the scholar did a study in Philips health service on subject of need of cross
cultural training. The questionnaire was used to collect data from 30 participants. In that it was
analysed that 15 said yes they respect dignity and value of other staff. But on other hand, 15 said
no for it. Therefore, it is evaluated that there is lack of understanding of values and ethics among
practitioner. They do not know what values is to be respected. Furthermore, some people is
having knowledge of it. With that it becomes easy to interact with others properly. So, it requires
effective training to aware about it.
Theme 4 Communication is necessary to know about culture of other people
Q- 4 Do you think that communication is necessary to know
about culture of other people?
Frequency
Strongly agree 9
Agree 12
Neutral 3
Disagree 3
Strongly disagree 3
Total 30
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Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Chart Title
Interpretation- In order to find out need of cross cultural training in Philips health service
primary data was gathered with help of questionnaire from 30 practitioners. From table it is
analysed that 9 strongly agreed that communication is necessary to know about culture of other
people, 12 agreed with it. However, 3 strongly disagreed, 3 disagreed with it. With
communication staff get to share views and opinions. They find out ethics and values that is
being followed. In addition, communication helps in building strong bonds with one another.
Thus, it results in gaining knowledge of ethics and values.
Theme 5 Type of cross cultural training is given by Philips health service
Q- 5 What type of cross cultural training is given by Philips
health service?
Frequency
Diversified workforce 10
Specific country 10
Different practices 10
Total 30
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Chart Title
Diversified workforce Specific country Different practices
Interpretation- Here, research was done to find out need of cross cultural training. In that
questionnaire was used and 30 sample were needed. It can be found that out of 30, 10 said
diversified work force training is given, 10 said specific country and 10 said different practices
training is given. Thus, it is stated cross culture training is given in Philips health service. The
practitioner possess knowledge of varied culture.
Theme 6 Diversity embedded through cross cultural training
Q-6 -6 Can diversity be embedded through cross cultural
training?
Frequency
Yes 25
No 5
Total 30
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Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
Chart Title
Interpretation- A research was done in Philips health service to find out way of cross cultural
training. The data of 30 respondents was collected. In that 25 said yes diversity can be embedded
through cross cultural training. But 5 said no. So, in training practitioner get to know about
religion or background of people. Thus, they respect dignity of people. Other than this,
relationship is developed as they get to know about other people.
Discussion
It is discussed from above that cross cultural training plays significant role in
understanding ethics and values of other nation and culture. It also helps in respecting dignity of
people. In Philips health service there is lack of cross cultural training provided to staff. Due to
that they are not aware about values and ethics of varied culture. Furthermore, practitioner are
not able to interact with others (Benjamin, and et.al., 2019). Thus, they do not know what are
ethics and values being followed. In addition, employees does not interact with others and share
opinions. So, there is lack of team work as well in organisation. The goals and objectives are not
attained in effective way. Training enhance efficiency of staff. The issues are overcome and it
helps in negotiating with managers. When diversity is not properly applied then it impact on
negative way on organisation performance. They need to understand culture on basis of which
training practices is embedded in organization. Basically, cross cultural training is useful in
eliminating cultural differences between nations. The training is categorized into two part that is
general and specific.
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But practitioner respect dignity and value of other culture. This shows that they are aware
about basic thing to be done in it. As they are not having knowledge of culture there is less
interaction within one another. Many of staff agreed that communication is essential to know
about culture of other. It is because through it views are shared that reflect ethics values, etc. this
make them aware about background, religion, etc. this also makes them comfortable to interact
and work in team. Furthermore, for maintaining diversity cross cultural training is effective. It
helps in gaining knowledge about how different culture, values, followed. By that it become
simple to understand what type of culture is followed (Natrajan-Tyagi, 2018). When people
interact with others they get to know values followed. Thus, they feel comfortable to build
relation with them. This leads to creating friends and working together. The main need of
training identified is to remove communication gap and increase confidence of staff. It reduces
stress among staff so they feel comfortable in engaging with others. It also rises theirs
competence and allow to work in any type of culture.
Recommendation
There are certain recommendations that can be followed by Philips health service in
execution of cross cultural training. It is defined as below :
 The company can conduct cross cultural training programs every month so that
employees remain aware about culture of various nation. It will make them aware about
values, ethics followed in other nations. Hence, accordingly they can do their practice.
 Philips health service should hire HR experts who possess high level and advance
knowledge about cross culture and they provide training. The expert can find out
communication gap in organisation and then develop strategy to improve it. Hence, it will
be beneficial in giving cross cultural training as well.
 Philips health service can form various teams which consists of diversified people in it.
They can work together to perform tasks and attain goals. It will be useful in bringing and
maintaining diversity within firm. Moreover, in this way staff will get to know about each
other culture as well.
 Firm should follow concept of IHRM in which they recruit diversified people. Here, staff
will communicate and work with each other. They get aware about ethics, values being
followed in different countries. Hence, in this way diversity can be easily maintained by
giving them cross cultural training.
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 A flexible communication policy can be formed in which staff is allowed to interact
freely with others. This will allow to increase communication within business. In
addition, staff self confidence is gained. Therefore, practitioner can engage and involve
with others and work in team. So, in this way cross cultural training can be executed.
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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Q-1 Are you aware about concept of cross culture training?
Yes
No
Q-2 Are you having knowledge about culture of various nations?
Yes
No
Q-3 Do you respect dignity and value of other staff while performing practice?
Yes
No
Q-4 Do you think that communication is necessary to know about culture of other people?
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Q-5 What type of cross cultural training is given by Philips health service?
Diversified workforce
Specific country
Different practices
Q-6 Can diversity be embedded through cross cultural training?
Yes
21

No
22