University Research Project: Type II Diabetes Mellitus Analysis

This research project provides a comprehensive overview of Type II diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus. The report defines the disease, emphasizing increased blood sugar levels and insulin resistance. It explores various diagnostic methods, including the A1C test, random blood sugar tests, fasting blood sugar tests, and oral glucose tolerance tests. The project details the symptoms and complications of the disease, such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and potential long-term effects like retinopathy and kidney disease. It also discusses the histological changes associated with the disease, focusing on the impact of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. The report outlines the treatment options, including weight loss, healthy eating, physical activity, blood sugar monitoring, diabetic medications, and insulin therapy. Additionally, it highlights preventive measures and suggests directions for future research, particularly in genetic components. The project concludes with a summary of the key findings and includes a list of relevant references.

Running head: RESEARCH PROJECT
RESEARCH PROJECT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Discussion........................................................................................................................................2
Definition.....................................................................................................................................2
Methods of diagnoses..................................................................................................................2
Symptoms and complications of the disease...............................................................................4
Changes in the histology after the effect of type II diabetes.......................................................4
Treatment of the disease type II diabetes....................................................................................5
Prevention of diabetes..................................................................................................................6
Directions for future research......................................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................8

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Introduction
This research project is dealing with the disease type II diabetes. The type II diabetes is
the disease which lead to the increase of the blood sugar level than it’s normal level. This disease
is also known as hyperglycemia. Because of this disease the body does not able to produce
insulin in proper quantity. During the first period of the diseases, the pancreas produces extra
amount of insulin to compensate the deficit of insulin but after few days, the pancreas is not able
to keep pace with the insulin and thus cannot produce sufficient insulin to keep the blood glucose
at normal level (Punthakee, Goldenberg & Katz, 2018). This assignment is going to produce a
detail report on the disease diabetes mellitus including the methods of diagnoses, the symptoms
and the different complications of the disease, the findings of the diagnostics involving the
images and also the histology of the disease, the treatments as well as the methods of prevention
of the disease and also it is discussing about the scope for future researches of this disease.
Discussion
Definition
The type II diabetes is the type of diabetes mainly characterized by increased level of
blood sugar, insulin resistance and also the lack of insulin relatively. The common symptoms of
this disease includes increase in thirst, urinating frequently and suddenly unexpected loss of
weight. This diabetes results as a result of obesity and lack of exercises, most of the people are
genetically at risk than the other people.
Methods of diagnoses
The type II diabetes is diagnosed by the following tests:

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 Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test- In order to find the average blood sugar level since the
past two or three months this test is preferable. The normal level of blood sugar is below
5.7% and thus a result in between 5.7 and 6.4 % is considered to be the normal value for
the pre-diabetes. The A1C level of 6.5% or more than this on two different tests shows
that a person is having diabetes. However this test is not available all the time or at the
time when the form of hemoglobin is uncommon, at that times other tests are used for the
diagnoses (Baynes, 2015).
 Random blood sugar tests – The values of blood sugar are normally expressed in
miligrams per deciliter (mg/ dL) or in millimoles per liter (mmol/ L). Without noticing
about the time of last meal if the blood sugar level is or more than 200 mg/ dL, it suggests
that the person is having diabetes. If there are high symptoms of diabetes like frequent
urination and extreme thirst, then it can be concluded that the patient have diabetes.
 Test of fasting blood sugar – The blood sample is taken in the morning before the
consumption of breakfast. The blood sugar value less than 5.6 mmol/L is normal. If the
value is in between 5.6 to 6.9, then the person is in pre-diabetes state and the value of the
blood sugar above 7 means that the person is suffering from diabetes.
 Oral glucose tolerance test- This is the most rarely used test for measuring the blood
glucose level, except on the pregnancy cases. In this method, a person need to fast whole
night and at the center where the test is to be done, the person have to drink a sugary
liquid and then the blood sugar level need to be checked periodically for the next two
hours. The blood sugar level below 7.8 mmol/ L is normal (Dabelea et al., 2017)

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Symptoms and complications of the disease
The symptoms of the disease type II diabetes normally starts appearing gradually and not
all people suffering from type II diabetes can notice the symptoms at the early stages. If a person
is suffering from type II diabetes, then the following symptoms are noticed:
 Urinating frequently and the thirst of the person also gets increased- When the glucose
level gets increased in the blood stream, the body will start extracting fluids from the
blood tissues.
 Increased hunger- In this disease, the body cells cannot be able to access the glucose for
the energy, so the person feels hungry much more than normal (Semenkovich et al.,
2015).
 Loss of weight- As the amount of insulin in the human body is very low, the body starts
burning the fats from the body and so the person lose much weight.
 Fatigue- As the person has lost much weight obviously the person will feel more tired
than in the normal state.
 Blurred vision- The high blood glucose level often make the fluid to be pulled out from
the eye lenses (Demmer et al., 2015).
 Infection and sores- It takes much time to heal the wounds and infections if a person
suffer from diabetes mellitus.
The complications of diabetes mellitus are retinopathy, kidney diseases and amputation of
the limbs (Román-Pintos et al., 2016).

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Changes in the histology after the effect of type II diabetes
The hyperglycemia is the most predominant cause of the different complications of
diabetes. Despite of getting maximum of treatments, the fluctuation of glucose among the
persons with diabetes still is one of the issues of the persons suffering from diabetes (Lotfy et al.,
2017). The fluctuation of glucose is responsible for the changing the magnitude of the oxidative
stress. The oxidative stress can be postulated as the most possible mechanism for the
complications of the diabetic tissues and also other tissues. It is thus very much essential to
replenish the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells for the treatment of diabetes (Bharucha et
al., 2015).
Treatment of the disease type II diabetes
The management of the disease type II diabetes includes loss of weight, eating healthy
foods, practicing exercises regularly, providing the patients with diabetes medications or insulin
therapy and the most important thing is regularly monitoring the level of diabetes.
Loss of weight- Losing a sufficient amount of weight can help in lowering of the blood glucose
level. A healthy weight loss of 7 percent of the previous original weight seems to be an ideal one.
Controlling the eating habits and practicing of healthy eating will help in reducing lots of weight
(Friedman & Wolfe, 2016).
Healthy eating – When compared to the popular perception, actually there is no specific diet
plan for the diabetic patient. However, a person suffering from type II diabetes must follow a diet
involving lower calories, lower carbohydrates and must avoid sweets as much possible. The
person must also consume foods having lower saturated fats and no doubt must consume more
fruits and green leafy vegetables. The person must consume more foods having fibers. The best

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way to take health foods is to consult with a dietician who can prepare the dirt plan in a much
better way, having proper healthy goals, preferences of foods and also preferences of the life
style. The plan also teach us how to do the monitoring of the intake of the carbohydrates (Wu et
al., 2017).
Physical activity- Those who are suffering from diabetes need to do aerobic exercises regularly.
Activities like walking, swimming, biking or running for minimum of 30 minutes for at least
three days every week. Along with these different physical exercises like weight lifting can also
be done.
Monitoring the blood sugar level- It is very much important to check the blood sugar level
from time to time to measure how much the diabetic condition has decreased.
Diabetic medication and insulin therapy- The most well-known medicine for the diabetes is
metformin and next after that is the sulfonylureas. However if a patient is not benefitted by all
these medicines then the insulin therapy can be applied to the patient. The patient can take a long
lasting insulin shot at night so that long lasting effect can be ascertained (Ríos, Francini &
Schinella, 2015).
Prevention of diabetes
It is better to prevent any disease than curing it. In order to prevent diabetes, the steps
which are required to be followed are getting involved in more physical activities, eating more
fibers as it helps in reducing the risk of heart disease also apart from reducing diabetes, eating
more of the whole grains and the last one is leaving the fatty foods as far as possible as choosing
the healthy foods only. The screening of the disease should be done and also it is important to

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consult a doctor when the age of the person is above 45 or when the person is overweight
irrespective of the age of the person (Christos et al., 2015).
Directions for future research
The complications of diabetes mellitus includes retinopathy, diseases of the kidney and
the amputation of the limb. The most important area of genetic research is the identification of
the genetic components of the diabetes. By analyzing the gens, the complications, treatments,
prevention and cure of the disease can be identified. New knowledge and technology are
available for doing the research works (Friedman & Wolfe, 2016).
Conclusion
This assignment has almost come to an end and this assignment has dealt in details with
the different aspects and important facts of diabetes mellitus. The different ways to diagnose the
diseases, the symptoms and the complications of the diseases, the treatment procedures can be
clearly understood after doing this assignment. Apart from these, the prevention procedures and
the scope for future researches are also discussed here.

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References
Baynes, H. W. (2015). Classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetes
mellitus. J diabetes metab, 6(5), 1-9.
Bharucha, A. E., Kudva, Y., Basu, A., Camilleri, M., Low, P. A., Vella, A., & Zinsmeister, A. R.
(2015). Relationship between glycemic control and gastric emptying in poorly controlled
type 2 diabetes. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(3), 466-476.
Christos, P. J., Chemaitelly, H., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Zirie, M. A., Deleu, D., & Mushlin, A. I.
(2015). Prevention of type II diabetes mellitus in Qatar: Who is at risk?. Qatar medical
journal, 2014(2), 13.
Dabelea, D., Stafford, J. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., D’Agostino, R., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G., ... &
Black, M. H. (2017). Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during
childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young
adulthood. Jama, 317(8), 825-835.
Demmer, R. T., Gelb, S., Suglia, S. F., Keyes, K. M., Aiello, A. E., Colombo, P. C., ... &
Kubzansky, L. D. (2015). Sex differences in the association between depression, anxiety,
and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatic medicine, 77(4), 467.
Friedman, A. N., & Wolfe, B. (2016). Is bariatric surgery an effective treatment for type II
diabetic kidney disease?. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(3),
528-535.
Lotfy, M., Adeghate, J., Kalasz, H., Singh, J., & Adeghate, E. (2017). Chronic complications of
diabetes mellitus: a mini review. Current diabetes reviews, 13(1), 3-10.

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Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R., & Katz, P. (2018). Definition, classification and diagnosis of
diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Canadian journal of diabetes, 42, S10-
S15.
Ríos, J. L., Francini, F., & Schinella, G. R. (2015). Natural products for the treatment of type 2
diabetes mellitus. Planta medica, 81(12/13), 975-994.
Román-Pintos, L. M., Villegas-Rivera, G., Rodríguez-Carrizalez, A. D., Miranda-Díaz, A. G., &
Cardona-Muñoz, E. G. (2016). Diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus:
inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Journal of diabetes
research, 2016.
Semenkovich, K., Brown, M. E., Svrakic, D. M., & Lustman, P. J. (2015). Depression in type 2
diabetes mellitus: prevalence, impact, and treatment. Drugs, 75(6), 577-587.
Wu, H., Esteve, E., Tremaroli, V., Khan, M. T., Caesar, R., Mannerås-Holm, L., ... & Xifra, G.
(2017). Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2
diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nature medicine, 23(7), 850.

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