Critical Appraisal: Quantitative Studies on Leadership and Performance

This literature review critically appraises three quantitative research papers focusing on leadership styles and their impact on various organizational outcomes. The first article uses descriptive and correlational methods to analyze the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction in the hospitality industry, highlighting the effectiveness of quantitative methods in identifying trends but noting the limitation of neglecting qualitative aspects. The second article employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the impact of transformational leadership on employee performance, emphasizing the use of t-tests and R-square tests but also pointing out limitations related to sample size and the lack of qualitative data. The third study investigates the impact of project manager leadership behaviors on subordinate job attitudes and outcomes, utilizing data from project workers in Asia and reinforcing the value of quantitative methods in project management research. The review concludes that while quantitative methods provide valuable insights, integrating qualitative approaches could enhance the depth and comprehensiveness of leadership research. Desklib provides access to similar solved assignments and resources for students.

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Article-1.......................................................................................................................................3
Article-2.......................................................................................................................................5
Article 3:......................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
The main objective with respect to the research is to make a critical appraisal of the
quantitative research paper. The main concept that is used in the quantitative analysis is related
with the making of identification of relationship between the two variable. With respect to the
philosophical approach the quantitative research is associated with positivism philosophy under
which the scientific research is the subject matter of research. This is also directly associated
with the deductive approach under which the existing theory are evaluated and analysed with the
formation of hypothesis. The research paper which are the part of the study is related with the
leadership and its styles or aspects under which its impact towards the organization performance,
employee’s retention and job attitude is made analysed. Under first article the descriptive and
correlation method are used while the second article the analysis of the research is made through
Structural Equation Model (SEM) and the descriptive statistics. In third article Data was
obtained from 757 project workers working in 67 groups in 15 different projects in Asia mostly
from China and Middle East.
Article-1
Survey dataset on the style of leadership and job satisfaction: The perspective of employees in
hospitality providers
Methodology review:
There are generally two research methodology that may include the qualitative and
quantitative method. Under the qualitative method the non-numeric facts and figures are studied
that will lead to assist in detailed analysis of the data. in the same way here the numeric facts and
figure are not studied which would further right to said that the qualitative outcome of the
research is not adequate and appropriate. However, under quantitative research the numeric facts
and figures are analysed and studied. This will lead to have a statistical analysis of the data and
thus assist in analysing the research in detail. The present research has make the study of data
through the use of quantitative approach under which the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
have been used with respect to making an analysis of the data. As the data was available in the
raw form which was analysed through the mode of descriptive and inferential statistical data
(Folakemi and et.al., 2018). This means with the use of descriptive the quantitative data which
was obtained from the questionnaire method was analysed. Here with the use of descriptive
method the mean, median, mode, frequencies and various other terms are analysed. This has

made the analysis of data in more effective manner because through the descriptive statistics the
trend, average of the data is made understood which has helped in the research to be more
effective and fruitful.
Correlational relationship:
Along with descriptive analysis the researcher has also performed the analysis with the
help of correlation under which the relation between the two variable are identified. This has
made the research to be performed in detail manner (Makowski and et.al., 2020). With the aspect
of analysing the relation through correlation the impact of leadership style and job retention has
been analysed.
Uses:
In this research the researcher has made an application of descriptive analysis and
correlation which proves to be highly helpful in determining the relation between the variable as
well as assist in making a detailed analysis of the trends and average with respect to the data. The
use of correlation and the descriptive make the analysis of the data to be more easy and
informative. This means with the use of the concerned technique of data analysis the researcher
has directly contributed towards the analysis of the leadership analysis and the retention of the
employees in the hospitality industry. Also as the data which is used in the research is primary
which is also proves to be helpful in making the research to be more valid and authenticate
because of the direct involvement of the responded on which the research is based. As it is a fact
that as per the style of leadership the retention of the employees vary which is further more clear
with the application of the correlation analysis.
Limitation:
Although with the use of quantitative research the analysis made in depth but at the same
time with the retention of employees is not only depended upon the aspect of leadership
approach and style. This means there are many more qualitative aspect which is yet not
discovered through the use of quantitative method which become the major limitation of this
research as well as of the concerned methodology.
Review:
From this article review and quantitative method, it is being identified that quantitative
method is one of the best practice through which the trend of the data is analysed and identified.
Also with the use of quantitative technique the relationship between the variables will be

identified that will lead to make the analysis that whether there is an association of leadership
style with the retention of the employees (Folakemi and et.al., 2018). Also as the questionnaire is
designed under the research which is further filled with the employees of the hospitality industry
also helps in making an analysis that with respect to the change in the leadership style the job
satisfaction and retention of the employees is impacted or not. this research also make a direct
review between the variable i.e. leadership style and the retention of employees because of the
use of correlation method apart from the descriptive method which is limited up-to the analysis
of the frequencies and trends.
Summary:
From the above research it is clarified that with the use of primary data that is gathered from
the employees of the hospitality industry which make it to assist the research in accomplishing
its aims. This means with the use of quantitative method and the primary data collection
technique proves to be helpful in determining the relationship between the leadership style and
the retention of the employees (Folakemi and et.al., 2018). However, it is purely a quantitative
research which itself become its limitation because there is various other aspect which may have
an impact towards the retention of the employees in an organization. this shows that the research
proves to be highly helpful but would be further enhanced if the concerned qualitative research
would become a part of the study.
Article-2
Job satisfaction and the organizational commitment effect in respect to transformational
leadership towards the performance of employees
Research method:
With respect to the concerned research the methodology adopted was quantitative under
which with the use of descriptive statistics the average as well as variances have been evaluated.
Along with that the data is collected from the primary method through the mode of questionnaire
which was given to the responded. Along with that the Structural Equation Model (SEM) is used
in the research which is based on theory and concept from the package of Partial Least Square
(PLS) so that the results of the research will be accurate. In addition of this the hypothesis testing
was also made in the research that will further contribute to make an analysis that what is the
impact of transformational leadership towards the performance of the employees. Under

descriptive the mean and the standard deviation aspects are used so that the average of the
response with respect to the objective will be analysed.
Under Structural model the analysis is evaluated with the use of R-square for depended variable
which is followed with the path coefficient score or T value in each path which further aim to
test the significance between the construct in structural model. Likewise, for making an
identification of relationship between the constructs the t test analysis is used (Gerald, 2018).
Uses:
The use of the descriptive statistics as well as the SEM including the R-square test or the
t-test proves to be helpful in terms of making an analysis of the relationship between the
variables. Likewise, with the use of quantitative aspect and the inclusion of descriptive method
helps in identifying the trend and the average of the data. likewise, through the use of t test the
relationship between the variable is identified in terms of assisting the relationship between the
transformational leadership and the organizational performance in the context of the performance
of the employees too.
Limitation:
The major limitation that is associated with the research is related with the sample size
i.e. the study was made with the sample size of 30 responded. Also the quantitative approach
although proves to be highly effective in determining the relation between the variable but the
ignorance of qualitative aspect would itself become its major limitation. As sample size , time
factors for the research is limited it has led to further decline in working efficiency levels which
further has been found to be a limitation. It can be also analysed research is limited to only
SME sector, and leadership within organisations are also researched on which has lowered
vitality within findings to be diversely accurate.
Review:
As the previous studies shows that the variable of transformational leadership is having a
direct impact towards the positive impact towards the human resources in respect to an
organization which is further more strengthen through this research under which the with the use
of t-test, r-square test and other descriptive method make a contribution towards the analysis of
the relationship (Eliyana and Ma’arif, 2019). The use of quantitative methods and the Structural
Equation Model (SEM) proves to be highly effective in case of making an identification of the

relationship between the transformational leadership and the performance of the organization
that further relate with the employee’s performance.
Summary: The research within recent study has been found to be effective , for bringing
organisational commitment effect on transformational leadership towards performance of
employees. Methods used in research are done with usage of quantitative method, with respect to
effective utilisation of best sample size which has enabled to get detailed results in accurate
parameters. It has been also identified that major keen scenarios, connected towards further
improved vision holds essential importance for fundamental improvement within longer time
frame.
Article 3:
Impact of leadership behavior of a project manager on his/her subordinate's job-attitudes and job-
outcome.
Purpose: The aim of research is to investigate people issues within project management, where
obtained desired results based on impact of different leadership behaviours of project managers
on driving job attitude will be identified Job outcomes of project employees , and impact of
leadership within performance satisfaction has been focused on. Project manager, employee
working attitude and job outcome has been worked on for gaining extensive retention results
within hospitality working domains. New dimensions have been extendedly analysed, for
pertaining towards extended results in best working paradigms for strengthening higher
advanced productivity goals. By utilising quantitative results, project has been done within study
for extended working advancement based on larger scale efficiency paradigms (Yu, Russo and
Hammer, 2022).
Methodology review: The research has been conducted by taking data from 757 project
workers working in 67b groups within15 different projects in Asia within hospitality industry.
The present research has been done in best effective manner for strengthening effective focus
towards latest research aspects, significant working scenarios towards best leadership goals and
steps taken within management for harnessing profound focus on extended criteria. Article has
presented informative information regarding latest aspects of impact of leadership behaviour,
within project manager on job attitude and outcomes pertaining to further extended functional
competencies. Quantitative method, has been effectively implemented for gaining practical
results with high accuracy, working expertise goals and also correlating towards informative data

analysis done. This also signifies that major changes have coming up within recent hospitality
sector, to generate major motivation goals within workforce.
Limitation: Research design was collected from Asia, mainly China where cultural difference
identification has been found to be dynamically essential as it lacks influence of varied human
attitudes. Usage of further new resources has been lacking due to limited resources, cost factors
and further extended productive vision. The study as previous research, in field is forced to get
results from single point data, where it will be more informative if mode has to be tested with
help of longitudinal study. It can be also analysed that research lacks further accuracy, based on
developing intricate working paradigms and gaining effective results. The research in latest study
has only developed in depth findings on mainly hospitality sector, where this is major limitation
for research to be more timely precise based on functional scope.
Review: Results obtained from research suggests that project managers are employing best
proper leadership behaviour for strengthening level of involvement, job working commitment
and job satisfaction within performance. The high task oriented results are based on improved
job retention and higher working performance goals, where it signifies better competent abilities
to be operatively expanded. By improvising working vision significantly, better professional
relationships are worked on, to leverage further intricate working abilities (Charoensukmongkol,
2022). Article has presented research with detailed leveraged efficacy, based on extended
competitive working grounds as per the hospitality sector goals which further improvises
working competencies diversely. Also, it has been analyzed that research in recent study also
signifies that managers in recent time are taking best steps for strengthening wider competitive
grounds. Research done by author, is variedly informative and engaging to bring on effective
information regarding structural innovation evolving within leadership goals and its long term
impact on workforce.
The study within recent research by author has been found to be diversely dynamic,
authentic for extended diverse range goals where this signifies major advancement and
innovation rising. Also results obtained from qualitative research, has been done in variedly
effective manner for gaining working aspects shaped up on larger platforms with huge structural
competencies
Summary: The author has presented information on impact of leadership on workforce
performance in best scale aspects, for gaining working engagement based on larger technical

scale domains. Also recent research, has been done for strengthened vision oriented goals and
harnessing larger scale expansion towards adopting best scale leadership aspects diversely. It
signifies that major innovation goals and competent engagement has been evolving towards
extended business platforms within recent time. There is also determined to be diversely crucial,
for extended competitive abilities and gainin best scale expertise for strengthened ris as per
demands in hospitality industry (Akgunduz, Turksoy and Nisari, 2022).
CONCLUSION
The articles analysed above has been found to be effectively in depth researched about
recent quantitative methods, best aspects towards fundamental working procedures. Research has
also concluded effective utilisation of methods in quantitative research projects, and
fundamental potential focus evolved towards critical findings. Research done in project has also
been developed based on optimum vision, new changes coming up in leadership and
management projects for strengthening working efficacy diversely.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Akgunduz, Y., Turksoy, S.S. and Nisari, M.A., 2022. How leader–member exchange affects job
embeddedness and job dedication through employee advocacy. Journal of Hospitality
and Tourism Insights.
Charoensukmongkol, P., 2022. Supervisor-subordinate guanxi and emotional exhaustion: the
moderating effect of supervisor job autonomy and workload levels in
organizations. Asia Pacific Management Review, 27(1), pp.40-49.
Eliyana, A. and Ma’arif, S., 2019. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the
transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on
Management and Business Economics. 25(3). pp.144-150.
Folakemi, and et.al., 2018. Survey dataset on leadership styles and job satisfaction: the
perspective of employees of hospitality providers. Data in brief. 19. pp.2178-2188.
Gerald, B., 2018. A brief review of independent, dependent and one sample t-test. International
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. 4(2). pp.50-54.
Makowski, and et.al., 2020. Methods and algorithms for correlation analysis in R. Journal of
Open Source Software. 5(51). p.2306.
Yu, A., Pichler, S., Russo, M. and Hammer, L., 2022. Family-supportive supervisor behaviors
and work-family conflict: The role of stereotype content, supervisor gender, and gender
role beliefs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, p.2.
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