Indoor Object Localization using RFID: Techniques and Challenges

Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments for students. This project reviews RFID-based indoor object localization.

Review Based Project Literature Review (Secondary Research)
Student's Name and CSU ID
Project Type Review Based Project
Project Name A review of positioning techniques based on RFID technology to locate indoor objects of a building
Technology RFID technology
Techniques Positioning techniques
Domain Locating indoor objects of building
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Version 1.0 _ Week 1 (5 Journal Papers from CSU Library)
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Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Lu, S., Xu, C., Zhong, R. Y., & Wang, L. (2018). A passive RFID tag-based locating and navigating approach
for automated guided vehicle. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 125, 628-636. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.12.026
Citation that will be in the content (Lu et al. 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/
pii/S0360835217306010
Q1 Navigating, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), AGV
(Automated guided vehicles), Cyber-physical systems,
Locating
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name: RFID tag-
based locating and navigating approach
Tools: RFID tags, Antenna, UHF passive
tags
Applied Area: Locating automated guided
vehicle
Problem: In automated guided vehicle
systems, navigation and locating services
greatly affects the efficiency of automation
processes. But according to the current
scenario, there is need of obtaining solutions
that can resolve the complex industrial issues
of accuracy and flexibility. Also, there is lack
of studies that determines the impact of RFID
components on efficiency of AGV systems (Lu
et al. 2018).
Goal: The research work aim is to investigate
The major components of this research work are as follows:
 Selecting Antenna and installing design
 Locating solution
 System verification
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the impact of RFID tags, environmental
aspects and antennas using automated guided
vehicles system.
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Selecting Antenna and installing design:
Angle planar reflector with Dolph-Chebyshev
antenna array is selected.
Distance between antenna array can be
determined
2 Locating Solution: Location of tags are marked
with equal spacing and same height. Location of
AGV is determined.
Deviation between augmented guided vehicle
can be determined
Need of making adjustments
3 System verification: System verification is
conducted on the basis of two different aspects.
Different excitation and feed methods can be
investigated
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
AGV routing Navigation approach
Laboratory test bed Simulation results
Implementation study Analysis
Position Radar equation
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
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Why (Justify) current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
 Dolph-Chebyshev
antenna arrays
 UHF passive tags
 Angle reflectors
 Eliminated
reflection error
 Row of
equilateral
triangles is
formed
 Polarized signals
Based on Dolph-Chebyshew antenna array, the
proposed approach can efficiently eliminate the
reflection errors. The research work introduces the
system design in terms of selection of antenna,
installation of antenna and locating solutions.
The major limitations of this research work are as
follows:
 Tags deployment are not optimized
 Mathematical model is lacking that
examines the deployment schemes
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
What is the Future work that set by the author
in Conclusion and Future work section
According to (Lu et al. 2018), a passive RFID tag
based navigating and locating approach is
proposed in this research work that investigates
the influence of antennas, tags and environmental
aspects. Through proposed research work it is
observed that black lobe can be eliminated by
adding angle reflector and backward reflection
can be restrained.
To investigate the practicability and feasibility of
proposed approach stimulation studies are carried
out in this research work. On the basis of results
obtained from simulation studies, the system is
evaluated by establishing laboratory test bed.
According to (Lu et al. 2018), the proposed
research work can play cultivating role in
designing and installing the RFID antennas
according to right height parameters so that impact
area of reflection can be reduced.
Diagram/Flowchart
4

Figure 1: A lab-based testbed implementation
Reference in APA format that will be in 'Reference List'
 Lu, S., Xu, C., Zhong, R. Y., & Wang, L. (2017). A RFID-enabled positioning system in automated guided vehicle for smart factories. Journal of
Manufacturing Systems, 44, 179-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2017.03.009
 Upasani, K., Bakshi, M., Pandhare, V., & Lad, B. K. (2017). Distributed maintenance planning in manufacturing industries. Computers & Industrial
Engineering, 108, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.03.027
Citation that will be in the content
5

 (Lu et al. 2017)
 (Upasani et al. 2017)
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2
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Omer, M., & Tian, G. Y. (2018). Indoor distance estimation for passive UHF RFID tag based on RSSI and
RCS. Measurement, 127, 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.116
Citation that will be in the content (Omer and Tian. 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/
pii/S0263224118305207
Q1  Passive UHF RFID tag
 Indoor localization
 RSSI
 RCS
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name: RFID based
tracking system
Tools: Qualnet tool, RFID tags, RFID
readers
Applied Area: Indoor mobile object
tracking
Problem: According to Seol et al. (2017),
RFID based indoor mobile object tracking
approaches are widely used in tracking the
position of objects inside building. Identifying
RFID tags on large scale surrounded by RFID
readers in limited time period is challenging
task that need to resolve.
Goal: The major purpose of this research work
is to introduce indoor mobile object tracking
approach using RFID. Tracking algorithm and
RFID MAC as two core components will be
proposed.
The major components of this research work are as follows:
 RFID MAC
a) Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA)
b) Tree-walking
 Tracking
a) Range-free localization
b) Handling errors
 Implementation
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
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Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 RFID MAC – Readers send the request and tags
respond received requests by FSA protocol.
Through Tree walking, polling is done on
unknown address.
Synchronized information can be delivered N/A
2 Tracking – Object tracking process takes place
in presence of information available from
readers.
Errors and issues of wrong positions can be
handled
Temporal correlation of tags needs to be
exploit
3 Implementation – Proposed protocols are
implemented on Qualnet simulator.
Performance of protocols can be evaluated. N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Tracking algorithm Range-free localization
Fetching images/videos Image processing
Node position Hop-count
Collision probability Aloha protocol
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
 Qualnet  Ratio of
According to Omer and Tian. (2018), range free
tracking algorithm is proposed in this research work
The major limitation of this research work are as
follows:
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values
 Smoothing
technique
 Historical
speed
information
successfully
responded
queries
 Exploited
tag’s temporal
correlation
 Predicted
position
that could overcome the issues of range-based
localization. Range free approach proposed in this
work can efficiently estimate the target node
location.
 Anti-collision problem in RFID tracking
system is analysed
 Device-constraint tracking problem is also
investigated in this work
 RFID sensing efficiency is impair
 Processing steps in tracking algorithm
lacks that result in low-performance
results and low accuracy.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
What is the Future work that set by the author
in Conclusion and Future work section
In the proposed research work, range- free
tracking algorithm and RFID MAC are proposed
as two core design components Omer and Tian.
(2018). Two protocols i.e. Tree walking and
Framed Slotted Aloha is developed in MAC
layer. Tracking algorithm is also developed that
by the help of RFID readers collects the tag
identification information
The performance of proposed model is evaluated by
implementing Qualnet tool and performing number
of experiments using different parameters setting.
The results obtained from Qualnet tool is used to
validate the effectiveness of tracking solution.
Proposed research work, could provide reliable
solution in terms of handling complex indoor
object tracking problems and expensive
infrastructure. Mobile object tracking approach
used in this work can be used in campus buildings,
airports, shopping malls and public areas.
As a future work. RFID sensing efficiency needs
to be improved using proper MAC configuration.
Diagram/Flowchart
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Figure 2: Architecture of proposed tracking system
Reference in APA format that will be in 'Reference List'
 Jang, M., Song, I., & Kim, P. S. (2013). A study on localization algorithm using hop count and RSSI. International Journal of Multimedia and
Ubiquitous Engineering, 8(5), 159-172. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2013.8.5.15
 Lee, E. K., Seol, S., & Kim, W. (2015). Fault-tolerant, range-free localization in the hyper-connected RFID network. In Int’l Conf. on Information
Science and Industrial Applications. DOI: 10.14257/astl.2015.110.18
Citation that will be in the content
 (Jang et al. 2013)
 (Lee et al. 2015)
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3
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Belmonte-Fernández, O., Montoliu, R., Torres-Sospedra, J., Sansano-Sansano, E., & Chia-Aguilar, D. (2018).
A radiosity-based method to avoid calibration for indoor positioning systems. Expert Systems With
Applications, 105, 89-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.054
Citation that will be in the content (Belmonte-Fernández et al. 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S0957417418302112
Q-1 Classification algorithm, Indoor positioning, Machine
learning, Radiosity
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name: Radiosity
technique
Tools: Intel CPU, WiFi radio map, Support
Vector Machine
Applied Area: Indoor object positioning
Problem: According to Belmonte-Fernández
et al. (2018), Wifi fingerprinting is one of the
common techniques used for indoor
positioning. There are number of data
acquisition issues linked with this approach.
Manually sampling the signals is highly time-
consuming that needs to be resolved.
Goal: The proposed work aims to eliminate
the manual data collection phase and substitute
it by direct WiFi radio map calculation
algorithm.
The major components of proposed research work are as
follows:
 Determining RSSI value
 Modifying Gaussian distribution
 Comparing performance
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The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Determining RSSI value – Modelling WiFi
signal using technique of Radiosity.
RSSI value can be directly evaluated N/A
2 Modifying Gaussian distribution – Modifying
Gaussian distribution for RSSI values
Real temporal variation can be imitated N/A
3 Comparing performance – Performance
between classifiers is compared using RSSI
data.
Impact of performance can be compared with
regards to data sets size
Simulated and real data is required
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Expert system application Users position information
User position estimation WiFi map information
WiFi fingerprinting method Signal strength
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
 WiFi map
information
 Position estimated
 Classifier
The radiosity signal propagation model used is
extremely time-saving. In terms of accuracy,
competitive results can be obtained through
proposed radiosity signal propagation model.
The major limitation of this research work is that
effective use of power of modern GPUs that result
in excessive consumption of time in generating
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