A Scoping Review of Dementia and Alcohol Consumption (MD7069)

This report presents a scoping review that investigates the relationship between alcohol consumption and dementia, drawing on systematic reviews published between January 2000 and January 2019. The review examines the impact of alcohol on cognitive decline and the incidence of different types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The methodology involved a systematic search of databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. The findings indicate that while light to moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline, heavy alcohol consumption is linked to structural changes in the brain, cognitive problems, and an increased risk of all forms of dementia. The review highlights the importance of reducing heavy alcohol consumption as a potential strategy for reducing the risk of dementia. The report also addresses the methodological limitations and challenges faced in assessing the relationship between alcohol use and the onset of dementia, including the exclusion of heavy drinkers in some studies and the focus on older populations.

MD7069 : ASSESSMENT AND CONSULTATION IN CLINICAL SETTINGS:
ASSESSMENT : SCOPING REVIEW
ASSESSMENT NUMBER : J87859

TITLE: A SCOPING REVIEW OF DEMENTIA AND ALCOHOL COMSUMPTION
Abstract: Liquor consumption has been distinguished as one of the risk factors for
dementia and brain cognitive delay. In some case, a few examples of drinking have
been related with beneficial impacts. Methods: A scoping review was undertaking to
understand the relationship between the alcohol consumptions and dementia based
on systematic review search from the articles which were published from January
2000 to January 2019 with the use of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier and google
scholar. Result: There were 8 systematic reviews found in total: 20 on the
connections between the amount of alcohol use as well as occurrence of cognitive
dysfunction, six on the connections between alcohol use measurements and
particular cognitive abilities, and two on triggered dementias. Even though causality
could never be founded, light to moderate consumption of alcohol in middle to late
adulthood was linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Heavy
alcohol consumption has been linked to structural changes in the brain, cognitive
problems, and an increased incidence of all forms of dementia. Conclusion: Thus, by
reducing the heavy consumption of alcohol is an effective way of reducing Dementia
which can be achieved and considered as one of the best strategies.
INTRODUCTION:
Dementia is a clinical syndrome that is distinguished by a progressive declining
cognitive ability as well as the opportunity to survive and remain independent.
Dementia impairs memory, thinking, behaviour, and daily tasks, and it is a major
cause of disability in the elderly. Dementia affects 5 to 7% of people over the age of
60 worldwide. Consequently, the global dementia population is expected to nearly
triple, from around 50 million by 2020 to 130 to 150 million in 2050, owing primarily to
the world's population epidemiological transition to older people, especially in low-
and middle countries (Albanese et al., 2017).
Alcohol is the most common and rapidly growing recreational drug in almost every
culture, and psychotropic drugs are often used in almost every culture. Only about
57% of the global population has not drunk alcohol in the previous year (Beydoun et
al., 2014). Alcohol consumption is widely acknowledged to have potential negative
effects and to make a significant contribution global burden of disease. More than

200 health conditions, ranging from liver disease to cancer, have been connected to
harmful alcohol use (Day et al., 2013).
Dementia is a widely acknowledged significant public health concern due to the
growing number of individuals living with the condition and the associated health,
socioeconomic, and economic costs (Kivimaki et al., 2020). Thus, Targeting the risk
contributing factors in the pathophysiological mechanisms triggering dementia has
the opportunities for intervention and prevention. These consultations as well as
prevention strategies may differ depending on the type of dementia, with Alzheimer's
disease (AD) seems to be the most prevalent type, accompanied by vascular
dementia or other less common types of dementia (Letenneur et al., 2004).
However, no details were given of harmful alcohol and is used as a possible future
prevention and control target. Despite substantial evidence of alcohol's neurotoxicity
on the brain, the lack of alcohol use as a major risk factor for dementia could be due,
in portion, to seemingly contradictory scientific proof from epidemiological studies
(Peters et al., 2008). From the recent large-scale retrospective cohort which includes
more than 30 million from the French hospital patients suggested that alcohol plays a
crucial role for the development of dementia especially with people younger and 64
years old (Ridley et al., 2013). In the studies majority of the cases were considered
as patients observed with alcohol use disorder previously diagnosed with dementia.
Moreover, prior AUD diagnosis was reported to be associated to dementia amongst
all age and subgroup categories, and the identified relative risk (RR) of dementia
surpassed the RRs of all the other modifiable risk factors (Kim et al., 2012). Provided
these developments, and in context of the experience and knowledge regarding
diseases as well as the connections between alcohol consumption and cognitive
decline, it is surprising that the topic has not been widely investigated in relation to
dementia up to this point (Sabai, 2012). Thus, our scoping review address the gap
between the alcohol consumption and dementia especially by searching average
volume of alcohol uptake and heavy episodic drinking and also included AUD as
exposure gauges. And it aims to identify the relationship between alcohol
consumptions and different kinds of outcomes and relationship varies with different
types of dementia and also address the methodological limitations and challenges
faced in assessing this relation prior alcohol use and onset of dementia.

METHODS:
Pattern of the systematic search:
This scoping review was constructed from the systematic search to identify all the
published systematic review from January 2000 to January 2019 on PubMed,
Elsevier, ScienceDirect and google scholar using the combination keywords such as
alcohol use, Azhemier dieases, dementia, cognitive health, brain function and
memory according to the Arksey and O’Malleys’s, 2005 framework for scoping
review, the PRISMA guidelines. In addition, the World Alzheimer Reports were used
to find specific systematic reviews. A systematic search of grey review was
undertaken using Google, but few contributions met our inclusion criteria. Systematic
reviews as well as meta-analyses are highly likely to be reported in scientific
journals. A systematic search in the ScienceDirect has given no contribution to the
studies.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria:
Reviews and meta-analyses were included if they provided a detailed description of
the systematic search process, along with a list of databases as well as search
terms. Narrative reviews that did not include an implied search strategy were not
permitted. In addition, included studies had to be systematic reviews that looked at
the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive health, dementia, Alzheimer's
disease, vascular and other dementias, brain function, or memory. There have also
been systematic reviews on the relationship between alcohol consumption and brain
structure. Studies are included in if they were published in 2000 or later in order to
be included in only reviews conducted utilizing research methodology requirements
similar to what is used today; however, this does not imply that the original studies
that underpin these reviews were only published in 2000 or later. The scoping review
also included the search of relative keywords such as alcohol related brain damage
or alcohol induced disorder in the nervous system, but no systematic or meta-
analysis was found in the recent search.

DATA EXTRACTION:
All underlying individual studies were extracted for each review as well as meta-
analysis which managed to meet all inclusion criteria. Furthermore, the obtained data
on dementia diagnoses as well as alcohol exposure measurements, relevant data
about risk relationships, types of articles included, age restrictions, and review
conclusions The searches were carried out by two researchers, who then scanned
the results for inclusion.
RESULTS:
Identification of relevant studies:
The original search yielded 110 results, with a number of 37 systematic reviews
meeting all inclusion criteria with most relevant studies and some were excluded
studies due to irrelevance of the studies, the majority of those were published after
2010. 73 studies were excluded due to unrelated to alcohol.

Figure 1: indicates the study selection process.
Study characteristics:
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
number
Figure 2: indicates the number of studies published according to the year.
Alcohol consumption and
dementia alcohol consumption and
other brain injuries alcohol and induced
dementia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chart Title
Figure 3: indicates the frequency of the studies to each outcomes.
RESEARCH TOPICS OUTCOMES:

The most frequently reviewed topic was the relationship between the amount of
alcohol consumption and the prevalence of cognitive impairment/dementia:
The systematic reviews published after 2000 that investigated the associations
between alcohol use and the incidence of cognitive impairment or dementia were
frequently accompanied by meta-analytic summaries, which were typically based on
cohort studies that primarily assessed the effect of other lifestyle modifications,
generally measured at benchmark also includes the alcohol usage, on the hazard or
risk both of being diagnosed with dementia or form other cognitive impairment.
Most of the reviews which are older showed some critical relationship between the
light consumption of alcohol and lower risk of dementia, review indicates lower risk
being diagnosed with the different dementia types and also some cognitive
impairment or dysfunction. According to Ballard & Lang, 2018 and Anttila, 2014
chronic or heavy alcohol conception were associated with increased diagnoses of
cognitive dysfunction or dementia which is based on the guidelines of World Health
organisation drinking more than 60g of pure alcohol for men and 40g of for women.
There are association between the alcohol consumption heavily and diagnoses of
different types of dementia. In many reviews association of interaction of heavy
alcohol use and presence of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele or even absence of this being
evaluated. In some reviews the risk factor of different types of dementia and AD is
associated with this allele has also been examined. Many reviews based on Darling
et al., 2015 and Piazza-Gardner et al., 2013 has been examined on association
between the volume of alcohol consumption and development of cognitive
impairment and development of dementia but not much reviews were associated
with light or moderate drinking and decreased risk factor of dementia has been
examined. Overall, the reviews' level of evidence and methodological quality were
rated as moderate.
Many reviews and meta-analysis were showing heterogeneity and limitations in
evaluating the alcohol use and dementia. Some of the heterogeneity observed where
according to some studies, the disciplinary procedures used in systematic reviews
may lead to an overestimation of the affiliations between alcohol use as well as
cognitive impairment or dementia. To begin, many systematic reviews exclude heavy

drinkers. Second, the majority of studies on alcohol use as well as cognitive
deteriorating involved older people (included Figure 1 and 2). As a result, people
who drank more alcohol may have been removed from these studies because they
were more prone to have dementia at the start of the study or died before or during
the study due to other alcohol-related causes of death Anstey et al., 2009. At local
concentrations of use, such as 30 g of pure alcohol per day, there was an identified
increased incidence of an alcohol-attributable death, and the risk accelerated
significantly as average use increased.
The relationships between alcohol consumption volume and patterns and specific
brain underlying mechanisms:
The epidemiological data that looked at the connection between liquor use as well as
effects on different brain areas and processes identified a number of associations.
Sun et al., 2015 used a study of 7 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research to
test the hypothesis that lower to intermediate alcohol intake (roughly one to three
regular alcoholic drinks) had positive impact on brain structure and cognitive ability.
In MRI studies, there used to be a linear negative and significant relationship
between consumption patterns and cognitive capacity and grey matter, and a large
friendly association among beverage consuming and grey matter sections,
particularly in men though not in women (Adebayo et al., 2019). When limited to
elderly, low-to-moderate alcohol consumption was observed to be curvilinearly linked
to white matter ability and cognition (that is, U-shaped). A latest study large-scale
research with such a 30-year follow-up found that alcohol usage, also at low and
moderate levels, was related to harmful brain effects, such as hippocampal atrophy,
corroborating the general conclusions of Verbaten's detailed review for people under
65 years (Peters et al., 2008).
Kim et al., 2012 performed a comprehensive review to look into the connection
between excessive alcohol consumption and cognitive capacity in moderate
drinkers. The findings of the relevant studies were inconsistent, and when they were
combined, no positive relationship among heavy alcohol consumption and cognitive
capacity was found; In a randomised control analysis by Leandro Bueno, 2017,

heavy alcohol use was positively associated with all sub-measures of cognitive
ability except memory updating. As a consequence, the negative effects of
consumption of alcohol can be mitigated by a reduction in cognitive capacity.
Excessive alcohol use has a clear detrimental impact on cognitive functions and their
ability to function efficiently, according to two systematic approaches that are based
on imaging studies. The systemic effects have also been confirmed by autopsy
reports. The structural and functional consequences of heavy usage have been
confirmed in a variety of possible narrative analyses (Luchsinger et al., 2004).
Dementia triggered or induced by alcohol:
Heavy use of alcohol has been considered as important factor for contribution of
development of multiple brain diseases and also use of alcohol can dramage relative
many brain nerves in different ways. In review of (Venkataraman et al., 2017) stated
that ethanol and its receptor acetaldehyde are neurotoxic, causing permanent brain
structure and function damage. Second, chronic heavy alcohol use can lead to
thiamine deficiency by causing insufficient nutritional thiamine intake, with decreased
thiamine absorption from the intestinal system, and impaired thiamine usage in the
cells, resulting in Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome according to Scalzo et al., 2015.
Even though the treatment of thiamine reverse administration can reduce the
syndrome but certain chronic neuropsychiatric is being observed in many patients
according to Scalzo et al., 2015. In some review the heavy use of alcohol can also
lead to damages in the brain which leads to cause of epilepsy, head injury and liver
dieases. Heavy alcohol use can also indirectly associate the vascular dementia
which can cause many vascular diseases includes hypertension, coronary heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, fibrillation, and stroke. Finally, excessive alcohol
consumption is linked to lower levels of learning, tobacco use, and anxiety, that are
all possible causes for dementia (Yates et al., 2016).
DISCUSSION:
In various observational studies, light to moderate liquor use from middle to late
adulthood was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment and dementia;
however, there were contradictory findings, and because of various methodological

flaws, causality of this association couldn't be established. In observational and
imaging studies, heavy alcohol use was linked to changes in brain structures as well
as psychological and leadership difficulties. Significant alcohol use and AUDs were
also linked to an increased risk of a variety of dementias. Furthermore, a liquor
consumption limit above which sensitivity would be impaired may exist but has not
yet been identified.
The large degree of heterogeneity in the operationalization of results and the low
level of coverage of basic examinations between surveys hampered this checking
audit. This heterogeneity in result operationalization may have contributed to the
previously mentioned contradictory findings regarding light to direct drinking. As a
result, there is also a requirement for the use of normalized target proportions of
dementia and intellectual decay based on current agreement standards. More
extensive studies utilizing newer dementia, hereditary, and neuroimaging biomarkers
are expected to set up more clear guidelines for cutting edge clinicians in a time
when dementia anticipation is a public and individual wellbeing need.
The observational epidemiological studies hidden in the surveys listed in Figure 1
and 2 were limited because the majority of the examinations were limited to more
established populations. More research is required in agent more youthful
populations with long in general subsequent meetups and better philosophies, for
example, the utilization of imaging procedures and standardized psychological tests
at various subsequent focuses, joined with various proportions of baseline
measurement and the same subsequent focus. Furthermore, the majority of the
observational examination populations are not agents of heavy liquor clients or
individuals with AUDs, as these people are frequently prohibited by plan. Hefty liquor
clients and individuals with AUDs were barred from the examining outlines, were
forced to leave, and were forced to die at younger ages. To address these
impediments, future epidemiological studies on the role of heavy liquor use and
AUDs on dementia could begin in an emergency clinic setting where people with
such characteristics are over-treated.
According to review, the dangers of heavy drinking and AUDs for dementia have
been minimized. The French medical clinic companion study, which found that AUDs

had the highest RR for dementia of any modifiable risk factor for dementia,
established that liquor use should be considered by our health and social
government assistance frameworks. Replication centres from various countries
would also add to the evidence base.
Mendelian randomization studies may aid in determining causality; however, the
findings from such studies have yet to demonstrate a causal effect of liquor on
advertisement or psychological working/hindrance. A portion of the hereditary
markers used for liquor utilization are risky because their relationship with normal
volume of drinking and with hefty severing events by and large light consumers point
in inverse directions see also the discussion below. Furthermore, partner
concentrations in twins may contribute to distinguishing hereditary variations.
CONCLUSIONS:
Given the lack of comprehensive research on AD, alcohol, cognitive dysfunction and
dementia, future randomized anticipation and optional avoidance preliminaries with
liquor use interventions are required. Such investigations would incorporate
hereditary profiles, normalized cognition, mind-set and conduct evaluations, and
measurement of primary and practical availability cerebrum measures, which are
commonly used for dementia and were discovered to be underutilized in the current
reading survey. Such preliminaries would be arranged overwhelmingly in the primary
medical care framework, where screening and brief mediations have been
demonstrated to decrease significant liquor utilization and where a large number of
the less serious AUDs can be dealt with. Finally, because the expansion of new
investigations of existing and progressing accomplice studies will be influenced by
the recently mentioned constraints, there is a requirement for future research to
address these constraints.
REFERENCES:
Abdelhamid, A., Bunn, D., Dickinson, A., Killett, A., Poland, F., & Potter, J. et al.
(2014). Effectiveness of interventions to improve, maintain or facilitate oral food

and/or drink intake in people with dementia: systematic review. BMC Health
Services Research, 14(S2). doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-s2-p1
Akhmedjonov, A., & Suvankulov, F. (2012). Alcohol consumption and its impact on
the risk of high blood pressure in Russia. Drug And Alcohol Review, 32(3), 248-253.
doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00521.x
Albanese, E., Launer, L., Egger, M., Prince, M., Giannakopoulos, P., Wolters, F., &
Egan, K. (2017). Body mass index in midlife and dementia: Systematic review and
meta‐regression analysis of 589,649 men and women followed in longitudinal
studies. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring,
8(1), 165-178. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.05.007
Anttila, T., Helkala, E., Viitanen, M., Kåreholt, I., Fratiglioni, L., & Winblad, B. et al.
(2004). Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive
impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study. BMJ,
329(7465), 539. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38181.418958.be
Ballard, C., & Lang, I. (2018). Alcohol and dementia: a complex relationship with
potential for dementia prevention. The Lancet Public Health, 3(3), e103-e104. doi:
10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30031-8
Beydoun, M., Beydoun, H., Gamaldo, A., Teel, A., Zonderman, A., & Wang, Y.
(2014). Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and
dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 14(1). doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-14-643
Darling, K., Locatelli, I., Benghalem, N., Nadin, I., Calmy, A., & Gutbrod, K. et al.
(2021). Alcohol consumption and neurocognitive deficits in people with well-treated
HIV in Switzerland. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0246579. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0246579
Day, E., Bentham, P., Callaghan, R., Kuruvilla, T., & George, S. (2013). Thiamine for
prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people who abuse

alcohol. Cochrane Database Of Systematic Reviews. doi:
10.1002/14651858.cd004033.pub3
Ilomaki, J., Jokanovic, N., Tan, E., & Lonnroos, E. (2015). Alcohol Consumption,
Dementia and Cognitive Decline: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Current
Clinical Pharmacology, 10(3), 204-212. doi: 10.2174/157488471003150820145539
Kim, J., Lee, D., Lee, B., Jung, M., Kim, H., Choi, Y., & Choi, I. (2012). Alcohol and
Cognition in the Elderly: A Review. Psychiatry Investigation, 9(1), 8. doi:
10.4306/pi.2012.9.1.8
Kivimäki, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Batty, G., Sabia, S., Sommerlad, A., & Floud, S. et
al. (2020). Association of Alcohol-Induced Loss of Consciousness and Overall
Alcohol Consumption With Risk for Dementia. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2016084.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16084
Kivimäki, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Batty, G., Sabia, S., Sommerlad, A., & Floud, S. et
al. (2020). Association of Alcohol-Induced Loss of Consciousness and Overall
Alcohol Consumption With Risk for Dementia. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2016084.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16084
Leandro Bueno, B. (2017). From a "Eureka Insight" to a Novel Potential Therapeutic
Target to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Disease & Dementia, 1(1). doi:
10.36959/734/371
Letenneur, L. (2004). Risk of Dementia and Alcohol and Wine Consumption: a
Review of Recent Results. Biological Research, 37(2). doi: 10.4067/s0716-
97602004000200003
Letenneur, L., Larrieu, S., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2004). Alcohol and tobacco
consumption as risk factors of dementia: a review of epidemiological studies.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 58(2), 95-99. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2003.12.004
Neafsey, E., & Collins, M. (2011). Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk.
Neuropsychiatric Disease And Treatment, 465. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s23159

Peters, R., Peters, J., Warner, J., Beckett, N., & Bulpitt, C. (2008). Alcohol, dementia
and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age And Ageing, 37(5),
505-512. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn095
Piazza-Gardner, A., Gaffud, T., & Barry, A. (2013). The impact of alcohol on
Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 17(2), 133-146.
doi: 10.1080/13607863.2012.742488
Rehm, J., Hasan, O., Black, S., Shield, K., & Schwarzinger, M. (2019). Alcohol use
and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 11(1).
doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0453-0
Ridley, N., Draper, B., & Withall, A. (2013). Alcohol-related dementia: an update of
the evidence. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 5(1), 3. doi: 10.1186/alzrt157
Russ, T., Batty, G., Hearnshaw, G., Fenton, C., & Starr, J. (2012). Geographical
variation in dementia: systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal Of
Epidemiology, 41(4), 1012-1032. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys103
Sabia, S., Fayosse, A., Dumurgier, J., Dugravot, A., Akbaraly, T., & Britton, A. et al.
(2018). Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: 23 year follow-up of Whitehall II
cohort study. BMJ, k2927. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2927
Sachdeva, A., Chandra, M., Choudhary, M., Dayal, P., & Anand, K. (2016). Alcohol-
Related Dementia and Neurocognitive Impairment: A Review Study. International
Journal Of High Risk Behaviors And Addiction, 5(3). doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.27976
Scalzo, S., Bowden, S., Ambrose, M., Whelan, G., & Cook, M. (2015). Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome not related to alcohol use: a systematic review. Journal Of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, jnnp-2014-309598. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-
309598
Schwarzinger, M., Pollock, B., Hasan, O., Dufouil, C., Rehm, J., & Baillot, S. et al.
(2018). Contribution of alcohol use disorders to the burden of dementia in France

2008–13: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(3),
e124-e132. doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30022-7
Schwarzinger, M., Thiébaut, S., Baillot, S., Mallet, V., & Rehm, J. (2017). Alcohol use
disorders and associated chronic disease – a national retrospective cohort study
from France. BMC Public Health, 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4587-y
Sharp, S., Aarsland, D., Day, S., Sønnesyn, H., & Ballard, C. (2010). Hypertension is
a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review. International Journal
Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(7), 661-669. doi: 10.1002/gps.2572
Shinan-Altman, S., & Werner, P. (2019). <p>Illness representations of dementia: a
scoping review</p>. Clinical Interventions In Aging, Volume 14, 179-193. doi:
10.2147/cia.s193316
Subady, B., Assanangkornchai, S., & Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2012). Prevalence,
patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in a mountainous district of Bhutan.
Drug And Alcohol Review, 32(4), 435-442. doi: 10.1111/dar.12015
Tanaka, N., Asada, T., Kinoshita, T., Yamashita, F., & Uno, M. (2002). Alcohol
consumption and risk of dementia. The Lancet, 360(9331), 491. doi: 10.1016/s0140-
6736(02)09655-1
UTPALA-KUMAR, R., & DEANE, F. (2009). Rates of alcohol consumption and risk
status among Australian university students vary by assessment questions. Drug
And Alcohol Review, 29(1), 28-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00082.x
Venkataraman, A., Kalk, N., Sewell, G., Ritchie, C., & Lingford-Hughes, A. (2016).
Alcohol and Alzheimer's Disease—Does Alcohol Dependence Contribute to Beta-
Amyloid Deposition, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's
Disease?. Alcohol And Alcoholism. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw092
Wiegmann, C., Mick, I., Brandl, E., Heinz, A., & Gutwinski, S. (2020). <p>Alcohol
and Dementia – What is the Link? A Systematic Review</p>. Neuropsychiatric
Disease And Treatment, Volume 16, 87-99. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s198772

Yan, Z., Yingjie, Z., Na, A., Qi, Q., Wei, L., & Wenzheng, W. et al. (2021). The
Effects of Light-to-Moderate Alcohol Consumption on the Cognitive Function of
Community Nondemented Male Elderly: A Cohort Study. Behavioural Neurology,
2021, 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2021/5681913
Yasar, S. (2018). Relation between alcohol consumption in midlife and dementia in
late life. BMJ, k3164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k3164