Sampling Strategies for Halal Services in Tourism and Hospitality

This assignment delves into the realm of halal services within the tourism and hospitality sectors, specifically focusing on sampling strategies employed by researchers. The first question examines various sampling techniques, such as survey questionnaires and interviews, used in peer-reviewed research papers listed in ABS or ABDC journals. The analysis includes studies conducted in Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, and Bangladesh, highlighting the application of probability, stratified, convenient, purposive, and quota sampling methods. The second question focuses on designing a holistic sampling strategy for a research project, advocating for cluster sampling within a probability sampling framework. The proposed strategy involves clustering respondents from Dubai and Abu Dhabi, with specific criteria such as Muslim faith and prior experience with hotel services in non-Muslim countries. The methodology includes a survey with a Likert scale and the selection of hotels based on customer ratings. The rationale behind this approach is to ensure time and cost efficiency while maintaining accessibility and representativeness of the sample. References to relevant research papers support the discussion.

QUESTIONS
Question 1
What types of sampling strategies were conducted by other researchers in halal
services in Tourism and Hospitality field? Justify your answer by using peer-reviewed
paper in journals listed in ABS or ABDC list.
Answer 1
In research paper by (Al-Ansi, Olya, & Han, 2019), the sampling strategy that
was used was survey questionnaire technique. The sampling technique that have been
used by the researchers was probability sampling. The survey was conducted mainly
in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. The data that were collected by the researchers were
mainly collected from the customer who were staying in five international hotels halal
food restaurants. For conducting this survey, convenient sampling technique was
used. For about 235 customers in that area were surveyed and the time span of
conducting the survey was 4 weeks. The respondents who were surveyed included
both male and female and researchers were able to complete their objective with this
method.
In this research paper, qualitative research for exploring the patterns and the
facets for destinations that are halal friendly. The researchers have conducted
interviews for discovering the objectives of the research. The sampling technique that
have been used by the researchers was stratified sampling. For conducting the
interview, the respondents who were selected by the researchers were the Muslim
travelers, the tour operators, the suppliers of halal products and consumers of the halal
services (Han, Al-Ansi, Olya, & Kim, 2019). Respondents also included experts as
well as academicians of halal. For the interview, 16 individuals were interviewed and
three Muslim families were also included in the interview. The sampling technique
included in the research also included total of 365 Muslim travelers in South Korea.
In this research paper (Alrwajfah, Almeida-García, & Cortés-Mac, 2020) has
used mixed research approach. The data that were collected by the authors included
quantitative method which was done through a survey method. The sampling

technique that was used in this research was stratified sampling. The survey was
carried out in three weeks and random sampling method was to conduct the research
study. For this research, the researchers have chosen on female respondents and 232
female employees were included in the research study. For getting the perceptions of
the females in the survey, 5 point Likert scale was used to get the answers. For
analyzing the data collected through survey, SPSS software were used by the
researchers to get perception of women on tourism economy.
In the research study, (Yousaf & Xiucheng, 2018) have analyzed content of
different web pages, government brochures, governmental websites and other content
to study the intersection of Halal tourism and culinary image. The researchers have
used previous studies to find out the objective of the research and have successfully
completed the research satisfying the objective defined for the research. The sampling
method that was used by the researchers was quota sampling. With the content
analysis in the research, the researchers were able to develop a framework for the
research and was able to analyze range as well as diversity of the Halal cuisines and
the services provided by the halal tourism.
In the research paper (Jeaheng, Al-Ansi, & Han, 2019) have used interview
method to find out the impact of halal friendly attributes on purchasing behavior in
Thailand hotel industry. The researchers have included 12 interviewees and the
respondents were Muslim and includes both male and female interviewees. The
sampling technique that has been used in this research study is purposive sampling.
With the help of interview method, the researchers were able to find out 41 halal
attributes that were hotel friendly. The scale of items in the research were developed
by the researchers based on the literature and on the interviews.
The researchers (Islam & Kirillova, 2020) carried out their research in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. Survey was carried out in this research that included cross-sectional
survey for collecting the data. The survey was conducted in the top 10 hotels of
Bangladesh and by conducting the survey, it was noticed that the industry of tourism
as well as hospitality has grown in time. Survey questions were given to the guests
who were waiting in the lobby for further service and questionnaire was distributed
with the permission of hotel management teams. 490 questionnaires were distributed
for the survey from which 384 responses were considered valid to carry out the data
analysis. The sampling technique that was used is simple random sampling.

In this research paper, (Olya & Al-ansi, 2018) have conducted research on the
risk assessment of the halal products and for collection of data, survey was conducted.
Sampling technique that was used is stratified sampling. The survey conducted by the
researcher were carried out in five different steps. In the first step, questionnaire was
designed to conduct the survey and permission was taken from the hotel managers to
conduct the survey and collect data from their customers. In the second step, the field
survey was administered. The data that were collected in the survey were from the
customers of five international halal restaurants in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In third
step, after the data collection the data were digitized so that it could be analyzed. In
fourth step, for data analysis rigorous measurement set was used to test the data
reliability and the validity of the models. In the last step, investigation was carried out
to investigate risk factors on the halal products.
As stated by (Ainin, Feizollah, Anuar, & Abdullah, 2020) data from twitter to
analyze the data in their research study. The main source of data collection in this
research was Twitter. The sampling method that was used in this research study was
convenience sampling. This approach used by the researchers have enabled them to
analyze data having 140 characters and that was much easier than the long texts and
set of photos in other data collection method. The keywords that were used for
collecting the data was halal tourism and this analysis was done in five years of time
span.
In this research study (Majid, Denan, Abdullah, & Noo, 2018) have carried out
literature review approach and case study approach to carry out their research study
related to Shariah compliance hospitality building design. With the literature review
techniques and the case study technique in the research, the researchers were able to
define the essence of functional space in the traditional Malay Houses as well as in
the Islamic values that were embedded in the houses. Convenience sampling was used
by the researchers. The researchers were able to create research framework using the
literature review technique and the case study technique in this research paper.
This research has used interview research of purposive sampling strategy to
conduct their research study on willingness to pay for the halal products. For this
research study, the researchers interviewed 221 Muslim respondents and the interview
was carried out by providing the respondents questionnaire (Kamaruddin, Iberahim ,
& Shabudin, 2012). The questions that were included in the questionnaire were
question about the willingness of the respondents to pay more amount of money for

availing halal logistics. Two locations were chosen to carry out the interview to get
views of urban Muslims and rural Muslims. To identify the background and the
consumption behavior of the respondents, descriptive statistics was used.
Question 2
How will you design your sampling strategy for the main research project to ensure a
more holistic approach? Justify your answer by using peer-reviewed paper in journals
listed in ABS or ABDC list.
Answer 2
In my research work about the halal services in Tourism and Hospitality field,
I would like to carry out survey research to carry out the research study. The sampling
technique that I would like to include for my research study is probability sampling. I
would like to select cluster sampling from the probability sampling. Probability
sampling states that probability element has a sure chance of being chosen for the
research study. In this sampling technique, sample is chosen from a large number of
population and respondents are chosen based on the theory of probability (Butler,
2018). I also want to implement cluster probability sampling in my research.
Clustering sampling method helps to includes all the members in a population is
clustered as one group. All those groups are denoted as cluster in the research study.
To make this research study more holistic, I would like to cluster my research
respondents to two groups. One group will be from Dubai and the other cluster will be
from Abu Dhabi. As the population of United States Arab is maximum in both the
countries, I would like to differentiate the respondents on the basis of their city-state.
This will help me to identify my research on the basis of state and I can draw
conclusion related to my research respective of the two different state. I have also
included some constraints in the questionnaire. The respondents need to be muslim
and they have to have taken services from hotel in non-muslim countries. The age of
the respondents should also be 18 or more.
I would like to survey about 90 respondents from Abu Dhabi and from Al Ain.
The respondents will include both females and males. The questions in the
questionnaire will be easily understandable by the respondents and they will not find

any difficulty to answer the questions (Ainin, Feizollah, Anuar, & Abdullah, 2020).
All the answer option of survey questions in the questionnaire will be have Likert
scale and thus it would be easy for the respondents to answer. No subjective questions
will be given to the respondents. I would also like to conduct the survey in five
different hotels in the city-states and the hotels will be selected on the basis of their
customer rating and number of customers visiting the hotel per year. The hotels will
be selected from urban areas of the states.
I would like to choose cluster sampling in my research because this cluster
sampling is time efficient and is also a cost efficient probability technique design for
the large geographical areas. This particular method is very easy to understand from a
practical viewpoint and using this clustering method, large sample size can be used in
the research because this method has high level of accessibility in the respondent
group members.

References
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Jeaheng, Y., Al-Ansi, A., & Han, H. (2019). Halal-friendly hotels: Impact of halal-
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Majid, N., Denan, Z., Abdullah, F., & Noo. (2018). Shariah compliance hospitality
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