Analysis of Safety Regulations in Nigeria's Refining Sector

This report examines the effectiveness of safety regulations within Nigeria's oil refining sector, highlighting the challenges arising from unethical practices, corruption, and operational failures. It investigates the impact of oil spills and gas flaring on agricultural productivity, health, and marine life. The study assesses existing safety regulations, including Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards and OPEC guidelines, and explores how global safety practices can be beneficial to Nigeria. The report also addresses issues such as bunkering, technical advancements, and the role of government oversight, while proposing recommendations for improved safety measures and regulatory frameworks to protect employees and the environment. This document is available on Desklib, where students can find a wealth of study resources and solved assignments.

Running head: SAFETY REGULATIONS
An analysis of the effectiveness of safety regulations in Nigeria: The case of Refining
Sector
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

1SAFETY REGULATIONS
Abstract
The research study will showcase safety regulations that must be followed by government,
the oil refining sectors and the employees of those oil refining sectors to ensure safety in
Nigeria oil refining sector. The unethical refining has affected the agricultural productivity
and cause health hazards to the employees and local residents of Nigeria. The marine life has
also become affected as a result of this. Nigeria is the sixth largest crude oil producer among
the OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). The whole of Nigeria's economy
depends on the crude oil exports. However, oil spills and gas flaring in the refining sector are
have caused safety regulation issues in the refining sector. The unethical refining has caused
health hazards and affects adversely the agricultural productivity. The major oil refining
sectors and the Nigeria Government's negligence has caused turmoil in this region. The
employees are suffering and they are up against the oil refining sectors. The secondary study
has been accumulated from journals and literature, the documentation from the oil refining
sectors based in Nigeria and the Government agencies. The research study will focus on the
safety regulation issues and the safety regulation Acts to mitigate those issues. The research
study will also focus on Occupational safety and health management systems to ensure the
safety of the employees in Nigeria refining sector.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................................................7
1.0 Background of the study..........................................................................................................7
1.1 Research aim and objectives....................................................................................................8
Aim of the study............................................................................................................................8
Objectives of the study..................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research questions...................................................................................................................8
1.3 Problem Statement...................................................................................................................9
1.4 Rationale of the Study.............................................................................................................9
1.5 Structure of the Study............................................................................................................12
1.6 Summary of Chapter..............................................................................................................13
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................14
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................14
2.2 The major safety regulation issues in Nigeria refining sector...............................................14
2.3 The safety regulation Acts for Nigeria refining sector..........................................................16
2.4 Global safety regulation like Occupational safety and health management systems that can
benefit Nigeria like the UK..................................................................................................17
2.5 Corruption and incompetence................................................................................................20
2.6 Technical advancement in oil refining sector in Nigeria.......................................................23
2.7 OPEC Regulations.................................................................................................................24
2.8 Legislation (Refining)............................................................................................................25
2.9 Summary................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology...............................................................................27
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................27
3.2 Philosophy.............................................................................................................................27
3.3 Research approach.................................................................................................................29
3.4 Research Design....................................................................................................................29
3.5 Data Collection method.........................................................................................................30
3.6 Data sampling method...........................................................................................................30
3.7 Accessibility issues................................................................................................................31
3.7 Data Analysis Plan.................................................................................................................31
3.8 Limitations.............................................................................................................................31
3.9 Ethical issues.........................................................................................................................32

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3.10 Reliability issues..................................................................................................................32
3.9 Time plan...................................................................................................................................32
3.9 Summary................................................................................................................................32
.Chapter 4: Results and findings......................................................................................................33
Chapter 4: Results and findings.......................................................................................................34
4.1 Preface...................................................................................................................................34
4.2 Qualitative questionnaire.......................................................................................................34
4.3 Summary................................................................................................................................38
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations................................................................................39
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................39
Recommendation.........................................................................................................................40
References........................................................................................................................................42
Appendix.....................................................................................................................................53
Reflection.........................................................................................................................................54

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List of table and figures
Figure 1: Accident in Nigeria oil refining sector.....................................................................14
Figure 2: Occupational Health and Safety regulations for employees.....................................18
Figure 3: Nigeria crude oil refining and disruptions................................................................20
Figure 4: Oil Bunkering in Nigeria..........................................................................................21
Figure 5: Technical advancement in oil refining sector in Nigeria..........................................23
Figure 6: OPEC Regulations in Nigeria...................................................................................24
Figure 7: Research Onion.........................................................................................................27
Figure 8: Health and Safety regulations implement in Nigeria................................................35
Figure 9: Safety regulations adopted by oil refining sector in Nigeria....................................36
Figure 10: Natural Oil and Gas Consumption by oil refining companies in Nigeria..............37
Figure 11: Graph representing market capitalization of Nigeria oil refining companies........41
Figure 12: Review time for regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector.....................................43
Table 2: Gantt chart.............................................................................................................................58
Table 1: Provisions of the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations............................................15

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Background of the study
The research study will showcase the safety regulations that Nigeria Government
must adopt for the ensuring safety of the employees in the refining sector. The safety
regulations issues have aroused due to the unethical refining, adverse effects of subsidies,
general operational failure, and the poor maintenance. The research study will detect the
event triggers that will help in furnishing the growth of the refining sector in Nigeria. The
first event trigger that needs to be considered is the regulations (Adedosu, Adedosu and
Olajire 2017). The Nigerian oil refining sector is well regulated, the industry contains several
regulators which involves the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), Ministry of
Petroleum Resources (MPR) and Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).
According to the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) have
claimed Nigeria lost at an around $15 billion annually for all the uncertainty is regulations
(Etim, Moses and Inam 2015). Safety, the other trigger event needs to be considered. The
industrial sabotage, pipeline vandalism, illegal refining activities can be a challenge for the
industry. Again, the Government and the major oil and gas refining sectors over the Niger
Delta region fails to provide the desired results (Musa, Popescu and Mynett 2016). The
damaged pipelines, the absence of an efficient logistics and shallow channels are all the
infrastructural obstruction, which can diminish the growth of the refining sector and can
threaten the safety regulations.
Another event trigger that needs to be assessed is the feedstock access. The greatest
challenge that local refineries can face is the source supply of the feedstock. The inadequate
infrastructure, the unstable production, insecurity can be challenging for Nigeria (Gijo, Hart
and Seiyaboh 2016). Nigeria’ oil refining must be conducted ethically so that a safety in the
refining sector can be maintained. The oil extraction in the Refining sector has caused several

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degradations, has seriously affected the local surroundings and the local marine lives
(Oluduro and Oluduor 2015). The air pollution as a result of gas flaring leave the cities of
Nigeria concealed in smog. Nigeria is trying to progress and they are trying to achieve the
zero flare (Ezejiofor et al. 2014). The research study will propose safety regulation Act for
the government so that they can implement those safety regulations in the refining sector of
Nigeria.
1.1 Research aim and objectives
Aim of the study
Aim of research study is to focus on implementation of safety regulations for the
employees in the refining sector in Nigeria.
Objectives of the study
Objectives of this research study-
 To analyze the challenges faced by refining in Nigeria
 To examine accidents associated with refining activities in Nigeria
 To evaluate the current safety regulations governing Nigeria’s refining sector
 To make recommendations for the improvement of safety in the refining
sector in Nigeria.
1.2 Research questions
1. What are the safety challenges faced by the employees and local residents due to
unethical oil refining in Nigeria?
2. What are the safety regulation issues in Nigeria refining sector?

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3. How does the global safety regulation like Occupational safety and health
management systems can benefit Nigeria like the UK?
1.3 Problem Statement
The problem statement of the study focuses on the safety regulations that must be
adopted for effective oil refining in Nigeria The oil refining sector is culminated due to
unethical oil refining practice, this is affecting the nearby regions of Nigeria (Verla et al.
2014). The safety regulation issues in the refining sector will be showcased. The corruption
and the incompetence are making safety concerns in the oil refining sectors in Nigeria.
Bunkering, inefficiencies with regards to NNPC approval, awarding contracts are some of the
main issues that have been highlighted in the study (Popoola et al. 2015). The safety
legislation must be implemented so that the safety of the employees working in the oil
refining sector in Nigeria can be ensured (Dong, Kouvelis and Wu 2014). The study will
showcase the Occupational health and safety regulations (OSH), the OPEC regulations, and
other regulations like the mineral oil regulations safety regulations 1962, Petroleum
Regulations, 1969, Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations 1997 (Akinwande et al. 2014). All these
safety legislations are capable to secure the safety of the employees working in the oil
refining sectors in Nigeria.
1.4 Rationale of the Study
The research is hoped to cater a ready guide to the policymakers and other similar
stakeholders in Nigeria. The research study will focus on the safety regulations,
implementing which the government can ensure the safety of the oil refining sector in Nigeria
(Marais et al. 2014). The safety regulations issues in Nigeria has basically due to the various
kinds of issues erupting in the oil refining sector. The oil refining sectors’ unethical oil
refining practice leads to the safety issues and the employees working there are facing
difficulty (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). There are many instances where the safety of the

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employees has been threatened. Funia No. 5 has blown out and about 200,000 barrels of oil
were split out, again offshore supply vessel flared up in Abuloma Jetty during the welding
works (Mohammed, Nwankwo and Olugbade 2016). Both the incidents took many lives. the
residents, as well as the employees of the refining sectors, were burnt alive due to these
incidents. The oil spillage is also causing adverse effects on the marine life and for this
reason, it is also considered as unsafe and hazardous.
The safety issues are rising mainly due to the corruption and the incompetence and the
unethical practice over there in oil refining sectors in Nigeria. The employees’ life is at stake
due to the awarding contracts, bunkering, exportation of crude oil (Nduka, Okafor and Odiba
2016). Lastly, the inefficiencies are the reason for the safety concern of the employees at oil
refining sector in Nigeria. The Nigeria Government entrusted the oil refining sectors with
several responsibilities without considering whether the refining sectors are capable to handle
those tasks or not. They fail miserably (Ezejiofor et al. 2014). The new contractors are
utilizing the fake consulting firms and are creating channels to pay revenues to the Nigeria
Government. They are manipulating the Government and taking advantage. On the other
hand, the Government is taking bribes and is proving to be threatening for the oil refining
sectors as well. The Government takes the bribes and give them what they want.
The unethical practices of the oil refining sectors and Nigeria Government are
threatening the safety of the oil refining sector (Liou and Musgrave 2014). The other safety
issue is the bunkering. Bunkering means the theft of the crude oil that has been exporting
facilities and the pipeline (Sola and Joachim 2016). The oil refining sectors, as well as the
Nigeria Government, are involved in the bunkering and for this reason, the Nigeria oil
refining sector has faced heavy loss. Nigeria’ economy is also suffering; they have produced
only 4,38,000 bpd that is half of their capacity due to the mismanagement. The oil refining
sectors in Nigeria is not technically advanced, due to which the management team fails to

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manage all the administrative works (Demirbas and Bamufleh 2017). Also, they are facing
difficulties in working fast and effective means that is why they are losing the competitive
edge. They have not followed the OPEC regulations; they have not followed the OSH
regulatory framework that is why the safety issues have erupted in the oil refining sector.
The research study has tried to focus on the methodologies and the regulations
following which the safety of the employees can be ensured. A legal framework can help to
regulate the activities in the oil refining sector in Nigeria (Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh
2014). The primary legislation is Petroleum Act, Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production
Sharing Contracts Act, Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010,
Petroleum Profits Tax Act and others. This Petroleum Act regulates the oil refining sectors
and the oil refining sectors, and it contains several legislations associated that can help the oil
refining sectors to work in an effective manner (Nriagu et al. 2016). The Deep Offshore and
Inland Basin Production Act is capable to solve the revenue problem. The Nigeria Oil and
Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010 caters them with the actual content of material
resources, human resources and shareholding that is required for the oil refining sectors based
in Nigeria (Raphael and Gabriel 2015). Again, the adoption of the OPEC regulations can help
the oil refining sectors to maintain stability in oil markets.
The oil refining sectors in Nigeria must adopt the Occupational health and safety
regulations that in term and other safety regulations to mitigate the safety risks like the
mineral oil regulations safety regulations 1962, Petroleum Regulations, 1969, Mineral Oil
(Safety) Regulations 1997 (Dada, Akinola and Haruna 2018). the Occupational health and
safety regulations (OSH) is helpful as it limits the employment of all the employees working
in the oil refining sector (Singh et al. 2017). The OSH basically limits the use of materials
and resources. The OSH assists inappropriate implementation of the safety regulations so that
the employees can work safely with full proficiency (Siddig et al. 2014). The research study

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showcases the safety issues and how those issues can be mitigated have been elaborated in
details.
1.5 Structure of the Study
The research study will focus on the implementation of safety regulations in Nigeria
refining sector.
The research study will contain nine chapters.
Chapter one will contain the framework of the study. The aim of the study, the
methodological approaches, the rationale of the study and at last the summary of the study
will be discussed in the study.
Chapter two will focus on the literature review. The literature review provides a
detailed analysis of maintaining sustainability at the time of oil and gas extraction. The
literature review has been written based on the relevant journals, books, and newspaper. The
entire chapter two will focus on the research questions, research aim as well as objective. The
review also provides evidence on what has been investigated so far.
Chapter three demonstrates the research method and methodology. The detailed
analysis of the qualitative, as well as quantitative research methodology, has been done in the
research study. The research method will answer the research questions and objectives. The
questionnaire layout, procedures of data collection will be highlighted in the study.
Chapter four will focus on the research findings. The research finding will be
presented based on the research participants, all the research questions will be answered in
this chapter.
Chapter five will discuss the findings, contributions, recommendations, and limitation
of the study. The chapter will discuss the research questions and their relevance to the

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research topic and existing knowledge. This chapter will address the issues and the
recommendations along with it. The limitations of the study will be highlighted. A number of
implications and recommendations will be presented along with that.
1.6 Summary of Chapter
The chapter initiates the foundation for the research, it gives an overview of aims of
the entire research study. Rest of the chapters will analyze the research questions and will try
to answer those questions. The structure of the entire research study has been elaborated. The
second chapter will highlight the secondary data elaborately.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The study is concentrated on numerous factors-safety policies, governance,
maintenance in oil refining sectors in Nigeria. The oil refining sectors must ensure the safety
of the employees and must prepare healthy and safety policy statement. All the procedures of
the oil refining sectors must be taken into consideration the at the time of writing policy
(Demirbas and Bamufleh 2017). The document will help to know the safety regulations that
can be implemented to ensure safety and security of the employees in the oil refining sector
in Nigeria. The safety policy must be pertinent to the safety of the employees over there in
the oil refining sector in Nigeria. A policy can be useful for protecting the employees of the
oil refining sector from the risk erupted.
The study will focus on the occupational health and safety techniques by which safety
of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria can be ensured (Dong,
Kouvelis and Wu 2014). The occupational health and safety policies can assist in regulating
the safety of the employees. The research study will also focus on the risks management as
well. In the context of oil and gas refining sector, the safety management is important and
must be considered and for this reason, the occupational health and safety policies have been
considered to ensure the safety of the employees or staffs of the oil refining sectors based in
Nigeria.
2.2 The major safety regulation issues in Nigeria refining sector
The safety regulation in Nigeria oil refining sector is at stake due to various kinds of
issues occurring in the refining sector (Ezekwe and Edoghotu 2015). The safety regulation
issues have aroused because of the unethical oil refining practice in Nigeria oil refining
sector. Many accidents have occurred in the refining region and only some of them are

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covered in the media. In 1980, the Funiwa No. 5 which is situated 5 miles away from the
Niger Delta blew out. About 200,000 barrels of oil were spilt and caused havoc; it took lives
of the local residents (Groysman 2017). Recently, in July 2013, the offshore supply vessel
flared up in the Abuloma Jetty at the time of welding works and it took dozens of lives
(Adedosu, Adedosu and Olajire 2017). The dozens of people were burnt alive in that incident.
The unethical oil refining is affecting the marine life. It has been reported that the unethical
oil refining has caused the safety hazards; it is killing fishes and crabs (Udonne, Efeovbokhan
and Sanni, 2016). The vessel that carries crude oil often gets sunk in the Oil Rivers and leads
to water pollution. Recently, it has been reported that a vessel filled with crude oil got sunk in
on the fringes of the Atlantic Ocean in Bayelsa State. Red Adair Corporation tried to cap the
well; however, they stopped due to danger to personnel (Ojo et al. 2015). Two rigs were
brought on scene to dig relief wells, however, the Funiwa bridged before they were
completed. About eight hundred thirty six acres of mangroves were destroyed as a result of
oil spillage, including the killing of crabs, and mangrove tree seedlings. These types of
incidents are occurring regularly and they are hardly reported. All these accidents are proving
fatal and so safety regulations must be implemented in Nigeria oil refining sector.

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Figure 1: Accident in Nigeria oil refining sector
(Source: Groysman 2017)
2.3 The safety regulation Acts for Nigeria refining sector
Considering the accidents occurred in the Nigeria oil refining sector, safety regulatory
frameworks must be implemented in the offshore platform for ensuring the safety of the
workers as well as the local dwellers and the marine lives (Emodi et al. 2017). The safety act
and regulations are-
Mineral Oil Regulations Safety Regulations, 1962
This is the safety regulation act that provides us with the assistance of the conducting
work operations in the Nigeria oil refining sector (Eweje 2006). The regulations consist of
the five parts, the part three deals with the responsibilities of the managers, and the part four
showcases the responsibilities of employees (Osin, Yu and Lin 2017).

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Table 1: Provisions of the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations
Petroleum Regulations, 1969
This is the Regulation that leads to the crude oil mining in the oil refining sector in
Nigeria (Kuenzer et al. 2014). The law that is associated with the safety can be found in the
Regulation 45; the safety regulations must be followed and maintained and the instructions
contained in it must be followed every time. A report or document must be prepared on the
basis that the safety regulations are being followed properly in the oil refining sector and that
report must be sent to the Director of Petroleum Resources (Ramson, Oluchi and John 2016).
Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations 1997
This oil minerals safety regulation Act 1997 amends the oil safety regulations 1963.
Under the regulation 7, all the refining operations must confirm the ‘good oilfield practice'
(Oladimeji et al. 2015). The operations must abide the safety regulations of the current
Institute of Petroleum safety codes.

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According to the regulations Act, the safety gadgets like the hats, boots and the belts
will be provided and that should be accepted by the Director of Petroleum Resources (Musa,
Popescu and Mynett 2016). The workers must ensure that they should perform the refining
activities nearby in close proximity to any building which is explosion proof and flameproof.
The employees must comply with the safety regulations and must work upon safety
regulations.
2.4 Global safety regulation like Occupational safety and health management systems
that can benefit Nigeria like the UK
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) activities are associated with the health and
safety of the employees in the working environment (Ogundari et al. 2016). The OHS is
related to the worker’s health, it is also related to the worker’s ability whether they are
capable to carry out their tasks or not. The OHS’ initiative is preventive and not curative.
Benefits of OHS
i. OHS is capable to prevent any hazards or accidents that can create adverse effects on the
working environment (Wokem Odokuma and Ariole 2017). OHS also prevents the
unexpected outcomes or the unpredictable outcomes that can result in the working
environment that can threaten the life of the employees working in the organisation.
ii. OSH always ensures employees’ safety in the workplace. It also takes into consideration
that the adverse effects that the employees can face in the workplace and suggest solutions so
that they can work peacefully without facing any kind of risk of poor health and safety
hazards and accidents (Emodi et al. 2017).
iii. OSH helps to improve the employees’ health in the workplace, thus it enhances the
productivity in the workplace.

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iv. OSH also helps work-associated sickness leave. The sickness left can result in loss of
productivity, and it also results in man-hour loss, time and resources (Bilal et al. 2015). Thus
the sickness can lead to an ultimate economy loss. This can only be mitigated with the aid of
OSH.
v. OSH helps businesses to attain conformity with the relevant laws (Sola and Joachim 2016).
OSH also assists the business to save cost by simply lessening potential claims and
litigations.
vi. OSH gives the business an organisation a better image, if the organisation gets success
with the welfare of the employees in the working place, then that organisation gets goodwill
and competitive edge over others (Howard, Azuatola and Abiodun 2017).
The occupational safety and health regulations can ensure safety and security of the
employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria. This can bring immense benefits to
them as well. It consists of the following characteristics-
i. Limits the hours of employment of all the workers in the organization (Oluduro and
Oluduor 2015). The regulation is applicable for all the workers associated with the
manufacturing, equipment, appliance, machinery plant and manual labour.
ii. The safety regulation prohibits, limits or controls the use of any material or procedures.
iii. The safety regulation can be modified according to the refining sector policies, any
provisions of the Act regarding the safety of employees in refining sector in Nigeria (Uzoh et
al. 2014).

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Figure 2: Occupational Health and Safety regulations for employees
(Source: Howard, Azuatola and Abiodun 2017, pp.34-43)
OSH Regulatory Frameworks in the UK
In the UK, the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974 is an important policy that is
adopted by the Nigeria oil refining sector (Adunbi 2015). The safety regulation Act
implements the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The authority regulates safety in Wales,
Scotland and England.
OSH Regulatory Frameworks in Nigeria
OSH Management works according to Factories Act (1958, 1987 & CAP.126
L.F.N.1990, CAP. F1 L.F.N.2004). The OSH regulation is not up to the mark in terms of
currency, coverage, empowerment and the independence. The safety regulations are not
followed efficiently (Oluduro and Oluduor 2015). The Inspectorate Division of Ministry of
Labour and Productivity (ID - FMLP) must imply the OSH regulations, however, they fail.
The regulations must be followed in Nigeria as this can mitigate all the accidents or issues
occurring in Nigeria oil refining sector.

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The research study will focus on OSH regulatory framework and will show light how
the safety regulations must be implemented for the safety of employees in refining sector in
Nigeria.
2.5 Corruption and incompetence
Corruption means misuse of power for own benefits. The private benefits are involved
with unethical retrievable of money or retrievable of valuable assets by unethical means. The
corruption leads to all kinds of misuse of power. The public power is associated with public
procurement, granting of permits (Kadafa, Zakaria and Othman 2012). The Nigeria
government advertised numerous blocks as well as selection criteria. They initiated various
upstream licenses for the oil refining sectors and have entrusted refining sectors with certain
tasks; however, the oil refining sectors lacked the ability to achieve those tasks.
Awarding contracts
The oil sectors involve the award of various large-scale contracts to the oil refining
sectors. In general, the oil service refining sectors award those contracts, however, in this
case, the Nigerian Government themselves take the responsibility to control those
transactions. The government has involved themselves in case of contract decision-making
(Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). Case documents state that in JV operations, NNPC
accepts all contracts or similar kinds of expenses over US$ 1 million. It has also been
documented that the new aspiring contractors are now using fake consultancy firms to create
channels to pay to the government (Boris 2015). The oil refining sectors are manipulating
government for their personal benefits. The government takes bribes and provides them with
the required benefits.

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Figure 3: Nigeria crude oil refining and disruptions
(Source: Kadafa, Zakaria and Othman 2012, pp.22-30)
Bunkering
Bunkering involves the theft of crude oil from the export facilities, as well as from
pipelines. It has been estimated that around 100,000 bpd has been lost due to the bunkering in
Nigeria. The Nigerian government, as well as the oil company representatives, is involved in
the bunkering (Nnedinma 2016). The bunkering is responsible for the rise in cost. For the
bunkering, the amount of crude has got lowered down.

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Figure 4: Oil Bunkering in Nigeria
(Source: Boris 2015, p.563)
Exporting crude and importing refined products
Nigeria’s four oil refineries have been able to produce only half of their capacity that
is 438,000 bpd due to all kinds of mismanagement issues.
Inefficiencies
The oil refineries refining sectors must have to get approval as well as a visa for each
and every expatriate worker they hire. For this approval, the transaction got delayed leading
to all kinds of discrepancies. The oil refining sectors pay bribes to carry out the transaction
procedures fast and agile way. At last, the contractors, as well as the other expenditures above
the low threshold, needs NNPC approval (Attwood 2017). These NNPC officials act as the
gatekeepers of the industry. These are the inefficiencies that creep up during the transaction.

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2.6 Technical advancement in oil refining sector in Nigeria
The oil refining sectors in Nigeria has planned to adopt the digitalization to facilitate
their business activities. The digitization will help to use data and manage data and to control
the business activities of the oil refining sectors (Ramberg et al. 2017). The digitization can
be helpful to make their operations automatic. The oil refining infrastructure prevalent in oil
refining sector can get upgraded to digital automation. Thus it can be stated that Nigeria’s
current oil refineries can be optimized with the aid of digitalization (Olaniyan, Bakare and
Morenikeji 2017). The oil refining sector of Nigeria can get immense success due to the
impact of digitalization. It has been analyzed that the oil refining sector is suffering from
pipeline insecurity, and the whole of Nigeria is suffering from vandalism. The integration of
digital technologies has the capacity to lessen the expenses of oil and gas sector up to 20
percent. Nigeria should take the initiative to integrate technical knowledge and skills to
supply automation and digital technologies (Ikpeze and Ikpeze 2015). The digitalization has
led to socio-economic advancement and it has the ability to open new opportunities for the
employment and jobs in Nigeria oil sector region. It is believed that with the adaptation of
digitalization, African economy will raise up to $300bn by the year 2026.

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Figure 5: Technical advancement in oil refining sector in Nigeria
(Source: Olaniyan, Bakare and Morenikeji 2017)
2.7 OPEC Regulations
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent,
intergovernmental Organization, established in the year 1960 at the Baghdad Conference, by
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (Ismail et al. 2017). The aim and vision of
OPEC are to unify the petroleum regulations of the Member countries and in this way, the
regulations assure sustainability in the oil markets so that the consumers can get regular as
well as economic supply of petroleum (Udonne, Efeovbokhan and Sanni 2016). The OPEC
oil price brand structure has assisted in strengthening and stabilizing the crude prices. Besides
that, their motto is to maintain safety and of workers working in the oil refining sector
(Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo 2013). They have always prioritized the Labour

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Movement. Nigeria oil refining sector must review and update their OPEC safety policies for
good.
Figure 6: OPEC Regulations in Nigeria
(Source: Ismail et al. 2017)
2.8 Legislation (Refining)
The legal framework which regulates the oil refining sector in Nigeria is on the basis
of several policies. The policy that governs the oil refining sector in Nigeria and that consists
of-
Petroleum Act (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN)) 2004 (as amended)-
The act regulates the oil refining industry and there are numerous legislation and policies
associated with it.

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Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contracts Act- This act has
fixed tax revenue for the oil refining sectors that operate in the inland basins as well as the
offshore areas of Nigeria (Mafimisebi and Ogbonna 2016).
Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010- The Act has fixed
the actual measure of material resources, shareholding and human resources needed for the
oil refining sectors in Nigeria (Uzoh et al. 2014).
Petroleum Profits Tax Act- The Act will impose a tax on profits of the oil refining
sectors which deals with upstream oil activities (Verla et al. 2014).
2.9 Summary
It can be concluded from the above discourse that the oil refining sector in Nigeria has
been suffering from regards to the safety issues. All the associated safety issues have been
highlighted in the study. The global safety regulations like occupational health and safety
regulations that can benefit Nigeria have been showcased in the research study as well. The
corruption and all the incompetence prevailing in the oil refining sector has been showcased
in the report. The oil refining sectors adopting the digitization technologies can optimize their
business activities. The digitalization can lead to the advancement of the oil refining sector in
Nigeria. The technical advancement that can benefit the oil refining sector has been
showcased in the report as well. The safety regulations like the OSH and OPEC regulations
have been focused well in the report. The OSH and OPEC safety regulations can ensure the
safety and security of the employees working there in Nigeria oil refining sector. OPEC
regulations have always given priority to the Labour Movement. Therefore, this chapter
reviews the safety policies in details that must be implemented in the oil refining sector in
Nigeria.

26SAFETY REGULATIONS
Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The research methodology assists in illustrating the most accurate approach following
the research study must be conducted. Research methodology is used to get the detail results
of the procedures (Mathias 2015). The author defined the theories as well as the concepts that
are required to deeply analyse the research topic. The research methodology is helpful to
detect the best procedure by which the safety regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector can be
analysed (Ameh, Ukoha and Eddy 2015). The author pointed out the procedures the research
methodology procedures in details. The researcher has pointed out various aspects of research
methodology that can lead to common errors and can create limits in the research procedure.
The researcher has also pointed out each detail procedures of the research methodology that
can prove to be useful in implementing the safety regulations for the employees in oil
refining sector in Nigeria. Secondary analysis is done in the present research.
3.2 Research Onion
Saunders et al. 2009 has developed a research onion and has incorporated the research
methodologies in the onion. The outline of the research give assistance to the researcher so
that he can get an idea about the time dimension of the project, the researcher even can get to
know about the project requirements well.

27SAFETY REGULATIONS
Figure 7: Research Onion
(Source: Saunders et al. 2009)
The researcher with the help of the research onion develops a research framework and
customizes the methodologies in accordance to the oil refining sector in Nigeria. The onion
layers help to provide an overview of the research phases. The data collection and data
analysis is the final layer of the research study (Wilson 2014). There are other layers or
phases in the research onion; however, the outcome of the final layer depends on the other
layers of the research onion. The quantum is one of the main aspect of the research onion.
The dimension of time is other aspect of the research onion. The researcher gets benefitted
through research onion application. The customization of the phases helps to successfully
accomplishing the project.
3.3 Philosophy
The positivist suggests how the complicated operations can be carried out without any
hassle or any kind of issues on the basis of objectivity, repeatability and measurement.
Therefore, a positivist approach enables the researcher to carry out the research in an
unbiased manner (Okoroma et al. 2015). Positivism has been implied in this study, it will

28SAFETY REGULATIONS
help in analyzing the hidden facts and the data associated with the employees’ safety in oil
refining sector in Nigeria. The positivism philosophy minimizes the data errors so it is useful
for the researchers to evaluate the data without any hassle.
The interpretive position put emphasis on the universal truth deals with the realism of
the context and it is considered critical to implement a scientific model to social study. In this
philosophy, the researchers' value, as well as the beliefs, acts as the driving force for the
research findings (Braide et al. 2016).
The positivist approach is the qualitative approach whereas the interpretative
approach is the quantitative approach and they have been discussed in the later part of this
chapter.
The positivist, as well as the interpretive approach, is considered as the
epistemological considerations whereas the realist and the relativist approach is considered as
the ontological considerations.
At the ontological level, this research study has focused on to the realist position as
the ways the Nigerian project managers of oil and gas refining sector work on the safety
regulations varied significantly (Flinn 2016). Also, it must be considered as the project must
be accomplished in a practical way and abstract way.
At the epistemological level, the research study is based on the research problem
statement and it is focused on determining the extent to which the knowledge management
strategies contribute to adding value in case of safety regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector
(Anthony and Pratt 2015). The interpretive approach is applicable for detecting problems
regarding safety regulations as it can detect the differing viewpoints of the employees of the
oil refining sectors in Nigeria oil refining sector.

29SAFETY REGULATIONS
The interpretivism approach adopted by the researchers helps in examining the
differences in opinions among the employees regarding the safety regulations, this approach
analyse the opinions in a great level of depth. The opinions are given priorities and they are
considered honest as well as trustworthy.
3.4 Research approach
A studied approach is needed to acknowledge that the format via which the study can
be carried out effectively. A definite research topic is performed basically in two ways,
inductive and deductive (Mmom and Igbuku 2015). Inductive approach is basically the study
which involves research of particular data. That starting phase of the inductive approach
involves observation, this observation assists in acquiring relevant data about the chosen
topic and thus it builds a suitable pathway for the ongoing research. The inductive method
also indicates a building of new theory for the research topic, whereas the deductive approach
showcases the detailed application of the theories so that the contents of the research paper
can be accessed and studied. After examining the nature of the study as well as the topic of
research, the approach for this study is selected that can provide elaborate analysis of the
research.
Justification for selection of the chosen approach
In this study, the topic will assess various aspects related to the safety of the
employees of Nigeria oil refining sector. For implementing safety regulations and to ensure
safety for the employees of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria, an
approach must be selected. The research approach will assist to know the safety regulation
implementation in clear and efficient manner (Lekwot et al. 2014). The inductive approach
has not been able to interpret the present topic as a result of which new theories or concepts
will be implemented by the researcher.

30SAFETY REGULATIONS
3.5 Research Design
The author illustrates that the research design assists in the elaborating the framework
of the topic of research, the resign design helps to select the most appropriate pattern for
conducting the research or analysis. A distinct approach has been taken during data collection
(Mamudu, Igwe and Okonkwo 2016). There is numerous research design has been selected
for the study, they are either descriptive or exploratory or explanatory.
Exploratory design assists a researcher in knowing the ideas needed to finish the
research study. On the other hand, the explanatory research deals with the occurrence of
various kinds of incidents and its consequent effect (Marcus and Ekpete 2014). The
descriptive research’s primary objective is to acquire details of the occurrence of events with
a detailed description of the research topic.
Justification of selection of the chosen design
The exploratory research basically supports the longitudinal study concepts that are
why it is not suitable to use this research study for this particular topic. On the other hand, the
descriptive research is capable of illustrating the detailed procedures associated with the
safety regulations in oil refining sector in Nigeria (Joy and Okonkwo 2017). The extent of
influence of the safety regulations will be examined in details with the aid of descriptive
design and the descriptive design has been selected for this research design.
3.6 Data Collection method
In the present research, secondary data has been collected from several secondary
sources like books, journals and websites. By going through the content of the articles,
themes have been formed. It helps to get finding of the research.

31SAFETY REGULATIONS
3.7 Data sampling method
Sampling methods help us to know the details about the safety regulations that can be
carried out successfully in Nigeria oil refining sector; it is conducted by utilising a list of
regulations and standards. The safety regulations have been planned to be undertaken in the
oil refining sector in Nigeria following the rules of OSHA or ANSI (Dada, Akinola and
Haruna, 2018). The research study considers knowledge management based systems across
Nigeria’s oil refining sector. The research study addresses these considerations and has
presented the potential complexity. Wilson (2014) stated that the research study will analyze
those data and then based on that a set of safety regulations or principles will be provided
which Nigeria government, the oil refining sectors and the employees must follow.
3.8 Accessibility issues
In the present research, secondary data are collected from various secondary sources
such as books, journals and websites. Authentic data have been obtained for the research.
However, there is some accessibility issues in the project. Some books are not accessible as
those require high amount of money for accessing. In addition, some of the books and
journals are not written in English language and some others are under copyright act. On the
other hand, few journals are published before 2013. Those articles have been rejected.
3.9 Data Analysis Plan
Qualitative data analysis
In case of qualitative data analysis, the researcher should find ways to study and
analyze a large amount of data. In the present study, thematic analysis is done that portrays
the results of the analysis carrying out in the research. The researcher is expected to
incorporate his own expressions into the data (Giwa-Osagie and Ehigiato 2015). The
computer system has the capacity to manage complicated data. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet

32SAFETY REGULATIONS
is the software that will be used for the data analysis. The Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet
computer program is capable to detect the accident rate as well as the safety culture
awareness level in oil refining sector in Nigeria. The questions will be designed in such a way
that it meets the compliance of safety standard and process for different categories of
participants (Yusup and Wai 2016). The data analysis will progress and through that further
details of the research can be obtained.
3.10 Limitations
The researchers accumulate data at the time of uncertainty in the Nigeria oil refining
sector. This uncertainty can put a negative impact on the responses of the participants (Musa,
Oyedeji and Mada 2017). Therefore, it is limiting the impact of the outcome of the research
study. As there are secondary sources for the research, some of the articles are not accessible
and not written in English languages. In addition, some of the articles require money for
access.
3.11 Ethical issues
In the present research, ethical issues are properly followed. However, there is a
concern that data archiving specific exposes to the personal views of the subject. On the other
hand, best practice requires planning anonymisation at initial transcription (Wokem,
Odokuma and Ariole 2017). Data have not been obtained from the secondary research
sources that are under copyright act. On the other hand, obtained data are not published for
business purpose. Data in the form of soft copies are stored under password protected as well
as encrypted. Obtained data from hardcopies are kept in safe locked cabinet. However, there
is a provision for analyzing secondary data in original consent secondary study approved by
the ethics review committee.

33SAFETY REGULATIONS
3.12 Reliability issues
Reliability of the study findings needs researchers to make judgments regarding
soundness of the research related to the application as well as appropriateness of the methods
that are undertaken as well as integrity of making final conclusions (Yusup and Wai 2016).
Although the tests as well as measures utilized for developing validity as well as reliability of
quantitative research, it cannot be applied in qualitative research. Some of the strategies are
adopted in order to improve credibility of the research.
3.13 Time plan
(Refer to Appendix)
3.14 Summary
The present summary illustrates the numerous tools used for carrying out the research.
The tools will help in analysing the research topic well. The researcher with the aid of this
chapter has tried to align the research study along with the research tools by which the best
research framework can be attained. The research tools will be appropriate to examine
concepts related to safety regulations of the oil refining sectors based in Nigeria.
.

34SAFETY REGULATIONS
Chapter 4: Results and findings
4.1 Preface
In this chapter of research, information gathered by organizing secondary research. In
the research, secondary sources like books, journals and websites related to the refining
sector in Nigeria have been selected. In this regards, raw data has been gathered that requires
an analysis. In this chapter, qualitative analysis has been taken place. It helps to get findings
from the secondary selected for the research. It leads to getting results for the analysis
regarding the safety regulations in refining sector of Nigeria. In the present study, gathering
information from secondary sources leads to develop theme for the research. Analysis of the
themes would be helpful to get findings for the research.
4.2 Qualitative questionnaire
Theme 1: Present issues regarding safety regulations at Nigerian refining sector
Health and safety are continued to be priority issues in refining sector of Nigeria.
There are several multinational oil companies operating business in Nigeria. However, the
businesses are criticized by local as well as international pressure groups in order to engage
in unhygienic health, safety as and resulting in generating wide ecological issues. It consists
of pollution from pipe-line leaks, refinery effluents and blowouts. In addition, disruption of
natural terrain during operations of oil and gas are included in it. Ajayi and Malachi (2016)
stated that protests from the host communities escalated into every threat in several forms on
the refining companies as well as their staffs. It is exemplified by raids on offshore as well as
onshore oil facilities along with infrastructure. It shuts down of oil wells as well as recurrent
cases like kidnapping of the staffs with the help of rebel groups.

35SAFETY REGULATIONS
Figure 8: Health and Safety regulations implement in Nigeria
(Source: Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo 2013)
On the other side, pollution in the refining sector have engendered atmosphere of
making insecurity in the particular sector as well as brought to the forefront the problems
regarding health and safety are helpful for managing operations in the organization. Focused
on the specific issues of health, safety and atmosphere in oil and gas industry of the county,
refining organizations arranges workshop for stakeholders in refining sector of Nigeria.
Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo (2013) argued that the Nigerian economy is dependent on
refining industry for producing revenue and fuel for driving its development. However, the
refining sector of the country includes major problems like accidents and disasters that are
contributed to safety as well as environmental issues. It is true for every sector consisting
downstream.
Theme 2: Workplace safety regulation issues in Nigeria refining sector
The significance of occupational health in refining sector bears an immense value.
However, refining sector appears as complicated places. Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo
(2013) stated that safety and health professionals are working with specific process and

36SAFETY REGULATIONS
instrumentation. The measures include hard hats, goggles and glasses. In addition, processes
need to be developed for assuring compliance with applicable regulations.
Figure 9: Safety regulations adopted by oil refining sector in Nigeria
(Source: Ajayi and Malachi 2016)
Petroleum refining sector involved enormously to the changing demands of customer
for gaining better as well as distinctive products. However, the original demands go through a
number of steps. Distillation process, catalytic procedure, thermal cracking procedure and
treatment processes are considered as most important in refining sector. Workplace health
hazards usually differ from general environment. In addition, workers are generally confined
spaces and level of exposure to the workplace hazards that are higher than general
environment. In under developed countries like Nigeria are exposed simultaneously to the
workplace hazards. Occupational health hazards can be divided into physical, chemical,
behavioral as well as biological and psychological issues.
Theme 3: Environmental policies and strategies in Nigerian refining sector

37SAFETY REGULATIONS
Development of occupational health in Nigeria follows effective pattern in developing
countries. The staffs working in the sector are exposed to several types of health hazards.
Modern occupational health has started as an outcome of colonization as well as
industrialization by Britain (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). On contrary, the International Labor
Organization has made a standard regarding the workplace safety and regulations. It is
important for the organizations involved in refining sector needs to analyze the problems
caused occupational health issues. Structured open-ended as well as self administrated
questionnaire is utilized for collecting data. On the other side, socio-demographic
characteristics of the particular respondents have several types of health hazards and require
controlling the risk posed by health hazards on the staffs.
Figure 10: Natural Oil and Gas Consumption by oil refining companies in Nigeria
(Source: Akinwande et al. 2014)
Oil and gas well drilling services engage several distinctive types of equipment along
with materials. Reorganization as well as controlling hazards is very complicated. However,
it is important to prevent injuries and deaths. There are various types of hazards that cause
injury in the organizations. In this perspective, it is required to take necessary steps for

38SAFETY REGULATIONS
minimizing the hazards in the organization. In oil refining sector, it is mainly seen that
chemical hazards cause several injuries in the workplace as the process is involved with the
use of several types of chemicals. Thus, it is important to minimize chemical hazards in the
organizations. Hence, it is important for the organization to focus on fire warning system in
terms of providing safety for the organization.
Environmental strategies and policies on Nigerian refining sector:
Environmental strategies and policies of Nigerian refining sector has been developing.
Extent of evolution and environmental consciousness level has been achieved in various
subsectors. In the last quarter of 2012, the nation was yet to make notable development in
gaining zero flare. Thus, clearly prior information comprised of indirect reference towards
outright failure and inadequacies of environmental strategies and policies under refining
industry of this nation. Refining industry of this nation has largely regulated and comprised
of various regulators. This has included Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and Ministry of Petroleum Resources (MPR). As
per as security is concerned safety and security has needed a multi-faced method to involve
use of different pragmatic measures. Implementing of annestry program, development of
Ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs along with establishing of Niger-Delta Development
Commission (NDDC) is an effective strategy. In spite of this, institutional arrangements have
never delivered intended outcomes. Thus strategies have been further fine-tuned and
reconsidered.
Every stakeholder has been poising to cooperate to move the needed process further.
Various other strategies considered favorable in these prospects are Local Content Act and
bill of Petroleum industry. This has been presently in works. The worldwide heightened
awareness of the effect of the reverse environmental problems has been a primary prospect.

39SAFETY REGULATIONS
Development of related manpower is different environmental studies by establishing of
specialized studies for current times under Higher Institutions of learning at Nigeria have
been a beneficial strategy. It has helped to create indigenous manpower and opportunities of
knowledge. This has been driving environmental strategies and policies that is highly home
grown and successful.
Modular refinery of off-the shelf solution has been cost efficient supply option
regarding investors particularly when refining is a lightest yield. Further, relatively lower
capital cost, short payback period and flexibility has made the environmental strategies and
policies on Nigerian refining sector distinctly attractive. For independent producer, to
participate in modular refining project has improved cashflow assuring refining gets
sufficiently optimized. It has been providing value beyond conventional refining business
model. Regarding downstream marketers finding hedge against different exposure of foreign
exchange, domesticating fuel supplies and creating local capacity and modular refinery has
been a winning strategy.
Theme 4: Role of the government for managing safety regulation in refining sector of
Nigeria
The Nigeria Government has certain responsibility to ensure safety of the employees
in Nigeria refining sector. The employers must be responsible to take up the safety concerns
in the workplace. According to the society, the employees working under the Government get
the maximum facility and perform excellent health performance. Government should support
the employees, should encourage them at the time of need, must provide incentives and
recognition and must ensure safety of the employees. The voluntary employer programs can
help in excelling in assuring safety in the workplace (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). Government
should set standards for the employees, the employees should carry out the business activities

40SAFETY REGULATIONS
with efficiency, should maximize the use of the public input, that can assist in establishing
safety regulations in the workplace. On the other hand, the Government should consult with
the employees and should make sure that all the employees get the facilities. The consultation
must be carried out in without any inspections it must be without threat.
There are 15% domestic consumption of refining industry is encountered by the
production of local refineries. The federal government owns oil and gas reserved in Nigeria.
On the other hand, licenses are granted to the oil companies for exploration as well as
production. It takes form of production that shares contract between private companies as
well as federal government by Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation. The government of
Nigeria has created several initiatives, which are directed trough addressing shortfall in the
oil production with the help of local refineries (Akinwande et al. 2014). The initiatives
consist of deregulating downstream of petroleum sector and liberalizing pricing strategy as
well as importing of refined petroleum products. Licensing of generating private refineries is
included in it. The government tries addressing demands of particular communities in oil rich
Niger Delta by making specific initiatives as well as policies. The target of government has
limitation in unrest in Niger Delta as well as stopping destruction of pipeline infrastructure.
There is an important decrease in proceeding from refining sector as well as exports
from Nigeria since the price of crude oil has dropped before two years. Low price of oil has
led to an important. On the other hand, production in Nigeria has increased in the month of
February 2017. The positive outlook is generally expected for entry o Iran into oil market.
There is negative impact on demand of crude from Nigeria. The most of the plans are
designed for developing pipelines. It is intended to run through Sahara desert as well as
connecting the medium. The research is evaluated regarding the role of the government for
economic regulations on refining sector of petroleum supply chain management through an
analysis of oil marketing companies in Nigeria. Energy market has a number of features

41SAFETY REGULATIONS
prompted by intervention of the government. Ajayi and Malachi (2016) stated that adopting
supply chain management by the organizations seeks for serving customers efficiently.
Effectiveness business philosophy and supply chain management have obtained a great
amount of attention from academics as well as practitioners in current years. Measurement of
supply chain comprises upstream and middle stream along with downstream sectors. It is
concerned for exploration and midstream deals with storage and marketing. The significance
of natural gas distribution facilitates for transportation of commodities such as crude oil and
natural gas as well as sulphur. The sector engages oil refineries considered as part of
downstream sectors.
Figure 11: Graph representing market capitalization of Nigeria oil refining companies
(Source: Ajayi and Malachi 2016)
A key observation for a number of policies addressed the issues in order to support
quality of service that is offered by team of regulation (Aigbadon et al. 2017). On the other
hand, there are consequences and suffocating effort of the policies and public installations are
generated in the mainstream of the foundation in Nigeria. There are several consequences and

42SAFETY REGULATIONS
reviewing of gasoline regulation. On the other hand, the regulation of government introduces
a particular measurement.
The Government of Nigeria must appoint safety professionals in administrating and
maintaining the OSH Act, they must ensure that these professionals have the expertise to
assure safety in the workplace and they can train the employees so that the oil refining sector
can get skilled employees. The Government must maintain safety working conditions as
workplace accidents can destroy any business. The oil refining sector is no exception; the
employees are not satisfied with the performance of the workplace. It is the basic desire of
the humans to avoid any pain and suffering. Many accidents have occurred in the oil refining
sector thus the safety concerns have raised (Aigbadon et al. 2017). The government must
provide monetary support for the employees. Government must pay wages to the sick and the
disabled workers must pay to the substitute employees. Government must pay for repairing
the damaged equipment.

43SAFETY REGULATIONS
Figure 12: Review time for regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector
(Source: Yusup and Wai 2016)
4.3 Summary
As the sector is considered is full of risks, there is always the possibility of moving to
different organization or sector for gaining better security. In this perspective, it is important
for management of the organization to gain security measures that can be helpful for the
organization to implement security policies and plans for safety and security of the
organization. Thus, it can be summarized that refining sector of the organization takes
necessary steps for providing satisfactory safety regulation in the workplace.

44SAFETY REGULATIONS
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it can be easily concluded that this report is all about an
analysis of the effectiveness of safety features in the oil organization of Nigeria. The above
pages of this research study mainly discuss various kinds of safety regulation which must be
followed in order to ensure that government, various organization and workers or employees
of this organization to check the safety of various workers in the sector of Nigeria oil and
refining. The unethical refining practice resulted in various kinds of health hazards to various
employees and local people or resident of Nigeria. A brief background of oil refining sectors
in Nigeria has been provided in the above pages of the research study. The aim of the
research and objectives of this research study has been provided in the above pages of this
research study. The objective of this research study comprises of following various parts like
research question, problem statement, the rationale of the research study, structure of study
and summary of the chapter has been discussed in the above pages. After that a literature
review has been done which consist of important sector like introduction, safety regulation
problems in Nigeria refining sector, various Acts which are generally involved in the Nigeria
refining sector, global safety regulation which can provided a lot of benefits to Nigeria sector
has been discussed in the above pages of the research study. After that corruption, technical
advancement, regulation of OPEC, Legislation and summary has been discussed in the above
pages. Research design and methodology also consist of various point like an introduction,
philosophy, research design and approach, methods of data collection, data sampling method,
issues of accessibility, ethical issues, and plan of data analysis, limitation and summary has
been also provided in the above pages of the report. In the end result and finding has been
done which comprises of points like preface and the qualitative question which has been
discussed in details in the above pages of the research study. The objective of this research

45SAFETY REGULATIONS
study is monitoring of various kinds of challenges or issues which is being encountered by
refining sector of Nigeria, analysis of accidents which are generally associated with the
various kinds of activities which are related to refining in Nigeria. After that, an evaluation
needs to be done on the various kinds of safety regulation which generally govern the
refining sector of Nigeria. The main problem that has been addressed in this case study is the
various kinds of safety regulation which must be adopted so that there can be effective oil
refining in Nigeria. Various kinds of petroleum regulation act of Nigeria have been discussed
in the above pages of the research study. A graph has been provided regarding the various
kinds of hazards which generally exist in Oil Corporation of Nigeria has been discussed in
the above pages of the research study. In the end of the research study, a list of
recommendation has been provided for the improvisation of this oil refining sector in Nigeria.
Recommendation
There are many recommendations for improvisation of safety regulation in Oil
refining sectors in Nigeria.
 Collaborating with various local community during emergency
 Investing a good sum of money which aims at uniting various kinds of
workers.
 Actively analyzing the mental health of various workers in various oil
organization in Nigeria.
 Increasing the familiarity of workers of various working sites and zones.
 Doing housekeeping on a regular basis.
 Implementation or adaptation of 5S system within the various oil refining
sectors of Nigeria.

46SAFETY REGULATIONS
 Installation of in-vehicle system of monitoring
 Providing a clear visual method or way of communication
 Reassess of signage of safety during the safety of projects.
 Staying at the highest level in the case of maintenance of various kinds of
machines.
Various workers of oil refining sectors tend to be the highest risk of injuries in the
various oil refining sectors of Nigeria. There is a lot of pressure which mainly results from
the high value of drilling projects because of the fact of drilling projects. Development of
local emergency response may result in the establishment of the flow of communication
which generally results in providing a higher value of safety for various organization. Safety
training and dedicated time will help the works of this oil organization to easily get an idea
regarding other workers of the oil corporation in Nigeria. Before the beginning of any kind of
work in the oil corporation of Nigeria, it is the duty to analyze the fact that who will analyze
the role in the work and kinds of hazards which generally exist in that particular organization
of oil and refining. With the help of the 5S system, there can be an easy improvisation of
workflow and reduction of waste which are generated. It is the duty of various organization to
eliminate any communication or confusion among the various kinds of employees of oil
corporation in Nigeria.

47SAFETY REGULATIONS
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Appendix
Main activities/ stages W
eek 1
W
eek 2
W
eek 3
W
eek 4
W
eek 5
W
eek 6
W
eek 7
Topic Selection 
Data collection from secondary
sources
 
Creating layout 
Literature review   
Formation of the research Plan  
Selection of the Appropriate
Research Techniques
 
Primary data collection  
Analysis & Interpretation of
Data Collection
 
Findings of the Data 
Conclusion of the Study 
Formation of Rough Draft  
Submission of Final Work  
Table 2: Gantt chart
Reflection
Through conducting the research, I have gained knowledge about the safety
regulations that ensure the safety of one who works in the organization. In chapter one, I have

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discussed the research aim and the objective. The research aim and objective has helped to
analyze how the safety regulations can be implemented in the oil refining sectors in oil
refining sectors in Nigeria. I have highlighted the research questions in the first chapter. Rest
of the chapters of the study has answered the research questions. I have read several journals
and books; I have read several blogs related to safety regulations of the workers in Nigeria. In
the chapter two literature review, I have emphasized opinions of various authors. I focus on
the refining legislation like major safety regulation issues in Nigeria oil refining sector that
are causing trouble to the employees as well as the local residents residing nearby. I have
explained in details the corruption and competence that are creating safety concerns in the oil
refining sector. I have included the safety regulation Acts that can be useful to imply the
safety regulations in the oil refining sector. The safety regulations Act can assure the safety of
the employees working in the oil refining sector. I have also highlighted the Occupational
safety and health management and OPEC regulations that can bring immense benefits to the
employees. I have also focused on the primary legislation is Petroleum Act, Deep Offshore
and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contracts Act, Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content
Development Act 2010, Petroleum Profits Tax Act. In chapter three, I have focused on the
research design and methodology. The research tools that I have used for the study are
philosophy, research approach, research design, data analysis plan and data sampling method.
I have utilized the positivist approach as it is the best approach for conducting the
complicated operations without any hassle. I have used the deductive approach for the study
as the deductive approach explains more about the research. I have chosen the descriptive
research design for this topic. The data has been collected for the research study via survey.
The oil company managers and the workers were the participants who answered the set of
questionnaires set. The samples were collected from the participants and this helps in
implementing safety regulations in oil refining sectors in Nigeria. 75 staffs have been

60SAFETY REGULATIONS
working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria. I select them with the assistance of the simple
random probability sampling technique. I gather all the data that is needed for conducting the
analysis. I highlight the data analysis in the in chapter four. I gather all the useful data from
the participants and these data plays a vital role in finding the appropriate safety regulations
in the oil refining sector in Nigeria.