Risk Management of the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020

This report provides a risk assessment and management analysis of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo. It begins with an introduction to risk management and a literature review covering the overview of risk management. The methodology section details the research approach, design, data collection (primary data via questionnaires with risk experts), and data analysis, including a risk management matrix. The findings section presents the results, focusing on the likelihood and impact of risks such as earthquakes, terrorism, and cybersecurity threats. The report concludes with a risk management plan addressing these identified risks, emphasizing infrastructural changes and updated software to mitigate potential issues. The report highlights the importance of understanding and preparing for various risks to ensure the successful execution of the Olympic Games.

RISK MANAGEMENT
OF OLYMPIC GAMES
IN TOKIO 2020

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
Overview of risk management................................................................................................2
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................4
FINDINGS .....................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
Questionnaire .......................................................................................................................11
1

INTRODUCTION
Risk assessment is a procedure through which an individual identifies different risk
factors and devises appropriate mitigation plans and policies In this, in order to reduce or
overcome risk, suitable strategies are designed to prevent risk and ensure successful execution,
known as risk management. The present report is based on risk assessment and management of
Summer Olympic 2020 (Aldrich, 2017 ). It aims at evaluating the likelihood and impact of
various risk factors i.e. Earthquake, tsunami, cyber security and terrorism. and others to make
suitable plans. These factors affects the management of event and creates huge disturbance and
difficulties for citizens. Risk management plan will facilitiates to prevent such risk factors
effectively and generate effective results.
Overview of Summer Olympic 2020
In September 2013, International Olympic committee awarded Summer Olympic 2020 to
Tokyo. It was selected through voting, in this process Tokyo was provided with 60 votes in final
round and Istanbul received 36 votes only. However, Madrid was eliminated after the 1st round,
due to tie break. Tokyo was able to influence maximum number of voter due to their strong
technical image; it supported them in increasing their vote count. After, 26 years Japan will be
again hosting Olympic game (TOKYO 2020, 2017). Through this event they are considering
three fundamentals elements such as, introducing personal best, unity in diversity and future
technologies. Through hosting this event it will become first country of Asia that will host 4
games. In this event 33 different sports will be featured (The Tokyo Shimbun's Five challenges
for Tokyo 2020 Olympic, 2017). The present report is based on the risk assessment and
management, with the help of this step, analyser will be able to determine risk along with their
impact. It helps in implementing management strategies for Summer Olympic 2020 Tokyo.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of risk management
Risk management is a process through which an individual is able to identify various risk
hazard and on the basis of that necessary strategies are implemented, in order to reduce their
impact. As per the view of Cairney and et.al., (2017), with the help of this management activities
companies are able to ensure successful execution of the planned program, events or projects.
According to Fahimnia and et.al., (2015 ) probability of occurring loss and identifying their
factors are known as risk assessment and strategies for control their impact are known as risk
2

management. There are wide range of threats exists such as legal, strategic, financial ,natural,
safety and others. The management process includes planning of activities, which is based on
their priorities, evaluation, examination and decision making. There are various factors are
determined that can affects the success rate of the event. Some of them are like natural, diseases,
food, traffic, crime, etc. priorities. According to Fahimnia and et.al., (2015), there are various
benefits also associated with this step. It helps in making the procedure effective and efficient
and supports better outcomes for the companies. Failure of assessment and management refers
that analysis and recognition activities are not executed properly, due to which outcomes risks
are not responding positive results. On the basis of above discussion it is explored that with the
help of risk assessment process, efficiency and effectiveness of Summer Olympic 2020 can be
increased.
On the cocontrary note, Heckmann, Comes and Nickel, (2015) there are various limitations are
also associated with this process, such as it depends on the environmental conditions and
analysis procedure.
Techniques of risk management:
There are various techniques are available of risk management. As per the view of
Lauermann, (2014) mentioned two methods of risk assessment that are qualitative and
quantitative risk management techniques. Qualitative risk management is a techniques through
which researcher is able to determine risk factors with the help of probability of the event.
Through implementing the qualitative risk analysis method, prioritization of task takes place on
the basis of activities risk score or level of concerns,It helps in generating outcomes depending
on previous activities, due to which effective risk controlling strategies cannot be developed.
Along with this it does not uses any standard mathematical tools for risk evaluation and only
discover the hidden pattern.. However, as per the view of Takeda and et.al., (2016) these factors
can be overcome with the help of quantitative risk analysis. In this process all the mathematical
tools are applied for determining the higher risk areas. Along with this information generated
with the help of this method have proper evidences which ensure its reliability.. While
implementing this approach, manager is able to determine risk factors in terms of cost and time.
It helps in developing strategies in order to meet the target and livelihoods. However, this
method is effective in case of moderate and complex situation.
Strategies for risk management:
3

Risk management is considered as one of the most important. In order to effectively
implement this process various strategies are also developed. According to Takeda and et.al.,
(2016) risk can be controlled and managed with the help of six steps, such as avoidance, loss
prevention, loss reduction, separation, duplication and diversification. Aldrich, (2017) stated that
risk avoidance is one of the most effective step. If the strategies are implemented successfully,
changes of their failure become 0%. Through implementing these method possibilities of risk can
be eliminated completely. However, it is able to generate better results for simple or moderate
situations. It is able to generate productive results into standard condition (Cairney and et.al.,
2017 ). The major disadvantage of applying such method is it does not generate 100% outcomes.
With the help of loss reduction method, researcher is not able to eliminate the risk factors but is
can be minimised at great extend, due to this it is considered as wide scale. However, through
applying the method of duplication technique of risk management, backup plan is developed in
order to handle their impact.
METHODOLOGY
Research approach: It is a process through which researcher is able to make assumption and
hypothesis in order to measure relevance of data. The present research is based on inductive
research approach, with the help of this researcher will be able to develop conceptual framework,
along with this it helps in determining pattern for controlling risk factors (Cairney and et.al.,
2017 ). Inductive approach is applied because it is based on qualitative risk assessment procedure
wherein researcher explore qualitative aspects to answer the research questions.
. It helps in overcoming various issues such as gathering specific information and testing
effectiveness of the data.
Research design: Research design integrates distinctive elements of a research in a coherently
manner so as to investigate the chosen area of research issue in a thoroughly manner.
This is considered as a process through which researcher is able to establish relation between
dependent and independent variables. In this process various tools and methodologies are
available such as semi structured and non technical tools. The present report applied nsisting
analytical research designing. With the help of this method, researcher will be able to identifies
risk factors, examine their impact and likelihood of occurence so as to make proper plans and
risk mitigation strategies for the summer Olympic in TOKYO
4

(Heckmann, Comes and Nickel, 2015). Through implementing this strategy, investigator will be
able to develop in-depth information regarding risk management.
Data collection: Data collection is considered as an essential step in order to generate necessary
information and facts. There are two kinds of data collection methods that are primary and
secondary collections, first involve gathering new information whereas second technique
involves procuring already available information from other published or unpublished material.
The present research is consisting of primary data collection strategy (Lauermann, 2014). In this
process information is obtained through using questionnaire using purposive sampling method.
For the purpose of sample, 10 risk experts have been taken into account who has been surveyed
to determine the likelihood along with the possible impact of different risk factors for the
planned summer Olympics 2020 in Tokyo.
Data analysis: This is considered as an essential part of research methodology which aims at
evaluating and analysing the collected information. Through applying qualitative data method,
analyser is able to generate pattern (Myers, 2014). In the current study, thematic analysis
technique has been applied along with the presentation of findings in the form of graphs, charts.
Moreover, risk management matrix has been designed to clearly illustrate all the identified risk
factors for the planned Olympics with their probability of occurrence and possible impact.
On the other hand, quantitative research method is based on the implementation of mathematical
tools and techniques like SPSS.
FINDINGS
Risk Matrix
Impact High 3 31 32 33
Moderate 2 21 22 23
Low 1 11 12 13
1 2 3
Low Moderate High
Likelihood
Theme: 1. Earthquake has high likelihood, terrorism has low likelihood and cyber security has
moderate probability of occurence
5

Likelihood
Low Moderate High
Earthquake 0 1 9
Terrorism 6 3 1
Cyber security 3 4 3
Interpretation:
In accordance with the survey results, in which out of 10 experts, 9 selected earthquake
as high and remaining answered it as moderate. In case of terrorism activities 1 answered high, 3
responded moderate and remaining selected 6 low. Similarly, cyber security risks are reviewed
as 3 for high and 4as moderate and remaining 3 for low. On the basis of majority of responses, it
is analysed that livelihood occurrence of earthquake in Japan is highest. On the basis of past
records it is analysed that every year approx. 2000 shakes are felt by Japanese. along with this
approx. 140,000 people are killed in Tokyo due to this only (The Tokyo Shimbun's Five
challenges for Tokyo 2020 Olympic, 2017 ). On the basis of above survey it is analysed that
most of the people felt that terrorism activities is another major issue of concern for the Japanese
administration, it is also creates huge impact on the management activities of the Olympic 2020.
The last is cyber security, due to increased technologies, security challenges are also increased.
In order to overcome them effective security software are required.
6

Impact
Low Moderate High
Earthquake 0 2 8
Terrorism 1 5 4
Cyber security 6 3 1
Interpretation:
On the basis of survey in which out of 10 experts, 8 selected impact of earthquake as high
and remaining 2 answered it as moderate. In case of terrorism activities 4 answered as high, 5
responded as moderate and 1 reviewed as low . Similarly, cyber security risks impact is reviewed
as 1 for high and 3 moderate and 6 for low. On the basis of majority of responses it is analysed
that earthquake creates huge impact on the life of Japanese people. It causes immense loss of life
and property and also raise problems like radiation leakages. Terrorism activities also create
huge impact on the tourisms and other industries. Increased technologies are creating various
challenges for cyber security, it is creating problems like data breach and data loss.
7

Risk management plan
RISK ASSESSMENT/MANAGEMENT - OLYMPIC GAMES IN TOKYO
Risk
Proba
bility
Imp
act
Risk
Score
Risk
Leve
l Strategy
Response
s
Sched
ule
Budg
et
Roles&Respo
nses
Earthquake 3 3 33 High
Implement
infrastructura
l changes so
that buildings
can absorb
shakes.
Continge
ncy Plan
Every
Year
$1.5
billio
n
Disaster and
risk manager
Cyber
security 2 1 21 Low
Use of
updated
software
increases
cyber
security,
reduces
possibility of
data loss and
data breach.
Continge
ncy Plan
Six
months
$0.6
billio
n Cyber expert
Terrorism 1 2 12 Low
Distribute
regions into
small zones
and on the
basis of that
security
measures will
be applied.
Continge
ncy Plan
Every
five
month
$1.3
billio
n
Anti-terrorist
department
8

Theme 3: Introducing changes in infrastructure can be considered to overcome earthquake.
Risk management strategies Frequency
Hazard mapping 1
Public awareness 2
Introducing changes in infrastructure. 7
Interpretation:
On the basis of survey result it is analysed that through implementing infrastructural
changes impact of earthquake can be reduced. It helps in adsorbing the shakes and maintain
strength of the building.
Theme 8 Using updated software and systems can be considered to maintain cyber security
What management strategies can be
considered to maintain cyber security.
Frequency
Back up data 1
Using updated software and systems 6
Detecting threats 3
Interpretation:
On the basis of survey result it is analysed that through implementing updated software.
With the help of advance versions encryption and decryption techniques are also get improved
due to which changes of hacking get reduced.
9

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Aldrich, D. P., 2017, January. Trust deficit: Japanese communities and the challenge of
rebuilding Tohoku. In Japan forum (Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 39-52). Routledge.
Cairney, J. and et.al., 2017. The Impact of the Olympics on Regular Season Team Performance
in the National Hockey League. Journal of Athletic Enhancement. 2015.
Fahimnia, B. and et.al., 2015. Quantitative models for managing supply chain risks: A
review. European Journal of Operational Research.247(1). pp.1-15.
Heckmann, I., Comes, T. and Nickel, S., 2015. A critical review on supply chain risk–Definition,
measure and modeling. Omega. 52. pp.119-132.
Lauermann, J., 2014. Competition through interurban policy making: bidding to host
megaevents as entrepreneurial networking. Environment and Planning A.46(11).
pp.2638-2653.
Myers, S. J., 2014. Designed for disassembly: the push for a new approach to sports
architecture in the 21st century (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology).
Online
Takeda, T. and et.al., 2016, July. A Comparative Study of Instructing Methods Regarding
Japanese Bowing. In International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and
Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management (pp. 494-505).
Springer International Publishing.
Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A. and Bala, H., 2013. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide:
Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems. MIS
quarterly.37(1).
Online
TOKYO 2020, 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<https://tokyo2020.jp/en/games/sport/olympic/>. [Accessed on 21st September 2017].
The Tokyo Shimbun's Five challenges for Tokyo 2020 Olympic, 2017. [Online]. Available
through: <http://apjjf.org/-Asia-Pacific-Journal-Feature/4773/article.html>. [Accessed on
21st September 2017].
10

Questionnaire
1. Kindly tick the following options for determining the likelihood occurrence of
earthquake.
High
Moderate
Low
2. Kindly tick the following options for determining the likelihood occurrence of terrorism.
High
Moderate
Low
3. Kindly tick the following options for determining the likelihood occurrence of cyber
security.
High
Moderate
Low
4. To what extent earthquake can affects the management of Summer Olympic 2020.
Catastrophic
Moderate
Low
5. To what extent terrorism can affects the management of Summer Olympic 2020.
Catastrophic
Moderate
Low
6. To what extent cyber security can affects the management of Summer Olympic 2020.
Catastrophic
Moderate
Low
7. What management strategies can be considered to overcome earthquake.
Hazard mapping
Public awareness
Introducing changes in infrastructure.
11

8. What management strategies can be considered to maintain cyber security.
Back up data
Using updated software and systems
Detecting threats
9. Kindly provide strategies to overcome terrorism.
12