A Critical Analysis of Risk Assessment in Music Events: O2 Arena

This case study provides a critical analysis of risk assessment in music events, focusing on London's O2 Arena. It explores the background of music events, associated risks, and the importance of risk management. The study reviews relevant literature on event management, risk management processes, and security planning. It employs a secondary data collection methodology to analyze crowd-related issues and risks faced by organizers. The findings emphasize the necessity of comprehensive risk assessment for ensuring audience safety and enhancing the overall event experience at venues like the O2 Arena. Recommendations and future work suggestions are also provided, contributing to the understanding and improvement of risk management practices in the music event industry. Desklib offers students access to similar case studies and solved assignments.

Running head: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT REQUIRED FOR
MUSIC EVENTS: A CASE STUDY ON LONDON’S O2 ARENA
A Critical Analysis of the Risk Assessment required for Music Events: A case study on
London’s O2 Arena
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

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Abstract
Musical concerts are one of the older ways of entertainment and there have been several musical
events that have taken place all over the globe. There have been several risks that are associated
with these kinds of events and these risks can create several injuries and accidents. This paper
has therefore been constructed in order to understand the significance of risk assessment in the
music events. The background provides a history on these musical events and the risks that have
been determined can be helpful in the mitigating them. The literature established is in accordance
to the objectives of the paper. The literature review has been constructed based on what other
researchers have discovered on similar topics based on their own researches and personal
experiences. The process of assessing these risks and the methods taken in order to mitigate these
risks are even explained in this paper and accordingly these information has been helpful in
taking the research ahead. The methodology has looked to explain the process of gathering the
data and the sort of data that is ideally suited for this thesis paper. The researcher in this thesis
has collected secondary data in order to have an idea about the number of incidents that have
taken place and what have been the main issues behind these incidents. The data has been
gathered with the help of internet sources and several other articles and journals with the help of
which excess amount of information can be collected. The results that has been obtained by
analysing the data gathered indicate that risk assessment has been essential and it is specifically
necessary in O2 Arena in order to provide a better musical even to the audiences.
Table of Contents

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Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background of the Study.......................................................................................................4
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives..............................................................................................7
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................8
1.4 Rationale of the Study...........................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................10
2.2 Event Management..............................................................................................................10
2.3 Risk Management................................................................................................................11
2.4 Risk Management Process...................................................................................................13
2.5 The Security Plan.................................................................................................................16
2.6 Kinds of Risks......................................................................................................................17
2.7 Summary of the literature....................................................................................................18
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................19
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................19
3.3 Choice of the methodology..................................................................................................20
3.4 Research Approach..............................................................................................................20
3.5 Research Design..................................................................................................................20
3.6 Data Collection Process.......................................................................................................21

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3.7 Data Analysis Technique.....................................................................................................21
3.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................21
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion......................................................................................23
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................23
4.2 Analysis...............................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Crowd related issues.....................................................................................................25
4.2.2 Risks on the aspect of the organizers............................................................................28
4.2.3 O2 Arena.......................................................................................................................29
Chapter 5: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work.........................................................30
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................30
5.1.1 Addressing the objectives.............................................................................................31
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................32
5.3 Future Work.........................................................................................................................33
Reference List................................................................................................................................34
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................40
Table of Figures

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Figure 1: Examples of Past Disasters............................................................................................26
Figure 2: Significant crowd related disaster..................................................................................28

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Chapter 1: Introduction
The development of the music and the event sector both in the international and domestic
market has essentially contributed towards the growth and development of the tourism and the
market sector along with the social environment of a destination. The events implements a
variety of resources and operations that discloses a variety substantial level of crisis and risks
that is inclusive of the scope and the size and their capability to influence the tourists and the
visitors who may not have the familiarity with the risks and the hazards in the local region
(Uldam 2016). The planning of risk management supports the event management organizers in
conducting and developing the events in the benign possible manner, while reducing the level of
losses. Hence, it is vital that the event management plans for and the construction of the
strategies in order to manage the probable concerns of the events that are unplanned. The process
of risk management is a key factor with the help of which the event management companies are
able to mitigate the extent of risk and thereby improve the musical events that are taking place all
over the globe (McCloskey et al. 2014). This research thesis therefore is constructed with the
help of which the risks associated to music events can be understood and the risk assessment
measures that need to be undertaken by the music shows needs to be assessed in order to
complete the paper in an effective manner.
1.1 Background of the Study
This research is generally based on understanding risks that are seen in musical concerts
and the measures that are taken in order to mitigate these risks. The research concentrates on the
O2 arena, which a theatre that is located in London. The O2 arena is an indoor arena that is used
for multi-purpose activities that is situated in centre of the O2 entertainment are in the
Greenwich Peninsula in the south east part of London.

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The arena has been constructed under the previous Millennium Dome, which is a large
dome structured building that is constructed in order to house an exhibition for the purpose of
celebrating turn of the third millennium as the dome shaped model is still existent within the
arena. The arena has the second largest arena with regards to seating arrangements and this is
behind the Manchester Arena. There are several musical concerts that are held in this arena and
the concerts are organized by various event management companies (Andersson-Sköld et al.
2015). The event management organizations have disclosed that there are several risks that are
related to the music concerts and the organizations needs to take adequate measures with the help
of which there can be improvement in the functional activities of the music concerts. One of the
critical risk and danger that had occurred in the country was the bomb blast that took place in the
Manchester Arena. In that incident hundreds were injured and many gave their lives and
therefore these kinds of incidents have been the significant factors that has influenced in
constructing a paper based on this topic. The process of risk assessment has gained significance
and therefore an extensive and detailed plan are constructed in every music event shows prior to
the day of the show.
There has been a lack of research assessing the event risk management planning
behaviour, principles and the factors that facilitates or inhibits the level of implementation. The
most of the researches in this field has concentrated on the big and mega programs and events,
which is a key and even small subsection of the event industry (Esmaeili, Hallowell and
Rajagopalan 2015). The event sector is diversified that implies a number of various event
stakeholders and the organizations that are hosting the events and even the industrial sector.
As noted by Nsoesie et al. (2015), the behaviour of the organization can be assessed at an
individual, system or group level. Even though the companies at the end incorporate risk

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planning functions, it is the duty of the entity and the psychological factors that includes the
values, personality, motivations, beliefs, attitudes and motivation that may have an impact on the
incorporation of the risk planning operations. In an associated aspect, the perceptions and the
mentality of the managers have been discovered to play a key role in the preparation for and
taking actions for the incidents. The restrictions or the limitations to the risk planning process has
been found to be associated researches and that is inclusive of the perceived money inadequacy,
insufficient knowledge and expertise and the lack of obligations for managing the risks
associated to the natural hazards. Hiesmayr et al. (2015) recommended that a complex degree of
the factors that may have an impact on risk planning that is inclusive of the beliefs, values,
personal attributes, messages, experiences and the socio-cultural rules and norms.
The various other factors can have an impact on the risk planning operations by the event
management firms at a group level or a system level that is inclusive of the type of the firm, size,
culture, resources, leadership and communication but these are not assessed in several articles.
The understanding of the beliefs and the attitude of the event managers will recognize the
personal risk management behaviour and the norms of the sector (Aven 2016). The entities are
strongly motivated by the social groups like the stakeholders, peers and the colleagues. Hence, it
is necessary to assess the persuading relationships for the policy and the professionalization
practices for every sector. Furthermore, the restrictions to the incorporation and use of the risk
management practices will enable the generation of the managerial plans and policies in order to
incorporate in an effective manner (Heckmann, Comes and Nickel 2015). The research paper
would thereby look to determine the various aspects and the policies that are associated risk and
thereby an understanding the risk management practices that are ideal for the event management
organizations in order to improve their operational practices. The research aims and objectives

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will therefore be constructed on the several variables that are related to risk management
practices.
There are several kinds of musical events that are held in the O2 arena in London and
accordingly there are possibilities of various kinds of risks that may occur in this arena. This
paper would therefore look to assess the risks that are existent when the O2 arena for instance the
musical events of Justin Bieber. Justin Bieber is a renowned pop artist and has famed globally
and therefore has fans all over the globe. Once his programs are organized in the O2 arena fans
from all over the globe come for a visit and thereafter enjoy the musical show. Along with this,
there are several risks that are related to the events and therefore assessment of the same would
be undertaken in order to have an idea about the pertinent risks and the steps that are taken in
order to mitigate these risks.
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
Aim
The aims of the research associates with discovering the aspects in accordance to which the
researcher would take the paper forward and results in accordance to this topic can be concluded.
The research aims in accordance to this paper are as follows:
 Recognize the significant risk and crisis management behaviour and beliefs that is seen in
musical concerts and events
Objectives
The objectives refer to shortening the overall theme of the paper and therefore the objectives
are based on the aim that has been addressed earlier. The objectives are as follows:

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 Assess the mind-set of the audiences that has an impact on the behaviour and the attitudes
of the event management of the artists like pop, afrobeat and rock in planning the risk
management strategies
 Assess the limitations faced by the event managers of pop, afrobeat and rock shows
during the incorporation of the risk management planning
1.3 Research Questions
The research questions that are related to the current research topic are as follows:
Q1. What are the key risk attitude and beliefs among the event managers of the pop, afrobeat and
rock shows in accordance to the size of the audience?
Q2. What are the impact of the audiences and the size of the audience on the perception of the
event managers in planning the risk management strategies of these musical event shows?
Q3. What are the limitations associated with the event managers in the incorporation risk
management strategies in these event shows and the how does audience have a role within it?
1.4 Rationale of the Study
There has been a rise in demand all over the globe with respect to music concerts among
the audiences and in order to organize a concert in an orderly manner, the event managers has to
take drastic steps and actions. There are numerous concerts and shows that are held in the O2
arena and accordingly there are several risks associated to these shows as well. However, in this
paper the risks that are related to the events of several musical concerts will be assessed and
thereby take measures with the help of which they are able to conclude these shows effectively.
The justification for undertaking study has therefore been to understand the kind of risks that are
related to the concerts and understand how the society influences the event managers to take

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steps in order to construct risk management strategies for these shows. It is due to this fact that it
is essential to assess the risk assessment process of music concert shows in O2 arena.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This section of the paper would look to address the papers have been created by the other
researchers and are comparable to this research topic. This researches that have been undertaken
by the other researches on similar topics earlier will be analysed and accordingly steps and
measures will be taken with the help of which this literature review can be constructed in an
effective manner. The risks that are pertinent to the musical event shows would be scrutinized
and accordingly measures and steps can be taken that will be useful for the completion of this
paper in an effective manner.
2.2 Event Management
In order to have an understanding of the challenges and the issues one faces to arrange a
concert or a music festival with respect to security, it is essential to start from the beginning.
Hence, the point of initiation is when one thinks about the sort of music festival or concert that is
being organized. This role is undertaken by the event managers, who have the responsibility of
arranging the entire event along with satisfy the expectations and the needs of the audiences and
the requests of the clients and hosts (Heckmann, Comes and Nickel 2015).
In the beginning, the event managers have to think about the kind of music festival or
concert the program will be like classical, rock or pop, the reason for arranging the event, the one
who is going to attend the event, the associated stakeholders, the time when the event is going to
take place, the location of the program, the people who would be performing, the resources that
are available and the ones that are required (Kyu et al. 2016).

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After these issues have been resolved, the next step is to look into the specific security
and safety measures that need to be initiated for these various kinds of aspects. This is
undertaken with the help of sustainable evaluations on the desires, wishes and the resources that
are available. This job is undertaken by the risk managers. In certain cases, the risk managers
even act the event manager, and in other circumstances the risk managers perform in a different
department. In any scenario, their actions and decisions are always interrelated.
2.3 Risk Management
In the current time period, risk management has become a more professional and
renowned aspect of the event management and certain risk management departments and they
have been looked upon as the significant section of the employees associated with the events. In
the current time period, risk management is one of the key functional areas of the event
management; because of the fact that both the departments function together in order to make
sure that the risks are taken into consideration for the operations and the planning of the events
and that the entire event management is constructed for anything that can occur before, after and
during the event (Kerr et al. 2014). The key task and the functions of the event managers is to
undertake the process of decision making, to be assured to comply with the law, handle the
emergencies, take care of the safety and the health related issues, maintain all the essential
insurances, meet and make consultations with the authorities about the required agreements,
undertake licenses and policies, permissions; manage all the aspects of security that is related to
the audiences and the equipment and have complete authority and control of everything that is
related to the event.
Simultaneously, the event managers need to have proper understanding of the risk
management functions and therefore the initial function is to have in mind that none of the events

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that take place are free of risks and that every risk manager needs to be ready for the worst
scenario. In case of the most unprecedented circumstances, there are circumstances everything
can go wrong (Stone et al. 2016). For instance, one can have a venue that is properly secured and
have the most expertise and skilled employees and even then something out of the ordinary like a
person who is sick may collapse in the middle of the event show and thereby may create a
disorder within the crowd, which may lead to injuries and accidents and in the worst scenario
there can be death in the middle of the program as well. It is therefore essential for the risk
managers and the event managers to have prior knowledge about these circumstances and
thereby maintain a safety list with regards to the common types of the risks that might take place
during the time of an event.
The various kinds of risks that are associated to the event management programs involve
the pollution that can take place with respect to air and water, crowd disorder, use of alcohol and
other kinds of drugs within the arena, thefts, sexual assaults, terrorism, natural disasters etc.
Gao et al. (2015) addressed that anything can occur during the time of an event and it is a
wrong notion to assume that none of these events may occur during the time of an event. As
anything can take place during the time of an event, it is better to be ready for any kind of risks
rather than regretting later on.
In order to recognize the risks prior to the event and to restrict them, it is the role of the
risk managers to organize and plan their research with the assistance of constant research with
the assistance of effective level of decision making process. The process of decision making
addresses the role of recognizing, selecting the alternatives that is reliant on the preferences and
the values of the decision makers. It is even the process of adequately minimizing the level of

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uncertainty and the hesitations about the substitutes in order to permit a reasonable choice that is
to be made from them.
2.4 Risk Management Process
The process of decision making is vital for the purpose of risk management process. This
is the technique where all the risks are estimated earlier and accordingly restricted. The scope of
the process of risk management is dependent on the type and the size of the event that is
organized, even though the feature and the characteristics of the events and it is reliant on all the
decisions that requires to be made in order to give out a safe, secured and organized event.
In order to predict and restrict all the risks that are associated to an event, it is essential to
assess, monitor and control and these jobs are performed by taking assistance of a four step
process of risk management (Tomlins et al. 2016). The four step process involves planning,
recognizing, assessing and responding. Thereafter, all the desires and needs are required to be
documented so that it can be utilized as a reference for the events that may take place in the
future. It is during this process that a plan related to risk can be generated.
The elements and the contents of a risk plan are all the elements that are taken into
consideration during the process of risk management and its several phases. It is inclusive of the
overview of everyone and everything that is related within an event as well as the kind, goals,
purpose and the objectives of the events. Furthermore, it is inclusive of all the terms that are
associated with the companies and the ability of the event like the obligations, needs and
resources that are available; techniques and processes that is to be performed during the time of
risk evaluation, resources and the procedures that is essential for responding to the risk based
activities and the techniques, processes and resources that is essential for the documentation of
the risks and thereafter reporting the activities (Watts et al. 2015). The key points of the process

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of risk planning involves the planning of the risk, the identification of the risk, assessment of the
risk, the responses of the risks, controlling and monitoring of the risks, communication of the
risk and the documentation of the risk.
Risk Planning: The intention of planning the risk is to construct a framework for undertaking
decisions that is dependent in the capability of the risk manager and have the ability to make
changes in the events according to the situations, to promote and enhance open minded
capability and understanding the personal strengths and weaknesses (Kivimäki et al. 2015). The
knowledge that is based on the estimations, the involvement of media over the event, the
shareholder’s knowledge, the association with the local authorities and how the events are aware
culturally is the role of the risk managers. Hence, risk planning recognizes, assesses, monitors,
tracks, communicates and reports the risk. The goal is to be the foundation in order to put
together a plan that is associated to risk management.
Risk analysing and identification: In the overall process of this phase, the event component
locations are assessed and recognized in order to reduce the effect of the risks and their chances
of taking place (Ouyang 2014).
Risk Response: It associates with the selection, assessment and the incorporation of the
techniques for the purpose of managing the risks and is inclusive of what is to be done and who
and when will be accountable. In order to generate an efficient plan that is associated to risk
response, the probable risks needs to be discovered apart from assessing their cause and effects
and ascertaining what are the alternatives that can be undertaken in order to answer to each of the
risks (Koks et al. 2015). These alternatives are inclusive of whether to dodge, retain, minimize
and transfer a risk and how these elements are likely to have an impact on the costs, performance
and schedules. All the stakeholders and the personnel who have been effected by the measures

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that have been undertaken must be informed about how to react and even gain knowledge about
the scope of the effect for the measures that have been taken.
Risk control and monitoring: This is associated with looking through the risk status and the
performance of the risk controlling actions and creating the other measures of risks and the
actions that are required all over the event planning method. Strongly associated with the control
is another process of managing the changes (DeFilippis et al. 2015). As explained earlier,
everything can take place and all the risk managers’ needs to be ready for any kind of probable
changes. If the managers do not have control over the changes indicates that the managers do not
have no control over the event and the incidents that can take place unprecedentedly. A skilled
risk manager has to reveal their capability to react towards the changes that are taking place.
Risk communication: This is related to the information transfer on the events and consultations
related to the same as well. The effective level of risk communication should assist in the
acquisition of the essential information that assists in predicting and getting ready for the risks
and receiving the messages prior to something taking place. An effective process of
communication is even significant in order to facilitate the information flow during the time of
an event with the help of radios, cell phones and walkie-talkies etc. The information needs to be
timely, precise and accurate and once a decision has been undertaken and this information needs
to be delivered to the external and the internal employees, suppliers and the related stakeholders
(Ruff et al. 2014). The undertaking of regular meetings also assists during the entire risk
management process as the alterations and the risks can be assessed and addressed in an effective
manner while they are occurring needs to be reminded.
The other risk communication tool that is essential is the employee handbook. It is very
supportive in managing the events as all the security plans are provided in a summary and would

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be the best and the most effective process for referencing during the event. It is very essential
that the employee handbook is provided to the employees in order to have an understanding of
the risks before the event takes place and maintaining the handbook even during the concert is an
effective idea as no one would be able to keep track of all the phone numbers and names of all
the associated organizations and personnel who are associated with the concert.
Risk Documentation: This is inclusive of all the reports and the documents that have been
collected and made during the process of risk management and even latter to the event. This
provides an evidence of goals and the outcomes that is obtained, it assists the planning that is
made for the actions and the activities that is to be performed and it provides a legal and official
evidence of all the incidents and the incorporation of the care of duty (Mega et al. 2015).
2.5 The Security Plan
The security plan acts as a guide and overviews all the reports and documents and
undertakes the plans that are collected from the risk management process and the risk plan. It is
essential that every company needs to have a security plan as it is essential for an event within
which the responsibilities and the duties are explained and all the items and processes are listed
in it. It is the security plan of the company with respect to the entire events with respect to
security (Montibeller and Winterfeldt 2015). The absence of this plan can lead to a threat to the
security due to the absence of planning in scenarios when something goes wrong. The security
plan needs to comprise of the following information:
 All the factors of risk related to the event
 The process of accessing the tools that are going to be utilized like the restricted areas
and the credentials

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 The kind of personnel that is hired for the purpose of the event along with their tasks,
working schedules and the information related to the contact.
 A list of all the systems that is used in order to back up in case of failure of energy.
2.6 Kinds of Risks
The assessment of risk is dependent on the kind of risk that takes place in the musical
concerts. It is seen that every kind of music events have their own kind of risks and the risks that
would be addressed in this paper would be related to the pop musical concerts. This paper is
related to the risk assessment of the risks that are taking place in the music concerts taking place
all over the globe and in O2 Arena. An assessment of the risks that are seen in the musical shows
of Justin Bieber are analysed in order to have an understanding of the risks and the risk
evaluation measures.
Stampede: It is seen that as pop music has extensive level of popularity all over the globe, it is
seen that people coming to visit the concert is very high. When there is a rise in the level of
audience, there exist chances of stampede as when there is excessive pressure there are
possibilities people may push each other and thereby someone might fall and thereafter others
may step over each other. In these circumstances people may die and may lead to serious injuries
(James et al. 2016). Therefore, it is essential to maintain a queue and arrange a planned setup
with respect to which the audiences can enter and exit the premises in an orderly manner.
Drugs: The use of drugs is one of the key risks that musical concerts face. There are situations
when certain audiences visit the concert by taking drugs so that they can have a feel of the music
and the rhythm that is played in the concert (Ho et al. 2015). The use of drugs has been a
common scenario in the current time period and therefore there have been several issues and
discrepancies that have been taking place during the concert show. The use of drugs leads to the

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audiences becoming hostile and losing their patience and coming out of their own self, which
would lead to rude and bad behaviour along with problems with the other audiences. There are
even circumstances when these people make use of abusive words and create vandalism, which
would lead to a disaster in the concert.
2.7 Summary of the literature
This section of the paper has therefore looked to address and highlight all the issues and
the risks that are related to a musical event show and has even explained the risk management
process that is undertaken by the event and the risk managers in order to reduce their level of
risks and accordingly take measures that would be helpful in the mitigation of the risks. There
has been an observation that the event managers needs to be aware of all the kinds of risks that
are pertinent to a music concerts and thereafter take measures that would be helpful in mitigating
the risks. The literature has even addressed the risks that are pertinent to pop music and so that
the event managers can have knowledge of the risks and maintain their risk management
handbook accordingly. The literature review has been helpful in taking the research forward and
thereafter data can be collected with the help of which analysis process can be initiated.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This section of the paper has been framed in order to have an idea about the process that
would be selected in order to undertake the process of collecting the data and accordingly take
steps so that data analysis can be taken. There are numerous kinds of data and their process of
collecting the data that are available to the researcher and the collection of the data relies on the
topic that has been chosen in order to take research forward. The methodology section would
even explain the philosophy that would be chosen, the methodology that would be selected, the
research approach, designs and strategies that would be undertaken by the researcher in order to
collect the data. The data collection process and the analysis technique will be explained and
accordingly would be helpful for the researcher.
3.2 Research Philosophy
The philosophy of the research, which is even known as the research paradigm provides
an assistance in order to have an understanding of the knowledge, ideas and advices about the
tools and the procedures that would be undertaken by taking assistance of the information that is
associated with the current topic and this data can be attained and preserved (Lewis 2015). The
researcher has discovered that there are three kinds of philosophies that are available to them and
accordingly it is the role of the researcher to decide which philosophy to select in order to gain
the most effective data. In this scenario, the researcher has chosen the philosophy of positivism
because of the fact that this research is based on the discovering the key risks that are related to
music concerts and therefore a positive feedback and explanation has to be made in accordance
to the available risks so that the researcher can collect data accordingly and with the help of the
same the paper can be completed.

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3.3 Choice of the methodology
The type of methodology that is utilized in a research paper ascertains the degree and the
validation of the research paper and the results that would be discovered. The methodology
selection is dependent on the data that is suitable for this topic and accordingly the researcher
chooses the topic. In this manner, the researcher has decided to make use of the qualitative data
and accordingly undertake qualitative data analysis with the help of which the researcher would
be able to gain effective data for the completion of the paper. The risks that are related to music
concerts will be assessed and therefore qualitative data analysis would be undertaken as
secondary data will be used for the purpose of the research.
3.4 Research Approach
The approach of the research is associated with the structures, models and frameworks
that would be used by the researcher in order to collect the data. In this paper, risk evaluation of
the music concerts would be taken into consideration and therefore secondary data would be
used (Brinkmann 2014). In this sense as the researcher would be making use of the frameworks
and the models that are already existent, it is seen that deductive approach will be used in this
paper in order to collect the secondary data with respect to the present and the future risks.
3.5 Research Design
The design addresses the processes and the methods that would be undertaken in order to
frame a design that would be ideal for the research. The design would explain the data
effectively and in this respect the researcher has selected descriptive research design as all the
data would explain in an explicit manner so that the data can be used for data analysis.

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3.6 Data Collection Process
This paper is related to understanding and assessing the risks that are related to music
concerts and therefore secondary data will be used because of the fact that secondary data would
be helpful in providing data with respect to the risks that have occurred earlier and the ones that
are already present so that precise level of data analysis can be undertaken. The secondary data
would be gathered from various sources like internet websites, various other journals and articles
that have been provided by the other researchers with the help of which this paper can move
ahead (Choy 2014). The data would even be collected from the videos of the music concerts and
accordingly an idea can be attained with respect to what type of risks has taken place so that
assessment of the same can be understood.
3.7 Data Analysis Technique
This paper is related to understanding the risks that are related to the music concerts and
the assessment of the same with the help of which the paper can be completed. In this manner, it
is seen that the researcher has looked to make use secondary facts and figures that would be
helpful for the determination of the risks and with the help of the analysis an understanding can
be attained with the help of which extent of risk and whether the degree of risk has increased or
decreased can be known in an effective manner (Jamshed 2014).
3.8 Ethical Consideration
Ethics is one of the essential concerns that are considered by the researcher and
accordingly the data is collected so that the collected data is true and fair. There are several
principles and regulations that are constructed by the national and international bodies and it is
the duty of the researcher to maintain these ethics so that true and fair results can be attained

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(McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). The maintenance of ethics ensures the readers that the all the
data is authentic and can be used for future works and purposes.
3.9 Summary
The research methodology has therefore shown that secondary data would be used in this
paper and deductive approach along with descriptive research design would be used in this
paper. The researcher would be making use of the positivism philosophy and thereby an idea can
be attained with respect to which the next section of the paper can move forward.

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Introduction
The segment of data analysis constitutes of the process with the help of which the
collected data is synchronized in an effective manner and thereafter assessment and comparison
of the same is done in order to ascertain the perfect outcome of the data, which would be helpful
in determining the actual result that is deemed by the researcher for this thesis paper. The
analysis would be based on the area, the location, the kind of audience and the shows that are
taking place in O2 Arena in London. The O2 Arena has been operational for more than 15 years
and in this arena more than 600 artists have performed and have entertained the audience. It is
one of the largest musical event arenas in United Kingdom. Like all other arenas, the risks that
are pertinent to the event arenas are dependent on the artist who is performing, the kind of
audience that would be visiting the show and the volume of the audience who would be coming
for the visit. An analysis of all these areas will be done in order to have an effective
understanding of the risk assessment of musical events in O2 Arena.
4.2 Analysis
During the 1990s, the worldwide events and festival industry has developed and evolved
at a fast rate. Basner et al. (2014) explains that short term events that are oriented towards the
tastes and the interests of a particular group and in the same manner providing cultural tourism
for the other groups have provided satisfaction to the audiences and development of the event
shows. This process in general has become an essential medium for delivering a complete
experience of entertainment. It is an essential medium with the help of which the social, leisure
and cultural experience can be attained.

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There has been a steady rise in the attendance and the frequency of shows with respect to
the musical event shows and Arnedo et al. (2015) have addressed that development of musical
events has been higher since the year 2008 and the rate has been increasing in UK till the year
2012.
Furthermore, music events in UK are even able to attract 7.7 million music tourists and
thereby have a fundamental economic effect on the host nation. This scenario is observed
universally. While the essential reason for coming to the musical events associates directly to the
theme that is offered by the event, music is even a part of the attraction. The concerts and the
shows that are undertaken by renewed rock and pop stars have been able to attract a lot of
audiences all over the globe. The initiation of these kinds of musical event shows are
fundamental for the development of satisfaction among the audiences as they are able to move
out of their daily issues and lead certain moments are peace.
However, these events have certain kinds of risks and these risks have turned out to be
fatal in certain instances as well. The risks and the issues have been so crucial that assessment of
the same is essential. The organizers even take prior actions and measures before the
commencement of the musical event shows and maintain contingency plans in order to mitigate
the issues and reducing the impact of these issues once they occur. Imtiaz et al. (2014) addressed
that most of the risks and the injuries that have occurred have been due to the crowd related
issues. In most of the risks that have taken place due to the crowd related issues the injuries that
have taken place have been generally minor. The findings have confirmed that minor headaches
and trauma have been the most common injuries that have been faced by the audience. There
exists chances of fatal injuries as well but the percentage has been very low. The risks in the

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musical and other events have been existent since the 1800s, when several issues like this have
taken place.
Figure 1: Examples of Past Disasters
(Source: Kapucu and Liou 2014)
This table has tried to explain the various accidents and incidents that have taken in the
past in several countries and it is seen that number of deaths have been the most in the incident
that has taken place at Santiago, Chile. The reason for such accidents have been several and the
data gathered from the table indicates the fact that risks and accidents that have been taking place
in the events have been existent from a long time ago. With the advent of time, the frequency of

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the event shows have increased worldwide, the incidence of these risks has increased immensely.
The mortality rates as well as the frequency of the injuries have increased. The sort of crowd that
is visiting the event is dependent on the kind of event that is taking place and therefore the risks
differ as well.
4.2.1 Crowd related issues
Richter et al. (2015) addressed that most of the issues that take place in a musical concert
are due to the behaviour and the attitude of the crowd and the audiences. For instance, the
audiences who come for a visit in the rock concerts like an event show for “AC/DC” have the
tendency of taking drugs and alcohols. The audiences in line with the music and the ambience
that is created through their drug consumption nature become furious mob and try to bang on
with the music. This leads to angry mobs and damages to the properties as the audiences become
limitless and are unable to control their own feelings and behaviour. This even leads to
stampedes that injure a lot of audiences.
On the other hand, the metal concerts that take place, like for instance the shows of
“SlipKnot” and “Lamb of God” have different issues and risks. Zinn (2015) highlighted that one
of the greatest concerns have been the development of mosh pits. The results have indicated that
overcrowding of the mosh pits are the vital reasons for the accidents, Denzin and Giardina
(2016) explained that a large proportion of these accidents have taken place due to exit and
entrance. The crowds generally tend to damage the property as the crowds that are seen in metal
concerts are hostile and therefore behave very rude and arrogantly.

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Figure 2: Significant crowd related disaster
(Source: Ogie et al. 2017)
The table that has been shown above explains the number of injuries and deaths that have
taken place all over the globe and it is seen that most of the disasters have taken place due to the
lack of effective designs in the musical events that have taken place. There have been a number
of other risks and disasters that have taken place because of forged tickets, raining, shots fired
and other factors and there have been several deaths and injuries that have taken place. The
results have indicated that number of incidents have increased as the years have passed by. The
rap shows like for examples the shows where music celebrities like “Eminem” performs the
crowds are looked upon to be somewhat better and they look to enjoy the music along with the

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lyrics. In such events the risks have been overcrowding as the fan following for Eminem is
humongous and audiences and fans all over the globe come to visit the shows. The female
audiences have been higher in such shows and therefore risks related to sexual and mental
harassments have significantly high (Bannon et al. 2016). The use of foul languages have been
higher as well as this thought to be a part of the concert and the music that is performed.
Pop music has been one of the most demanded music and “Justin Bieber” is a legend in
terms of pop music. The extent of crowd has been significantly higher and therefore issues
related to overcrowding are present extensively. Stampedes have been very common in these
shows and it is seen that the use of drugs have been key issues.
The risks that have been determined in accordance to the musical events that take place
more frequently indicates that behaviour of the audience is one of the significant risks that is
faced by the musical events and therefore the main role of the organizers have been to tackle and
manage the audiences safely and calmly.
4.2.2 Risks on the aspect of the organizers
Thorn, Thornton and Helfgott (2015) highlighted that there have been certain events that
have taken place previously where the risks and the issues have been generated due to the
mismanagement from the event managers and the organizers. In certain cases there has been an
observation that the organizers print more tickets than the actual capacity of the arena that leads
to overcrowding in the concert. The overcrowding leads to opposing movements among the
audiences and the uncontrolled movements among a huge number of audiences. This creates
trips, slips and falls within the area and in certain instances can lead to stampedes as well. The
failure in the safety management by the event managers even create certain amount of issues as
well because of the fact that ineffective examination and checking of the audiences before

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entering the arena or the location of the concert leads to audiences brining in hazardous items
within the premises that may lead to the dangerous scenarios. Brown et al. (2015) cited that in
many concerts there have been shots fired and explosions that have injured many and have taken
lives of several individuals. The unavailability of security even leads to terrorist attacks. It is
even seen that in many concerts the lack of security personnel in proportion to the number of
audience who have visited the concert even leads to problems and risks because of the fact that
the security personnel are unable to manage the overall audience.
4.2.3 O2 Arena
This arena is one of the largest arenas in United Kingdom and there have been several
shows that have been organized in this arena. The arena is able to accompany more than 20000
audiences and all the shows have been tremendously hit. The location is very good and therefore
has been able to attract audience from several locations of the globe. The ease of access is every
easy. The arena have their own security measures and therefore has emergency exists along with
fire extinguishing items and alarm system (Hogenboom et al. 2016). The arena is a planned one
and therefore has an effective safety plan with respect to which all sorts of risks can be managed
in an effective manner. There are several security cameras that are installed in all the areas of the
arena and thereby are able to keep a track of all the activities that are taking place in the arena.
The arena has an automated body scanner with the help of which all the personnel who are
visiting the concert can be examined and any restricted object can be identified and the personnel
can be restricted from entering the premises. However, unprecedented risks and accidents can
take place and therefore contingency plans needs to be constructed in order to conduct an
effective concert.

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The results have indicated that there has been a rise in the level of risks with the rise in
the frequency of the concerts. However, the maintenance of effective plans and policies would be
able to mitigate the risks and provide a better quality and safer concert for the audiences.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work
5.1 Conclusion
This research was undertaken in order to have an understanding of the risks and the
assessment of the risks with the help of which an understanding of the risks that are seen in
musical concerts can be understood. The case study that has been taken into consideration relates
to the O2 Arena in London. A background over the musical shows that have taken place in the
history has been assessed. The background has even pointed out certain facts based on the shows
that are taking place in O2 Arena. The rationale of the research has addressed the justification of
the topic that has been chosen and how the assessment of the topic would be helpful in the
development of better risk assessment measures and the mitigation of the risks. The research
objectives, aims and the research questions have been constructed in order to have an idea of the
aspects in accordance to which the results can be obtained.
The second section of the paper has provided an idea about the articles and the
suggestions that have been given other researchers based on similar topics. The researchers have
identified that there are several kinds of risks that are associated with the musical concerts and
how they have been able to have an impact on the same. The event management process has
been explained along with the explanation of the risk management plans that are generally
constructed by the event managers. The risk management process is even explained and
accordingly the planning for the risks and the assessment and recognition of the risk is even
explained. The responses that are received in accordance to the risks are even explained so that
the monitoring and the controlling process can be undertaken in an effective manner. The
security plan that is developed for the mitigation of the risks is even explained and accordingly in

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order to have an idea of the aspects that have been developed the risks that are seen in the
musical events of Justin Bieber has been explained.
There are numerous kinds of data that are available with respect to this topic and
accordingly the selection of the most suitable data is collected with the help of the approaches
and the designs used for the purpose of collection of the data. The secondary data that has been
used in this thesis paper has assisted in the creation of results that are essential. The authenticity
of the results in accordance to this paper can be obtained once the results have been able to
answer the objectives that have been identified earlier. Hence, explaining the objectives is
essential.
5.1.1 Addressing the objectives
Objective 1: Assess the mindset of the audiences that has an impact on the behaviour and the
attitudes of the event management of the artists like pop, afrobeat and rock in planning the
risk management strategies
In accordance to this objective, it is seen that the results have been able to recognise the
point of view of the audiences and the behaviour of the audiences because of which several kinds
of risks and issues have developed. The results have shown that behaviour of the audiences play
a fundamental role in the development of effective musical concerts and therefore plans and
strategies needs to be maintained in order to control the attitude of the audiences. The risks can
be categorized according to the severity and accordingly the event managers construct their risk
assessment and management plan.

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Objective 2: Assess the limitations faced by the event managers of pop, afrobeat and rock
shows during the incorporation of the risk management planning
The results that have been collected explains that managers face several issues with
respect to the shows that are conducted and the risks differ in accordance to the shows that are
taking place and accordingly take measures to mitigate the same. The outcome has even
addressed the fact that such limitations are always existent while undertaking any kind of
concerts and it is the duty of the managers to maintain contingencies with the help of which these
limitations can be reduced.
The results that have been attained therefore has been successful in answering the
objectives that have been constructed for this paper and accordingly have been able to explain
the fact that risk assessments are required for the development of a better musical events and
assessment of the risks have been effective enough for answering the issues especially in O2
arena.
5.2 Recommendations
The completion of the thesis leads to the discovery of several recommendations with the
help of which better researches can be undertaken and accordingly better risk assessment plans
can be undertaken for the future music shows. The paper has even identified that risk
management is essential for the development of better shows and O2 arena is one of the
renowned concert halls. The concert hall certain limitations as well but these limitations have
been mitigated with the help of the several automated and modern security and safety tools and
equipment.

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It is recommended event managers need to construct plans and policies with the help of
which the risks that can take place and the unprecedented risks that can take place so that these
risks can be mitigated and a better show can be conducted.
It is recommended that the managers assess the market from time to time in order to
discover the new and innovative tools that are developed with the help of which these risks can
be mitigated in an effective manner.
It is recommended that the managers assess the attitude of the audiences and provide
certain amenities so that the mindset of the audiences can be maintained and these issues can be
mitigated.
5.3 Future Work
The topic that has been concluded is an ongoing topic of concern as with the advent of
time new risks can arise and with the changes in the tastes and preferences of the consumers the
kind of musical events that would be undertaken would change as well. Therefore, future
researches can be undertaken in accordance to this topic and better results can be attained and a
comparison with the current research can be undertaken with the help of which the effective
level of changes can be identified.

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