Designing Sanitation Solutions for Sambo District, Cambodia Project

This project focuses on designing a sanitation system to address the health hazards faced by the people of the Sambo district in Cambodia due to inadequate sanitation. The project begins with an introduction outlining the importance of proper sanitation for health and environmental protection, followed by a background and justification section explaining the specific issues, such as diseases and unsanitary conditions. Preliminary research involves reviewing articles that explore sanitation challenges, community participation, and policy considerations in arid regions. The design concept proposes individual household septic tanks to minimize disease transmission and environmental pollution. The project describes the septic tank system, its functionality, and potential issues. Further investigation is suggested on budget, benefits, and health impact. The conclusion highlights the advantages of the proposed sanitation system in improving health and promoting environmental sustainability. The project references several articles related to sanitation issues, community engagement, and policy.

Running head: DESIGN AND INNOVATION
Topic- Designing project on Sanitation problem for the Sambo district communities in Cambodia
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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DESIGN AND INNOVATION
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
2. Project background and justification...........................................................................................2
3. Preliminary research....................................................................................................................3
4. Design Concept............................................................................................................................4
4.1 Description.............................................................................................................................5
4.2 Issues or questions for further investigation..........................................................................5
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................7

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1. Introduction
The paper mainly focuses on the investigation that is mainly undertaken in order to
design a response for reducing sanitation issues that the people of Sambo district of Cambodia
face. It is identified that the people of Sambo district mainly faces number of health hazards
including diarrhoea, malnutrition as well as deficiencies in cognitive as well as physical
development abilities (McGranahan, 2015). It is very much necessary to develop proper
sanitation facility for the people of Sambo district as appropriate facility of sanitation not only
resolves health hazards among people but also helps in protecting the environment by promoting
sustainability.
2. Project background and justification
The people of Sambo district faces lot of issues due to improper facility of sanitation. It
is found that the people are suffering from number of health issues including diarrhoea,
tuberculosis, intestinal diseases and more. In absence of proper sanitation facility, waste is
generally disposed on the streets that generally muddying the landscapes and creates foul smell,
creating terrible conditions for the inhabitants (McFarlane & Silver, 2017).
In order to meet the sanitation as well as hygiene challenges that are faced by the people
of Sambo district, it is very much necessary to focus on triggering demands for improving
sanitation facilities (Tilmans et al., 2015). It is identified that improving access to sanitation
facility is considered as one of the critical step that not only reduces different types of health
issues but also improves surrounding environment.

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3. Preliminary research
Article 1: Demamu, S., Ismail, S., & Yihdego, M. (2017). The nominal group technique for
participating communities in analyzing rural town water and sanitation situation. The
Ethiopian Journal of Health Development (EJHD), 11(1).
The paper mainly focuses on the nominal group technique for different participating
techniques in order to analyze the situation of sanitation. It is identified that in order to explore
the sanitation problem as well as its causes, it is very much necessary to conduct a series of
discussions with the real town residents. It is found that garbage disposals as well as
indiscriminate open field defecation are the major problems that are mainly followed by
unsanitary services of drink and food. The top identified because items generally occurs due to
the incapability of municipality to control sanitation or due to absence of proper public latrines.
It is analyzed that various approaches of community consultation as well as participation are
generally utilized in various environment related activities. This generally includes seeking
contribution, deployment of community as well as mass action.
Article 2: Wienecke, A., Atkinson, D., & Botes, L. (2017). Sanitation as a human right?
Practical and policy considerations in providing sanitation in arid regions. Journal for New
Generation Sciences, 15(1), 402-416.
The paper mainly reflects on the various policy considerations that are generally required
in order to provide proper facility of sanitation in various arid regions. It is identified that many
countries have adopted human rights in context to sanitation as well as safe drinking water.
Sanitation is not considered as one of the technical issue however, it generally includes various
cultural, socio-economic, and physiological as well as various ethical aspects. If the approach of

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human right is properly considered, then the resolution of the issues that are mainly related with
the service provision generally needs an interaction that generally exists between government,
science as well as private sector manufactures in order to provide proper sustainable choices.
Furthermore, the article mainly explores the various options as well as policies that are related
with Sanitation. It is found that both sanitation as well as water rights remains hypothetical in
many countries however the most challenged were the arid countries due to high pollution and
fragile national economy.
Article 3: Satterthwaite, D., Mitlin, D., & Bartlett, S. (2015). Key sanitation issues:
Commitments, coverage, choice, context, coproduction, costs, capital, city-wide
coverage. Environment & Urbanisation Brief, 31.
The paper mainly focuses on the issues as well as challenges of sanitation. It is analyzed
that the target that is mainly related with sanitation is not met through the rate of improve
sanitation is quite low as per the Millennium Development goals. No statistic is present that
states the target however it is found that most of the people who dwelling in urban areas lacks
proper facility of sanitation. It identified that in most of the countries, the percentage of
improved sanitation generally decreases from the ear 1990. It is very much important to get
proper commitments from both international agencies as well as from the governments in
support of sanitation. The problem of sanitation generally needs worldwide coverage with
number of choices about provision that is mainly influenced by the local content.
4. Design Concept
The design for proper sanitation system helps in resolving the problem as well as
challenges that the people of Sambo district are facing. It is identified that by developing septic

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DESIGN AND INNOVATION
tanks with proper sanitation system for each individual household would be helpful in
minimizing the chances of diseases like diarrhea and helps in keeping the environment clean.
4.1 Description
The septic tank that is created with the toilet mainly include a tank with inlet as well as
outlet from which excreta can be flushed quite easily with the help of conventional flush toilet
(Patel, 2015). It is identified that the solid undergoes within an aerobic decomposition, which
mainly resulted in the production of sludge as well as scum.
4.2 Issues or questions for further investigation
The issues or questions that need to be investigated further include:
 Budget of the project: It is very much necessary to analyze the budget that is mainly
associated with the design and development of sanitation system.
 Benefits of the developed sanitation system: It is quite important to investigate about
the benefits of the sanitation system that is required to be designed for the Sambo district.
 Minimization in sanitation related health hazards: Proper investigation must be
undertaken in order to analyze the percentage of reduction in sanitation related health
issues.
5. Conclusion
It can be concluded from the entire project that the design as well as development of
sanitation system for the people of Sambo district is quite advantageous. Proper design of
sanitation system would be helpful in resolving health hazards like diarrhea that the people of

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Cambodia face. In addition to this, it also helps in protecting the environment by promoting
sustainability.

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DESIGN AND INNOVATION
References
Demamu, S., Ismail, S., & Yihdego, M. (2017). The nominal group technique for participating
communities in analyzing rural town water and sanitation situation. The Ethiopian
Journal of Health Development (EJHD), 11(1).
McFarlane, C., & Silver, J. (2017). The poolitical city:“Seeing sanitation” and making the urban
political in Cape Town. Antipode, 49(1), 125-148.
McGranahan, G. (2015). Realizing the right to sanitation in deprived urban communities:
meeting the challenges of collective action, coproduction, affordability, and housing
tenure. World Development, 68, 242-253.
Patel, S., & SPARC Team. (2015). The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian
Alliance. Environment and Urbanization, 27(1), 55-72.
Satterthwaite, D., Mitlin, D., & Bartlett, S. (2015). Key sanitation issues: Commitments,
coverage, choice, context, coproduction, costs, capital, city-wide coverage. Environment
& Urbanisation Brief, 31.
Tilmans, S., Russel, K., Sklar, R., Page, L., Kramer, S., & Davis, J. (2015). Container-based
sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien,
Haiti. Environment and urbanization, 27(1), 89-104.
Wienecke, A., Atkinson, D., & Botes, L. (2017). Sanitation as a human right? Practical and
policy considerations in providing sanitation in arid regions. Journal for New Generation
Sciences, 15(1), 402-416.