Russia-Ukraine War: Impact on Worldwide Oil Market - Literature Review
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This literature review, prepared by students at Vietnam National University, examines the multifaceted impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the global oil market. The analysis delves into how the conflict has triggered significant price increases, driven by factors such as sanctions on Russian oil exports, disruptions to the SWIFT financial system, and the redirection of oil flows. The review explores the effects on various regions, including Europe, the United States, and Asia, highlighting the rise in gasoline prices, the impact on benchmark crude oil prices, and the varying degrees of vulnerability across different economies. It also considers the roles of OPEC and other key players in responding to the crisis. The study incorporates data from various sources, including the International Energy Agency and the U.S. Energy Information Administration, to illustrate the magnitude of the crisis and its implications for the global economy.
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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND LAWS
---------------------------
Russia-Ukraine war: Its impact
on the worldwide oil market
A Review of the Literature
Instructor: Dr. Truong Cong Bang
Class: K21408CA
Students' names:
Pham Nhu Man Khuong_K214081854
Ngo Thi Mai Linh_K214081856
Phan Thai Nhat_K214081861
Vo Ngoc Phuong Quynh_K214080603
Ho Nguyen Lan Tien_K214080606
Introduction
These days, the crisis between Russia and Ukraine, which attracts the world's
attention, is becoming increasingly complicated. When the former fired the first shot at the
other side, one of the first barometers of what the fallout might mean economically for the
rest of the world was registered by the oil market. The war has caused the petroleum market
to face continuous waves of crisis, particularly making the price of oil in most countries
throughout the world escalate.Dourian (2022) stresses that the oil market was tense and this
article’s prices were significantly on the ascent as oil costs moved to their most elevated level
in eight years. Because oil is believed to be the major energy source throughout the world and
acts as the lifeblood of industrialized nations, it is extremely necessary to take its variation
into account. Thus, this literature review aims to develop an understanding of the reasons why
as well as how the conflict between Russia and Ukraine influences the cost of oil around the
world.
Ho Chi Minh, March 26th 2022
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND LAWS
---------------------------
Russia-Ukraine war: Its impact
on the worldwide oil market
A Review of the Literature
Instructor: Dr. Truong Cong Bang
Class: K21408CA
Students' names:
Pham Nhu Man Khuong_K214081854
Ngo Thi Mai Linh_K214081856
Phan Thai Nhat_K214081861
Vo Ngoc Phuong Quynh_K214080603
Ho Nguyen Lan Tien_K214080606
Introduction
These days, the crisis between Russia and Ukraine, which attracts the world's
attention, is becoming increasingly complicated. When the former fired the first shot at the
other side, one of the first barometers of what the fallout might mean economically for the
rest of the world was registered by the oil market. The war has caused the petroleum market
to face continuous waves of crisis, particularly making the price of oil in most countries
throughout the world escalate.Dourian (2022) stresses that the oil market was tense and this
article’s prices were significantly on the ascent as oil costs moved to their most elevated level
in eight years. Because oil is believed to be the major energy source throughout the world and
acts as the lifeblood of industrialized nations, it is extremely necessary to take its variation
into account. Thus, this literature review aims to develop an understanding of the reasons why
as well as how the conflict between Russia and Ukraine influences the cost of oil around the
world.
Ho Chi Minh, March 26th 2022
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Why does the Russia-Ukraine conflict influence oil market prices?
As the Russia-Ukraine war appeared, the United States and European Union
eliminated central Russian banks from the SWIFT - dominant financial system worldwide
that allows banks to carry out overseas transactions. According to Parsons (2022), most of the
payments involved in gas and oil exports are done through SWIFT. As a result of this
isolation, these banks may be unable to connect with foreign countries, affecting exports in
general and international oil trading in particular.
The major impact of the war on oil prices started as the United States imposed an
embargo on nearly all commodities, including oil from Russia. According to the White House
(2022), oil purchased from Russia accounted for only 8% of the total oil imports of the United
States in 2021, which means that the loss of supply from Russia will not affect the US too
much as it can find alternatives. However, with its position in the world, followed by its
announcement was the supportive response of over 30 countries in the world, announcing
sanctions that have a severe economic impact on Russia, which some countries like Canada,
Australia and the United Kingdom, whose oil imports from Russia were 960, 960 and 1567
thousand barrels per day, respectively, according to International Energy Agency (2022c).
Besides, the EU (which accounted for 60% of Russian imports in 2021) also plans to phase
out Russian oil, the Open Access Government (2022) stated. As these countries assert the
independence of Russian oil collectively, there is redundant oil that should be exported.
This means that these punishments made the amount of oil released to the global
market comparatively low. Consequently, according to the law of supply and demand, when
the supply is tight but the demand for oil remains at a steady rise during the post-pandemic
recovery, the price will increase.
There are two basic solutions that are believed to offset these disruptions. The first
one is that Russia is trying to redirect its export flows to new markets, and the second one is
that oil-involved companies can increase mining output and production. However, concerned
about the possible consequences in the future, new targeted customers as well as oil producers
tend to maintain the status quo rather than change their policies.
Russell (2022) said that Russia is trying to find and export its oil to other alternatives,
which Asia is considered a potential market. At first, remedies like offering special discounts
or providing these new customers with some of the concession policies, appear to alleviate the
situation. Nonetheless, no matter how attractive the offer is, the fear of Western pressure on
energy sanctions and freezing selective banking transactions on Russia can lead these
countries to beware of this venture, according to theInternational Energy Agency (2022b). As
Russell (2022)argues, Russia is trying to find and export its oil to other alternatives, which
Asia is considered a potential market. Initially, remedies such as offering special discounts or
providing these new customers with some of the concession policies, appear to alleviate the
situation. Nonetheless, no matter how attractive the offer is, the fear of Western pressure on
energy sanctions and freezing selective banking transactions on Russia can lead these
countries to beware of this venture, as theInternational Energy Agency (2022b) declares.
2
As the Russia-Ukraine war appeared, the United States and European Union
eliminated central Russian banks from the SWIFT - dominant financial system worldwide
that allows banks to carry out overseas transactions. According to Parsons (2022), most of the
payments involved in gas and oil exports are done through SWIFT. As a result of this
isolation, these banks may be unable to connect with foreign countries, affecting exports in
general and international oil trading in particular.
The major impact of the war on oil prices started as the United States imposed an
embargo on nearly all commodities, including oil from Russia. According to the White House
(2022), oil purchased from Russia accounted for only 8% of the total oil imports of the United
States in 2021, which means that the loss of supply from Russia will not affect the US too
much as it can find alternatives. However, with its position in the world, followed by its
announcement was the supportive response of over 30 countries in the world, announcing
sanctions that have a severe economic impact on Russia, which some countries like Canada,
Australia and the United Kingdom, whose oil imports from Russia were 960, 960 and 1567
thousand barrels per day, respectively, according to International Energy Agency (2022c).
Besides, the EU (which accounted for 60% of Russian imports in 2021) also plans to phase
out Russian oil, the Open Access Government (2022) stated. As these countries assert the
independence of Russian oil collectively, there is redundant oil that should be exported.
This means that these punishments made the amount of oil released to the global
market comparatively low. Consequently, according to the law of supply and demand, when
the supply is tight but the demand for oil remains at a steady rise during the post-pandemic
recovery, the price will increase.
There are two basic solutions that are believed to offset these disruptions. The first
one is that Russia is trying to redirect its export flows to new markets, and the second one is
that oil-involved companies can increase mining output and production. However, concerned
about the possible consequences in the future, new targeted customers as well as oil producers
tend to maintain the status quo rather than change their policies.
Russell (2022) said that Russia is trying to find and export its oil to other alternatives,
which Asia is considered a potential market. At first, remedies like offering special discounts
or providing these new customers with some of the concession policies, appear to alleviate the
situation. Nonetheless, no matter how attractive the offer is, the fear of Western pressure on
energy sanctions and freezing selective banking transactions on Russia can lead these
countries to beware of this venture, according to theInternational Energy Agency (2022b). As
Russell (2022)argues, Russia is trying to find and export its oil to other alternatives, which
Asia is considered a potential market. Initially, remedies such as offering special discounts or
providing these new customers with some of the concession policies, appear to alleviate the
situation. Nonetheless, no matter how attractive the offer is, the fear of Western pressure on
energy sanctions and freezing selective banking transactions on Russia can lead these
countries to beware of this venture, as theInternational Energy Agency (2022b) declares.
2
Hirsh (2022)pointed out that the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) controls about 70% of total global crude oil and is looking to increase oil
exploitation. Because of the volatile market and the fact that the oil price fell during the
pandemic, they have become more cautious. As a result, they have decided against pumping
any more oil than their current quotas allow.
Impact on the oil market of Near-Russia countries
The conflict has sent oil prices higher and injected even more uncertainty into an
already off-balanced worldwide economy. It is clear that petroleum prices have been forced to
rise dramatically in a short period of time. In October 2021, as the world gradually adapted to
the pandemic, oil prices in the international market, in general, will have a significant change
but they reached an average price of 86 USD per barrel following The U.S. Energy
Information Administration (2017). However, in 2022, after the conflict between Russia and
Ukraine, the price per barrel of Brent crude oil - the most common measure of oil prices in
March, reached a record level of 150 USD per barrel as reported by International Energy
Agency (2022b), an increase of more than 10% or can even increase to 300 USD/barrel. The
increase in petroleum prices to dizzying levels and which reached a 14-year high, close to the
all-time record of 147.50 set in July 2008, was unprecedented.
The impact of the increase in gasoline prices has been reflected directly in the figures.
As stated by International Energy Agency (2022a), the dramatic spike in gasoline prices is
due to the fact that Europe contributes to 60% of Russia's oil exports. That is why the price of
petroleum in the European Union is fast rising. In particular, the cost in the United Kingdom
is significantly higher currently than it was at 140 USD a barrel in 2008 as reported by Full
Fact (2022). According to RAC Foundation (2022), in the backdrop of the war between
Russia and Ukraine, the price of petrol in the United Kingdom increased by 3.8p from 149.2p
to 153p per liter. Not only were petrol prices higher in the United Kingdom, but oil prices
were also higher - Diesel touched a multi-year high of 158,6p and increased by 5.2p from
153.4p to 158.6p a barrel as the crisis began.
In general, the United States' imported oil from Russia is quite small, accounting for
only about 8% of total imports, according to Sy (2022), so the United States is mostly
unaffected. However, following the Russian and Ukraine war, the price of gasoline in the
United States soared dramatically compared to its own price in the previous years' statistics,
causing significant harm to the US petroleum market. As a result, oil prices in the United
States are rising at the same rate as in Europe. Gasoline prices in the United States have risen
to $4 a gallon. This is one of the highest prices the US has seen since July 2008, according to
Ryssdal (2022). The average price of a gallon of gasoline in the United States has risen 45
cents per gallon and peaked at $4.06. The sharp increase in gasoline prices has shattered a 14-
year high and is now roughly 50% higher than a year ago. Furthermore, the price of
benchmark US oil increased by 2% to roughly $118 per barrel in agreement with Kai Ryssdal
(2022). He also predicts that the US will soon establish a new record high of $4.50 per gallon.
3
(OPEC) controls about 70% of total global crude oil and is looking to increase oil
exploitation. Because of the volatile market and the fact that the oil price fell during the
pandemic, they have become more cautious. As a result, they have decided against pumping
any more oil than their current quotas allow.
Impact on the oil market of Near-Russia countries
The conflict has sent oil prices higher and injected even more uncertainty into an
already off-balanced worldwide economy. It is clear that petroleum prices have been forced to
rise dramatically in a short period of time. In October 2021, as the world gradually adapted to
the pandemic, oil prices in the international market, in general, will have a significant change
but they reached an average price of 86 USD per barrel following The U.S. Energy
Information Administration (2017). However, in 2022, after the conflict between Russia and
Ukraine, the price per barrel of Brent crude oil - the most common measure of oil prices in
March, reached a record level of 150 USD per barrel as reported by International Energy
Agency (2022b), an increase of more than 10% or can even increase to 300 USD/barrel. The
increase in petroleum prices to dizzying levels and which reached a 14-year high, close to the
all-time record of 147.50 set in July 2008, was unprecedented.
The impact of the increase in gasoline prices has been reflected directly in the figures.
As stated by International Energy Agency (2022a), the dramatic spike in gasoline prices is
due to the fact that Europe contributes to 60% of Russia's oil exports. That is why the price of
petroleum in the European Union is fast rising. In particular, the cost in the United Kingdom
is significantly higher currently than it was at 140 USD a barrel in 2008 as reported by Full
Fact (2022). According to RAC Foundation (2022), in the backdrop of the war between
Russia and Ukraine, the price of petrol in the United Kingdom increased by 3.8p from 149.2p
to 153p per liter. Not only were petrol prices higher in the United Kingdom, but oil prices
were also higher - Diesel touched a multi-year high of 158,6p and increased by 5.2p from
153.4p to 158.6p a barrel as the crisis began.
In general, the United States' imported oil from Russia is quite small, accounting for
only about 8% of total imports, according to Sy (2022), so the United States is mostly
unaffected. However, following the Russian and Ukraine war, the price of gasoline in the
United States soared dramatically compared to its own price in the previous years' statistics,
causing significant harm to the US petroleum market. As a result, oil prices in the United
States are rising at the same rate as in Europe. Gasoline prices in the United States have risen
to $4 a gallon. This is one of the highest prices the US has seen since July 2008, according to
Ryssdal (2022). The average price of a gallon of gasoline in the United States has risen 45
cents per gallon and peaked at $4.06. The sharp increase in gasoline prices has shattered a 14-
year high and is now roughly 50% higher than a year ago. Furthermore, the price of
benchmark US oil increased by 2% to roughly $118 per barrel in agreement with Kai Ryssdal
(2022). He also predicts that the US will soon establish a new record high of $4.50 per gallon.
3
In order to challenge Russia, both the European Union and the United States have had
to make trade-offs and suffer economic losses, particularly in the area of oil. It is
demonstrated by statistics on gasoline prices from nations, and it is also seen as a watershed
moment for both the United States and the European Union.
Global impact on the oil market of further areas
Geopolitical factors together with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine tension have built up an
energy crisis that the world has never witnessed before. And not only did it have a big
influence on the EU area, but it also made a global impact, much or less, on the oil market in
other regions and continents too. Because besides European and non-European countries,
Russia also exports a small amount of its crude oil production to further areas such as Asia
and Oceania. This can be seen in 2016, as Russia has exported more than 1,250 thousand
barrels per day to Asia and Oceania, accounting for about 24 percent of total Russian
exported oil per day, according to a report by The U.S. Energy Information Administration
(2017). But through time, these areas have significantly declined their dependence on Russia
by switching their oil supply from Russia to Saudi Arabia – the runner-up after the United
Arab Emirates for top oil exporters in the world. A report from the International Energy
Agency (2022c), has shown that recently, in November 2021, Russia had only a 5-percent
share in the total of Asia and Oceania imported oil per day.
Still, Asia is somewhat affected because, in general, the oil markets in these regions
are also dependent on the international oil market, which is being crazily shaken by the
unpredictable tension between Ukraine and Russia. According to The Vietnamese Ministry of
industry and trade (2022), in the period of time from the October 11th, 2021 to March 7th,
2022, which is before and after Russia’s invasion, the price for one liter of RON95 in Viet
Nam increased from 22,879 VND to almost 30,000 VND (about 1,30 USD) – the highest
record in the history. Despite an increase of more than 30 percent, oil price in Viet Nam is
only slightly higher than the average gas price in the world (1,29 USD per liter) and is
considered to be cheap compared to its own area. Take China, for example. Oil price in China
is the highest in Asia - with every liter of oil is priced at 2,83 USD (almost 65,000 VND),
double that of Viet Nam (The Vietnamese Ministry of industry and trade, 2022). This is
totally understandable since China is the largest buyer of Russian oil in Asia, which imports
almost half the amount of total exported oil from Russia, 3,6 million barrels per day in
November 2021 and plus, China is one of the wealthiest countries in Asia with total GDP of
24,27 trillion dollars, according to Fleming (2019). That explains why oil prices in China are
at a surprisingly high level.
Oil prices in Asian countries, which import a small amount of Russian exported oil,
are also affected but not as dramatically as in China. Take Korea and Japan, for example. In
the 4th week of March 2022,1 liter of oil in Korea is priced at around 2,000 Won (37,623
VND and 1,65 USD), which is higher than 0,38 percent compared to the previous week
(Petronet, 2022). And in Japan, on January 2021 – before Russia’s invasion, 1 liter of oil is
priced at 167,5 Yen (31,468 VND and 1.38 USD), stated by 新新新新新新 (2022); on March 28th
2022 – after Russia’s invasion, 1 liter of oil is priced at 174,0 Yen (32,693 VND and 1,43
4
to make trade-offs and suffer economic losses, particularly in the area of oil. It is
demonstrated by statistics on gasoline prices from nations, and it is also seen as a watershed
moment for both the United States and the European Union.
Global impact on the oil market of further areas
Geopolitical factors together with the ongoing Russia-Ukraine tension have built up an
energy crisis that the world has never witnessed before. And not only did it have a big
influence on the EU area, but it also made a global impact, much or less, on the oil market in
other regions and continents too. Because besides European and non-European countries,
Russia also exports a small amount of its crude oil production to further areas such as Asia
and Oceania. This can be seen in 2016, as Russia has exported more than 1,250 thousand
barrels per day to Asia and Oceania, accounting for about 24 percent of total Russian
exported oil per day, according to a report by The U.S. Energy Information Administration
(2017). But through time, these areas have significantly declined their dependence on Russia
by switching their oil supply from Russia to Saudi Arabia – the runner-up after the United
Arab Emirates for top oil exporters in the world. A report from the International Energy
Agency (2022c), has shown that recently, in November 2021, Russia had only a 5-percent
share in the total of Asia and Oceania imported oil per day.
Still, Asia is somewhat affected because, in general, the oil markets in these regions
are also dependent on the international oil market, which is being crazily shaken by the
unpredictable tension between Ukraine and Russia. According to The Vietnamese Ministry of
industry and trade (2022), in the period of time from the October 11th, 2021 to March 7th,
2022, which is before and after Russia’s invasion, the price for one liter of RON95 in Viet
Nam increased from 22,879 VND to almost 30,000 VND (about 1,30 USD) – the highest
record in the history. Despite an increase of more than 30 percent, oil price in Viet Nam is
only slightly higher than the average gas price in the world (1,29 USD per liter) and is
considered to be cheap compared to its own area. Take China, for example. Oil price in China
is the highest in Asia - with every liter of oil is priced at 2,83 USD (almost 65,000 VND),
double that of Viet Nam (The Vietnamese Ministry of industry and trade, 2022). This is
totally understandable since China is the largest buyer of Russian oil in Asia, which imports
almost half the amount of total exported oil from Russia, 3,6 million barrels per day in
November 2021 and plus, China is one of the wealthiest countries in Asia with total GDP of
24,27 trillion dollars, according to Fleming (2019). That explains why oil prices in China are
at a surprisingly high level.
Oil prices in Asian countries, which import a small amount of Russian exported oil,
are also affected but not as dramatically as in China. Take Korea and Japan, for example. In
the 4th week of March 2022,1 liter of oil in Korea is priced at around 2,000 Won (37,623
VND and 1,65 USD), which is higher than 0,38 percent compared to the previous week
(Petronet, 2022). And in Japan, on January 2021 – before Russia’s invasion, 1 liter of oil is
priced at 167,5 Yen (31,468 VND and 1.38 USD), stated by 新新新新新新 (2022); on March 28th
2022 – after Russia’s invasion, 1 liter of oil is priced at 174,0 Yen (32,693 VND and 1,43
4
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USD) The Japanese Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2022), which is higher than
3,88 percent.
This intensive implication is also felt in many countries on other continentsfar beyond
Ukraine’s borders such as Oceania or Africa. The increase in the price of gasoline in Tunisia
has exceeded the expectations of its government, which was compelled to boost fuel prices
twice in February in order to reduce the country's enormous financial deficit as oil costs are
now around $100 per barrel, compared to the $75 per barrel that was planned from the
beginning (Yerkes, 2022).The petrol market in South Africa was similarly affected while it
has been ascending sharply in recent weeks. Trading Economics (2022) shows that its
gasoline expenses increased to 1.48 USD/liter in March from 1.31 USD/liter in February of
2022, which is about 13% higher. This shows that the impact of the conflict on the oil market
is very large, especially on a global scale.
Conclusion
The responsibility of the Russia-Ukraine war on the global oil crisis has been
explained and several pieces of information and data about the quantity of oil imported and
exported as well as their market prices in the majority of countries around the world have
been evaluated. Due to the use of economic sanctions leading to supply shortages along with
difficulties in stabilizing the oil market, there is a sharp rise in oil prices in both the region
where the tension occurred and in other regions. As this goes on, it will put a lot of pressure
on inflation and energy use, so the leaders of states will soon take measures to overcome or
lessen its consequences.
References
Dourian, K. (2022). Oil and gass prices surge in highly volatile market as Russia is isolated.
Retrieved from https://agsiw.org/oil-and-gas-prices-surge-in-highly-volatile-market-as-
russia-is-isolated/
Fleming, E. (2019). Which country is the richest country in the Asia? Retrieved from
https://www.sidmartinbio.org/which-country-is-the-richest-country-in-the-asia/
Full Fact. (2022). Why is petrol more expensive now than it was 15 years ago? Retrieved from
https://fullfact.org/economy/road-fuel-prices-crude-oil-retailers/
Hirsh, P. (2022). How a wrinkle in the oil futures market has clogged America's oil pump.
Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2022/03/01/1083415798/how-a-
wrinkle-in-the-oil-futures-market-has-clogged-americas-oil-pump
International Energy Agency. (2022a). A 10-Point Plan to Cut Oil Use. Retrieved from
https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-cut-oil-use
5
3,88 percent.
This intensive implication is also felt in many countries on other continentsfar beyond
Ukraine’s borders such as Oceania or Africa. The increase in the price of gasoline in Tunisia
has exceeded the expectations of its government, which was compelled to boost fuel prices
twice in February in order to reduce the country's enormous financial deficit as oil costs are
now around $100 per barrel, compared to the $75 per barrel that was planned from the
beginning (Yerkes, 2022).The petrol market in South Africa was similarly affected while it
has been ascending sharply in recent weeks. Trading Economics (2022) shows that its
gasoline expenses increased to 1.48 USD/liter in March from 1.31 USD/liter in February of
2022, which is about 13% higher. This shows that the impact of the conflict on the oil market
is very large, especially on a global scale.
Conclusion
The responsibility of the Russia-Ukraine war on the global oil crisis has been
explained and several pieces of information and data about the quantity of oil imported and
exported as well as their market prices in the majority of countries around the world have
been evaluated. Due to the use of economic sanctions leading to supply shortages along with
difficulties in stabilizing the oil market, there is a sharp rise in oil prices in both the region
where the tension occurred and in other regions. As this goes on, it will put a lot of pressure
on inflation and energy use, so the leaders of states will soon take measures to overcome or
lessen its consequences.
References
Dourian, K. (2022). Oil and gass prices surge in highly volatile market as Russia is isolated.
Retrieved from https://agsiw.org/oil-and-gas-prices-surge-in-highly-volatile-market-as-
russia-is-isolated/
Fleming, E. (2019). Which country is the richest country in the Asia? Retrieved from
https://www.sidmartinbio.org/which-country-is-the-richest-country-in-the-asia/
Full Fact. (2022). Why is petrol more expensive now than it was 15 years ago? Retrieved from
https://fullfact.org/economy/road-fuel-prices-crude-oil-retailers/
Hirsh, P. (2022). How a wrinkle in the oil futures market has clogged America's oil pump.
Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2022/03/01/1083415798/how-a-
wrinkle-in-the-oil-futures-market-has-clogged-americas-oil-pump
International Energy Agency. (2022a). A 10-Point Plan to Cut Oil Use. Retrieved from
https://www.iea.org/reports/a-10-point-plan-to-cut-oil-use
5
International Energy Agency. (2022b). Frequently asked questions on energy security. Retrieved
from https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security
International Energy Agency. (2022c). Oil market and Russian supply. Retrieved from
https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/oil-market-and-
russian-supply-2
Open Access Government. (2022). EU plans Green Deal "acceleration" to stop Russian oil
dependency. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/ukraine-crisis-
crude-coal-and-lng-sanctions-russia
Parsons, T. (2022). What you need to know about SWIFT and economic sanctions. Retrieved from
https://hub.jhu.edu/2022/03/02/understanding-swift-economic-sanctions/
Petronet. (2022). Today's oil price. Retrieved from https://www.petronet.co.kr/v3/eng/index.jsp
RAC Foundation. (2022). Big jump in weekly pump prices. Retrieved from
https://www.racfoundation.org/media-centre/4109
Russell, C. (2022). Even without sanctions, flows of oil, coal and gas will be disrupted by Ukraine
crisis. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/ukraine-crisis-crude-coal-
and-lng-sanctions-russia
Ryssdal, K. (2022). US gas prices rise again on talk of banning Russian oil. Retrieved from
https://www.marketplace.org/2022/03/07/us-gas-prices-rise-again-on-talk-of-banning-
russian-oil/
Sy, S. (2022). How Biden’s ban on Russian oil will impact the U.S. and EuropeHow Biden’s ban on
Russian oil will impact the U.S. and Europe. Retrieved from
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-bidens-ban-on-russian-oil-will-impact-the-u-s-
europe-and-russia
The Japanese Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. (2022). Results of petroleum product price
survey. Retrieved from https://www.petronet.co.kr/v3/eng/index.jsp
The U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2017). Russia exports most of its crude oil
production, mainly to Europe. Retrieved from
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33732
The Vietnamese Ministry of industry and trade. (2022). Petrol prices in Vietnam are in the world
average. Retrieved from https://moit.gov.vn/tin-tuc/thi-truong-trong-nuoc/gia-xang-dau-
viet-nam-nam-trong-muc-trung-binh-the-gioi.html
Trading Economics. (2022). South Africa gasoline prices. Retrieved from
https://tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/gasoline-prices
White House. (2022). Fact sheet: United States bans imports of Russian oil, liquefied natural gas,
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united-states-bans-imports-of-russian-oil-liquefied-natural-gas-and-coal/
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