An Analysis of Public Health's Role in UK Health and Social Care

This report examines the critical role of public health within the UK's healthcare system. It begins by outlining the functions of various agencies involved in identifying and managing disease levels within communities, including the NHS, government bodies, and international organizations like the WHO. The report then delves into the epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious diseases prevalent in the UK, using statistical data to highlight the impact of conditions like HIV/AIDS and diabetes. Strategies for disease management, such as surveillance, screening, isolation, and immunization are analyzed for their effectiveness. Furthermore, the report explores approaches and priorities for providing healthcare support, emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion, and educational initiatives. The report also discusses the implications of various diseases and illnesses on healthcare service provision, with a focus on how these challenges are addressed through research, policy, and community-based interventions. Overall, the report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of public health's contributions to health and social care in the UK.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE

Table of Contents

Introduction
Public health refers to a large area of health care and it includes protection of public from
dangerous diseases, handling inequalities of health in various communities and giving
support to people to make healthy choices. In the UK, healthcare centres, the government
and people of different communities need to work with each other effectively in order to
improve the condition of health and wellbeing of public. Proper health care services should
be provided to common people to eliminate different types of infectious and non-infectious
diseases properly. The aim of the study is to understand the role of public health in health
care in the UK. In the first section, various techniques and strategies are evaluated that are
used to measure and control diseases in different communities, in the second section,
various implications of different diseases and illness of communities are understood and in
the last section, different factors have analysed that influence the well-being and health of
the public. In Public Health England, I work as an epidemiologist and I have the
responsibility of creating a report based on the epidemiology of various diseases of the UK.
Task 1
Analysing various strategies and approaches that are used to
measure, review and control diseases in different communities
1.1 Describing the roles of various agencies that are used to
identify different levels of disease and health in communities
In the UK, various agencies such as local authorities, health trusts, the government,
commissioning groups, third sector, Public Health England, World Health Organisation play
important roles in health care services. The authority that is responsible for implementing
health activities is called National Health Service. The chief governor has the responsibility
of taking decisions related to health care activities in the UK. He is the Secretary of state
regarding all issues of health. Every governing body and department come under the
responsibility of the Secretary. He creates guidelines and gives orders to all the authorities
regarding new researches, procedures, policies related to management of disease and drug
management. The health department has the responsibility to set the action plan and
implement health policies and to work for the betterment of public health (Brett et al. 2014,
p.640). One category of National Health Service is primary care unit that takes care of public

health in case of emergency. There are many health professionals including opticians,
dentist, general practitioners and dentists who play significant roles in providing health
services to the public. Another one is the secondary care unit, which is considered a
significant sector of health service.
The role of the UK government is extremely important as well. They take initiatives and
conduct programmes in order to make people aware of negative aspects of various
dangerous diseases. If people visit official health websites of the government, they will be
able to gather enough information related various diseases and treatment.
World Health Organisation is a well-known international organisation, which is concerning
with public health of different countries. The role of WHO is to monitor health trends and
health situation of various countries including the UK (Biehl and Petryna, 2013, p.40). It also
gives leadership in certain matters that are crucial to health and gets involved in partnership
if joint action is required. WHO also determines standards, norms and promote
implementation.
In the UK, Public Health England is a health care agency, which is concerned with the public
health of that country. The role of the agency is to improve the health of the public by
promoting discussions related to health care and providing support to the action of NHS, the
UK government and other health organisations. It also provides health assistance to the
public, so that they can improve and protect their condition of health. The agency
researches, analyses and collects data in order to make improvement related to the
understanding of healthcare.
The agencies do have the surveillance for the timely investigation and the identification of
the data required for managing the public health response to the outbreak or terrorist event.
Surveillance uses health related data, which signal the sufficient probability of case or the
outbreak, which warrants further public health response.
The increase in the movement of people, and increased population, all are changing
the environment of the nature. Due to this movement of people from one place to another,
there is a rapid growth in the number of disease. The main objective of any government is to
prevent the disease from entering and causing the damage to their citizens. In many
countries, the main concern is to detect the disease and stop them from spreading, and
reducing the impact on trade and tourism.
WHO is the world health organization, working in UK to address the problem
regarding any diseases. This agency is monitoring the occurrence of diseases by using
different formal source of getting the information as well as the informal sources of finding
out the information. The formal source include different institute and hospitals where the
treatment can be done on such kind of disease. There are different communities and
research centres working in reducing the effects of different diseases. Informal sources

includes various technological medium like telecommunications, media and internet, which
is connected to the whole world. If any disease is new and spreading, the information can be
find out through the help of internet. Actions can be taken in making the cure which will help
in reducing the effect of these diseases.
1.2 Understanding infectious and non-infectious diseases of the UK
diseases with the help of statistical data
As an epidemiologist of a health care centre, I have the responsibility of creating a report
based on determinants, distribution of various diseases and methods of controlling those
diseases. Epidemiology refers to the study and evaluation of different patterns, reasons and
effects of the condition of health and disease of people. It helps in the study design,
evaluation and collection of data and interpretation of results. Different areas of
epidemiology include transmission, disease causation, outbreak investigation, forensic
epidemiology, disease surveillance, bio-monitoring, comparisons of various effects of
treatment and screening.
In the UK, 107,800 people were suffering from the disease of AIDS in 2013. Then almost
6,000 people of the country were diagnosed. According to Eggleston and Finkelstein (2014,
p.800), almost 26,000 people or 24% of total affected people were not aware of the AIDS
infection in that year. Approx. 42% of affected people were diagnosed with their disease
late. It indicates they were living their lives with that virus for four years. Then almost 1% of
affected people died who were diagnosed with infection of AIDS. In the report of 2016,
Public Health England concentrated on the diverse group of people who are suffering from
AIDS in the country. In case of 2015, it is seen that HIV has been spread 73% more than
that of 2006. 67% males are suffering whereas, 33 females are suffering in HIV.
Ethnicity
White
people
Black
African
Black
Caribbean
Black other Asian Mixed/other
55.2% 31% 3.00% 2.01% .54% 4.50%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)
Ages based
Under 15 Aged
between
(15-24)
Aged
between
(25-34)
Aged
between
(35-49)
Aged
between
(50-64)
65 and
above
0.35% 2.72% 14.7% 48.5% 29% 4.82%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)

UK distribution
England 91.3%
Wales 2.10%
Northern Ireland 1.04&
Scotland 4.70%
(Source: Nat.org.uk, 2017)
In the UK, diabetes is one of the most well known health threats and it is affecting many
people all over the country. In 1996, diabetic people’s number doubled and it was estimated
five million citizens of the country would suffer from the disease. In 2016, approx. 3.6 million
citizens of the UK were diagnosed with the dangerous disease in the country. There are
almost 1 million citizens who have Type 2 diabetes and they do not have any idea about it.
This type of problems occurs because their disease was not diagnosed properly (Rosen and
Imperato, 2015, p.44). If the condition of these people is properly managed, they will be able
live longer. The report of 2016, State of the Nation takes evidence from audit reports related
to national diabetes that cover areas of treatment targets, care processes, pregnancy, foot
care and inpatient care. The report also determines some actions that are required to
improve healthcare essentials delivery for adults and enhance care for young people and
children in the UK. Since in the year 1996, the figure has been raised to 3.5 million. The
figure shows that this number may reach to 5million by the end of 2025. More than 4 million
people have been diagnosed with diabetes in the UK.
England 2,913510
Northern Ireland 84,860
Wales 271,310
Scotland 183,340
(Source: Diabetes.co.uk, 2017)

1.3 Analysing effectiveness of various strategies and approaches
to managing incidence of disease in various communities
Various types of strategies and approaches are taken by health care centres in order to
prevent dangerous diseases such as AIDS, diabetes, obesity, health diseases. There are
mainly four types of strategies and approaches, which include surveillance, screening,
isolation and immunisation.
Moreover, isolation is a process to separate the people who are sick with contagious
diseases, in an aim not to spread to public. Moreover, as opined by (Glasby, 2017, p.41),
quarantine is a process to restricts and separate the people’s movement who might bear
contagious diseases.
Immunisation is most effective way to prevent the disease and it helps to promote good
health to public. In this reference, childhood vaccination can be a social help. In addition,
screening can be considered as a public health service that identifies the public who are
suffering from fatal diseases. The team asks questions related to the diseases and ask
about complication. This helps in not spreading of the diseases further.
Public health agencies can do surveillance in a systematic way that is the analysis and
collection of health-related information. When the surveillance is done, the interpretation of
data helps in implementing the required practices in community. Health care centres
conduct educational health care campaigns or programmes in order to make common
people aware of the negative aspects of the diseases. Social activities and educational
campaigns promote healthy lifestyles, proper health behaviours and good environments. In
these campaigns, health professionals do get opportunities to interact with people who are
suffering from various types of dangerous diseases. The government sometimes implement
certain laws, legislations and policies related to health care services. In newspapers and
televisions, advertisements of those educational campaigns are shown, so that people come
to know about all those health care campaigns and attend them. Sometimes, short films are
also shown on the television and the internet that provide adequate amount of knowledge
regarding different types of diseases (Bowling, 2014, p.46). In social media, in the official
pages of health pages, interesting and informative articles are also often posted to make
common people aware of negative effects of diseases. People also visit official blogs of
health centres where engaging stories are posted in order to increase the awareness of
health problems.

Task 2
Understanding implications of diseases and illness in various
communities for health care services’ provision
2.1 Utilising relevant research to understand approaches and
priorities for providing health care support to people
There are several approaches and priorities regarding the health services that are provided
to people of various communities.
Disease prevention:
Medication’s division concentrates on providing health care services to people and avoiding
infectious health problems. Prevention is most affordable and effective method for reducing
severity and risk of common people. Disease promotion campaigns make people aware of
negative aspects of diseases and it helps individuals and communities to improve their
lifestyles. Various communication strategies concentrate on different kinds of prevention
strategies to decrease the risk of diseases (Gulliford and Morgan, 2013, p. 44). These
strategies include newsletters, health fairs, announcements, leaflets, posters and so on.
Educational strategies include training, courses, and other types of health support groups.
Many organisations regulate activities, which promote healthy behaviours and healthy
lifestyles. The effectiveness if the disease prevention have the benefit of maximizing the
health benefit within the public health decision- makers and available resources that are
required for the information on the effectiveness’s and the social impact as well as economic
impact of the disease and the injury strategies.
Effectiveness: The disease prevention will help in preventing the new disease to enter. This
will be effective so that no new disease will enter in the country. There will be various type of
vaccines used for various disease which can be taken before. This will help in reducing the
effect of those disease.
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on operative treatments, antiretroviral treatment and medicine courses,
which recover importance of lifetime for common people. If people get proper treatment at
appropriate time for their diseases, they will recover their diseases faster. According to
Carman et al. (2016, p.600), treatment of a disease is given by health professionals after the
beginning of a medical or health problem. There are different types of treatment, which are
given to people for different health conditions. These treatments include active treatment,

causal treatment, empiric treatment, conservative treatment, expectant treatment, fever
treatment, extraordinary treatment and so on. The treatment does have the effectiveness,
which comply with the cure and health benefit. Treatment cures the disease and illness and
this helps to live painlessly.
Effectiveness: Treatments will be done, when anyone is affected by those disease. By
developing new methods and way to handle different disease, so this will reduce the time
taken in treating the disease.
Palliative care:
Palliative care focuses on inhibiting and releasing the suffering of service users. A type of
multidisciplinary approach related to special medical care for the service users who have
life-limiting diseases. Palliative care concentrates on giving service users relief from pain,
symptoms mental stress, physical stress of terminal diagnosis (Anhang Price et al. 2014,
p.524). The purpose of this approach is to make the standard of life better for the service
user and the family members. A group of physicians, health professionals, occupational
therapists, physiotherapists and some specialists gives this therapy. This has the
effectiveness to improve the experience of any patients with the terminal illness at end
portion of the life by better control of the system.
Effectiveness: Palliative care is used for the inhibiting and releasing disease of the person.
This strategy will make sure that the person is having no breathing problem.
Remedial care:
Remedial care is a part of healthcare therapy that helps the public in using therapy to get
prevention from dreadful diseases. Independent remedial therapists are providing remedial
therapy in the UK. This remedial care provides assistance in having complementary
approaches in chronic pain, pain management (Boivin et al. 2014, p.320). The WHO also
provides guidelines in having remedial care with regulation. Remedial care does help
struggling the learners shore up basic skills of them. This support can help to catch up to
their peers. Sometimes, it does eliminate the requirements for referral to the special
education.
Effectiveness: Dreadful disease can get cured by remedial care and these strategies will
provide independent therapists, so that the cure will be more effective and last longer than
any other strategy.
All these strategies will be very effective.

2.2 Analysing the relationship of prevalence of diseases and needs
of health services to provide support to people
Prevalence refers to a number of all types of circumstances of incidences or suffering of a
particular event in a period. Prevalence is measured by dividing health meter’s occurrences’
sum through the specific gap of time by population proportions. Individual prevalence is
considered extremely important that provides health service to common people. It also helps
in requirement of facility and planning in health care services. Prevalence is considered
more appropriate than occurrence at the time of measuring the influence of any disease.
Prevalence provides more benefits to measure requirements of health services. With the
help of prevalence, one can find out areas in which special attention should be given
(Tulchinsky et al. 2014, p.42). Therefore, prevalence helps in improving the performance of
service users and effectiveness of health care services. The prevalence is used to prioritise
the service provision by various ways. The services are prioritised with the priority
requirements of the health issue. The people with critical issues are given treatment at the
priority level and the people with less issue are given treatment with importance however not
at thre priority level of prevalence.
Prevalence is basically a term used which can be described as widespread. It is the
measurement for the population which are affected by the same disease at a particular time.
Prevalence can be used to prioritize the service provision. There are numerous disease
which are present in that country, but some diseases are majorly affecting some part of the
country. The major prevalence must be given to those disease, so that it will stop spreading
any further.
2.3 Evaluating the effect of choices of lifestyle on the future needs
for health care services
Many people’s lifestyle choices and behaviours affect their condition of health severely. If
people do not take care of their health properly and engage in bad habits, it will have a
negative impact on their health. Cigarette smoking is considered a dangerous health issue
because of that the people of current generation are suffering greatly. Smoking is dangerous
for health as it causes cancer. Excessive alcohol consumption is also considered another
bad habit that affects the condition of health greatly as well. When children see their parents
are addicted to alcohol and tobacco, they also follow the path of their parents. Nowadays,
many people particularly youngsters prefer eating tasty, delicious fast food products over
healthy foods such nuts, salads and super foods. Therefore, people are becoming victims of
serious health problem like obesity and gastritis. As opined by Antheunis et al. (2013,

p.430), it is reported that 46% increase of obesity is caused mainly because of excessive
busy schedules and restless lifestyles. Therefore, health care centres promote several
campaigns to promote cancer awareness in different localities and provide interesting
articles in order decrease the habit of common people. Health centres can also offer e-
cigarettes to smokers because they have lesser amount of nicotine. As far as alcohol
consumption is concerned, the UK government must impose more taxes on alcohol, so that
customers will prevent from purchasing those products.
Task 3
Analysing factors that affect the well-being and health of
individuals
3.1 Evaluating the well-being and health priorities of people in
healthcare
Different types of well-being and health priorities, which the health centres use in order to
make those centres more efficient for the service users. Barchester Healthcare is a popular
health care organisation, which understands the importance of promoting well-being and
health priorities for public health. They promote healthy and better diets so that the services
users become healthier. They also provide a sense of security and safety to the service
users. To improve the safety and security of people, the health centre promotes better
hygiene qualities for that centre. Barchester Healthcare promotes and encourages service
users to do exercises in their houses. It is a good habit for service users, which must follow.
As many people do not get the opportunity to visit gyms frequently, it is a great idea for them
to start exercises in their houses (Krachler and Greer, 2015, p.220). The health centre also
gives required facilities and actions in order to promote all these priorities. In the health
organisation, service users get the opportunity to decide whether they want to receive
treatment from health professionals or not. Health service providers regularly deal with
different types of service users. At the time of handling different service users who come
from various cultures, health professionals show respect to their cultures, ethnic group and
customers. Health service providers keep in minds that the procedure of treatment does not
hurt the sentiments of service users.
There are various types of well being and these comprise of physical well being, economic
well being, social well being, development and activity well being, emotional well being,

psychological well being, life satisfaction well being, domain specific satisfaction. The well-
being are of two types and these are characterised as the cognitive and affective.
There are different types of well-being which can be discussed as
1. Physical well being- The person should be physically fit to do any kind of work. He is
capable enough to do his day to day routine work, than that person is physically well-
being.
2. Economic Well-being- Anyone who is capable enough to afford his daily expenses is
economically strong.
3. Social well-being- The person is having name in society and he should have the
respect in the society.
4. Emotional well-being- An individual should not have any kind of mental
unsuitability. His life should be very sustainable, then he is emotionally well-being.
5. Life satisfaction- The person is having all the things he needs in life like his own
house, his family. He should feel happy in his life.
M1:
Epidemiology of infectious disease
Infectious disease like HIV, tuberculosis etc. To threat the bacteria and to treat
the disease, there are different pathogens. Epidemiology is the branch, by which the
organization can identify the factors by which it is spreading, its effect on health and the
measure to control it. In UK, there are currently more than 1,00,000 people who are living
with HIV. In this, 96% are adults who are suffering from this disease, which is life
threatening. The epidemic mainly affects those men who are having sex with men or from
south African women. HIV is the still the disease which can not be cured. This virus once
injected in the body can not be cured. It will remain there until the person is dead. There are
some major factors by which HIV can happen, like having unprotected sex with your counter
part, or by taking drug injections.
HIV has a major impact on the body. It can make the body week, continuous cough
and cold, and fever. These are the symptoms by which one can identify that he/she is
suffering from HIV. After having sex, the person should immediately get a check up from the
doctor, if he is not sure about what to do. The cure of HIV is still not found and this can only
be treated by taking regular medicines which are present. These medicines reduce the effect

of the bacteria, but it can not be nullified. By organizing various events about the cure and
preventive measures, the awareness can be increased among people.
Epidemiology of non-infectious disease
Diabetes is rapidly growing non-infectious disease. In UK, since 1996, the
people having diabetes has just doubled or more than that. Diabetes can happen due to
consuming the excess amount of sugar. This is also happen due to heredity. If anyone in the
family is having diabetes, than it is possible that the next generation will be facing the same
problem. Diabetes is also a life long disease which can not be cured. But it can be controlled
up to the major instant by taking the tablets which are prescribed by the doctor.

3.2 Analysing effectiveness of systems, policies and strategies in
Barchester Healthcare
In Barchester Healthcare, several strategies are implemented to improve the lifestyles of
people, so that service users adopt good habits and make their health condition better.
Health professionals do get proper training and guidance so that they deliver health care
services effectively. Health service users do get the opportunity to make decisions whether
they want to receive health care service or not. Health professionals interact with service
users’ family members and friends in order to understand the severity of service users’
diseases. They ask important questions regarding the several aspects of the diseases and
other significant areas such as income, culture, values and family structure. Service users
and their family members do get the opportunity to report complaints if they have any.
Health professionals alway ensure safety and security of health support users are properly
maintained. Health service users also show respect to the culture and ethnic background of
health support users. They always keep in their minds that the sentiments of support users
and their family members do not get hurt. They provide health care services of good quality
so that health service users always receive treatment from the organisation.
3.3 Changes required improving the service provided by health
organisations
In Barchester Healthcare is needed to make the changes in healthcare for the
wellbeing of the people. In this case, the management of the healthcare needs to
adopt the rules of maintaining healthy lifestyles of the service users. In the modern
world where people are suffering from more and more health hazards, the need of
getting better health care service is increasing at very high pace. However,
unfortunately, the health care health organisations are not able to provide the
service to the service due to lack of infrastructure. There are many factors included
which should be taken seriously at immediate notice. The health organisation should
provide a transparent service to the user.
The service users must have a clear vision of the workplace. The service user
should be clearly informed about the cost will be charged by the health
organisations. The service users must go for physical activeness with taking
economic independence. The health organisations should not prescribe only
medicine but the service user must be guided to visualise proper definition of

maintaining a healthy life (Benson, 2016, p.28). The service user should understand
that the health professionals cannot do everything. The user must also cooperate
with the professionals as well. The health organisation must pave the path for easy
entry and exit for their users. The local authority can organise health education to
the communities in making them aware of the hazards. The authority of Barchester
Healthcare should improve the attitude towards vulnerable service users like small
children pregnant women or elderly people. Attitudes like care affection patience are
highly admired by the services users. Improving the infrastructure of the organisation
will not be enough until mentality of employees of the Barchester Healthcare does
not change towards the service users. Often the service users complain about the
quality of diet they are provided with. To maintain a healthy body proper and healthy
diet is required. Health promotion can be organised for the people of communities
that makes them aware of the consultation of health professionals.
3.4 The service professionals in health organisation must adopt
behavioural change
The primary concern of any health organisation is to care for well being of any of
their service users. Barchester Healthcare can apply the quality of the health
organisation is stricken the mind the first thing comes is proper infrastructure which,
includes state of the operation theatres intensive care units and various other
facilities provided with a reasonable price (Holloway et al. 2016, p.13). However, the
most overlooked aspect of improving the structure of the organisation lies in attitude
mentality and behaviour of the health professionals and service providers towards
the service users. The following behaviour and mentality of the service providers and
professionals are always appreciated. Behaviour of the community near the
Barchester can be changed through making them conscious from the primary school
or nursery group of the people. Behaviour of the service users may change in
keeping them in residential home.
Respect for the Service user: the service professionals must follow a strict schedule
in order to meet their service user on the given time rather them standing in a long
queue and making them wait. This is a sign of disrespect and should be avoided as
much as possible. The service professionals must handle the problems of their
service user with care and should be gentle with them. The professionals should

discuss the treatment suggest any alternative if it possible the cost of the treatment
with the service user in-group behaviour therapy. .
The Barchester Healthcare must provide their service users with health
professionals with service provider and professionals who are always available for
them. Get involved with the user: the employees of the health organisation should try
to develop not professional but the personal relation with their service users. This
boosts up the users to a good extent (Bowling, 2014, p.21). These are few of much
behavioural changes that can alter the health hazards and well be of a person,
which they hope, will get from the health organisation when an individual knocks
their door.
Conclusion
In the study, the role of public health in health care services is understood properly.
Various aspects of health services are analysed thoroughly in the assignment. Public
health refers to an area health and social care and it involves protection of common
people from health problems and giving health care support to the public in health
centres. Different techniques of strategies and approaches are analysed that are
used for control diseases, implications of well-being and diseases are discussed and
several factors that influence the good condition of health are evaluated in the study.

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