HRMT20024 T2 2019: Review of Literature in the Health Sector

This report is a review of five articles focusing on different aspects of the Australian health sector. The first article examines the history of medical education and training in Australia, outlining the four phases of development. The second article analyzes health policy in South Australia, focusing on the impact of policy changes on primary health care workforce and health promotion. The third article investigates financial fraud in the private health insurance sector, discussing the features of fraud and its detection. The fourth article explores the establishment of health in all policies in South Australia, highlighting the conditions that enabled a centralized governance structure. The fifth article discusses the current status, challenges, and outlook of e-health record systems in Australia, including the development of the PCEHR system. Each article is summarized with its objectives, methods, findings, and conclusions, along with a discussion of how it contributes to a larger essay.

Running head: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Review of the Literature
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

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Article 1
Full Reference of the article
Geffen, L., (2014). A brief history of medical education and training in Australia. Medical
Journal of Australia, 201(S1), pp.S19-S22.
Objective and research question
The objective of the paper is to understand a brief history of medical education and
training in Australia. The other objective is to learn about the four phases of Australian
medical education and training.
The research questions of this paper are as follows:
i) What is the history of medical education and training in Australia?
ii) Had there been any change in the traditional and modern medical education and
training in Australia?
Method
At Australian Federation, this particular country is having 3 medical schools and n
institutions for proper training. They have involved 4 phases, which are basic education being
provided by the medical school, proper prevocational training being organized by the post
graduate medical council, vocational training being delivered by the specialist medical
college and finally CPD being conducted by these colleges.
Findings and discussion
The medical education and training sector in Australia is responsible for comprising 4
phases, which include basic education, prevocational training, vocational training and
continuing professional development. During the span of 1860 and 1960, there were 8
medical schools established in Australia and the courses were from the phases of preclinical,

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paraclinical and finally clinical. In the next phase, 2 other innovative new schools were being
established and these schools made proper reforms for selection of students, proper teaching,
curriculum and few assessment methods. After the year of 2000, the numbers of students
were expanded majorly for fulfilling all types of workforce demands in the rural sections of
Australia. They even introduced prevocational training, after undergoing reformation as well
as extension in the other years of junior doctor training by the councils of post graduate
medical education. The Australian Medical Council started their accreditation for the basic
education in 1985 with flexible integration of every phase and meeting various challenges for
the medical workforce.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is being concluded that Australia has always maintained an effective
medical training and education for the students and patients in the entire country. The four
phases are well demonstrated in the article with proper time span for each phase.
Article Contributing to Essay 3
The medical education and training history in Australia clearly states about the vast
extension and advancement that has occurred over years. I can use this information in
completing the introduction portion of my essay 3 and it would also ensure that the details
involved are genuine and accurate.

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Article 2
Full Reference of the article
Jolley, G., Freeman, T., Baum, F., Hurley, C., Lawless, A., Bentley, M., ... & Sanders, D.
(2014). Health policy in South Australia 2003–10: Primary health care workforce perceptions
of the impact of policy change on health promotion. Health Promotion Journal of
Australia, 25(2), 116-124.
Objective and research question
The main objective of this paper is to understand about the current health reforming
policies within Australia. The other objective is to focus on major process of PHC or primary
health care workforce eventually experiencing several changes and even perceiving the core
impact over the practice of health promotion.
The research questions of this paper are as follows:
i) What are the current health reforming policies in Australia, as taken by the
Australian government?
ii) What is the core procedure of primary health care workforce to experience various
changes or to perceive the overall effect of health promotional practices?
Method
The different documents of health policies were being analysed for the purpose of
successful determination of the intended impact over health promotion. The authors have
conducted various interviews with 39 respondents from the 4 State-funded PHC services for
the core purpose of gaining different perceptions over the effect of policy changes on
promotion of health in Australia.

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Findings and discussion
There are several policies and strategy documents that are completely relevant to 4
State-funded PHC services in Australia and all of them provide suggestion regarding the
intention of strengthening health promotion to a high level. The respondents in this article
have reported that the changes to the respective role is required and the emphasis on the
services of PHC have eventually led to only a few opportunities for health promotion.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is concluded that the entire experience of State-funded PHC services
work force respondents within Southern Australia eventually suggests that, in spite of the
policy intentions, the respective practice of health promotion is highly decreased. The authors
have suggested proper evaluation of the health sector, being reformed for assessment of the
unintended and intended results for delivery and service quality.
Article Contributing to Essay 3
The article can contribute to my essay 3 in such a method that I have understood that
the health promoters are experiencing a major contradictory policy for better accountability
of the Australian government while deploying policies and advancing a comprehensive PHC.

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Article 3
Full Reference of the article
Flynn, K. (2015). Financial fraud in the private health insurance sector in Australia. Journal
of Financial Crime.
Objective and research question
The main objective of this particular paper is to understand about the scenario of
financial frauds in the private sector of health insurance within Australia. The other objective
is to focus on different features of fraud related to health systems insurance agency, related to
detection of frauds and financial recovery.
The research questions of this paper are as follows:
i) What are the probable features of fraud that are extremely common for the
insurance sector of health systems in Australia?
ii) How does the private sector of health insurance works in Australia?
Method
The authors have included certain measures and impacts of the financial frauds in
Australia by understanding the problematic impact of the Privacy Act over the aspects of
detection of frauds and financial recovery. A qualitative approach is being utilized and
different interviews were being conducted with the fraud managers from the largest private
health insurance experts of fraud detection.
Findings and discussion
The article has focused on the robust regulatory framework for using clinical and
business rules as well as strong analytics. The insurance sector in Australia is not uniform and
the issues should be eradicated on time for providing maximum success. Maximum funds

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require to be involved in the technological resources as well as for higher staffing levels for
managing fraud. The impact of Privacy Act is also needed to be included for the successful
management of fraud in the most effective manner.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is being concluded that there are various strengths in the entire health
insurance system of Australia and numerous customers are benefitted from the process.
Proper rules and regulations are present, which ensure that better effectiveness is gained
under every possible aspect. However, few weaknesses are also present related to fraud and
health related funds recovery.
Article Contributing to Essay 3
The article can contribute to my essay 3 in a method that I would be able to include
every parameter related to detection of fraud in the insurance sector and also understand
about reduction of the excess costs, incurred in the sector without any proper reason.
Moreover, the impact of Privacy Act would help me in understanding the importance of the
best efforts at fraud controlling.

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Article 4
Full Reference of the article
Kickbusch, I., Williams, C., & Lawless, A. (2014). Making the most of open windows:
establishing health in all policies in South Australia. International Journal of Health
Services, 44(1), 185-194.
Objective and research question
The main objective of this paper is to understand about the successful establishment
of health in every policy within South Australia. The other objective is to focus on the
conditions, which enabled entire South Australia in establishment of a centralized governance
structure and harnessing a specific group of cross sector policy entrepreneurs.
The research questions of this paper are as follows:
i) How can South Australia establish different policies for health sector?
ii) How to establish a central governance structure and conduct health related projects
for eradication of different policy issues?
Method
Various improvements in the population health are present for arising as soon as
different social determinants of health could be eventually addressed. The article has clearly
focused on the process of starting the South Australian Health in All Policies determinants
and even enabling the conditions, which could easily establish a centralized governance
structure.
Findings and discussion
The article has discussed about the nature of the different conditions that were
responsible for establishing a proper structure, harnessing a group of cross sector policy

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entrepreneurs and also conducting health lens project. These conditions are important for
other governments as well, since they try to decrease the subsequent burden of various
chronic diseases or increasing health budgets, so that social determinants of health are being
addressed. The authors have referred these conditions to as the windows of opportunities for
bringing out definite systematic changes in the policies. The government of Australia has
eventually developed a policy oriented as well as practical response for addressing these
determinants. 3 different independent streams are provided in the article, which are clear
recognition of the issue, political will for looking any type of new and innovative solution
and finally a receptive policy. As soon as the streams meet one another, different windows of
opportunity are being created.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is being concluded that when the approach of Health in All Policies
would continue in evolving, windows of opportunity would enable enacting of the authentic
intersectoral policies. This particular approach would be offering a major opportunity for the
improvement of overall health of the South Australian population by simply addressing the
social determinants of health with different sectors of government.
Article Contributing to Essay 3
The article can contribute to my essay 3 in a vast way by bringing out different
effectiveness and opportunities in improvement of the health conditions of the citizens of
South Australia. I would be able to understand their current planning and industrial relations
in the most effective manner.

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Article 5
Full Reference of the article
Xu, J., Gao, X., Sorwar, G., & Croll, P. (2014). Current Status, Challenges, and outlook of e-
health record systems in Australia. In Knowledge Engineering and Management (pp. 683-
692). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Objective and research question
The main objective of this paper is to understand about the current status of the proper
development of e health record system of Australia. The other objective is to successfully
identify the challenges that are being encountered by proper development and even analysis
of the total outlook of a new system called PCEHR or Personally Controlled Electronic
Health Records.
The research questions of this paper are as follows:
i) What is the current status of the development of an e health record system in
Australia?
ii) What are the different challenges encountered by the development of an e health
record system in Australia?
Method
From the year of 2010, the government of Australia has eventually invested 467
million dollars in the first release of a new system, called PCEHR or Personally Controlled
Electronic Health Records. This particular system delivers main functionality of the e health
record and would grow over time. The respective provider porter for the providers of health
service is effectively developed.

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Findings and discussion
The current status of the e health record system states that every year the entire
Australian government has been focusing on new advancements and technologies, so that the
patients are able to get maximum benefits. The e health records eventually involve test
results, immunisations, health alert and prescribed medication. Apart from the initial
investment of 467 million dollars, they have also allocated 233.7 million dollars for the next
years, until 2014. There had been a massive progress in the system of PCEHR over the years
from 2005 to 2012 and finally from the month of July 2012, the Australians were able to
register with the systems and then create or manage the personal health records in online. The
authors have identified few challenges and issues for these systems, which include impact of
policy and economic uncertainty, issue of the unified approach, few issues related to
effectiveness and usability, issue of transparent NEHTA operation and finally opt in vs opt
out model.
Conclusion
Therefore, it is being concluded that the Australian government has focused on the
distinctive mobility and social computing, so that it becomes easier for the rural areas as well
as remote communities. In the future, they would be focusing on wider adoption and there
would be a continuous utilization of PCEHR system. The various issues and challenges are
also identified in the article.
Article Contributing to Essay 3
The article can contribute to my essay 3 for understanding the entire concept and
status of e health record system in Australia. As I would be able to know about the
advantages of this system, it would be easier for me to include details related to the system
effectively. Moreover, I would also be able to know about know about future of the system.

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