Analyzing Security and Privacy in Cloud and Fog for IoT Healthcare

This report explores the security and privacy issues in cloud and fog domains within the context of IoT applications in healthcare. It highlights the increasing use of IoT in healthcare for enhanced patient care and self-care, while also addressing challenges such as high installation costs, privacy concerns, and security vulnerabilities. The report emphasizes the importance of IT governance plans to mitigate these issues, focusing on data encryption, authentication, and hardware management. It includes a literature review covering various aspects of IoT in healthcare, from data consistency to the integration of new technologies in hospitals. The annotated bibliography presents key articles discussing the role of IoT in healthcare, security measures, and emergency management systems. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits and challenges associated with implementing IoT in healthcare, emphasizing the need for robust security and privacy measures. Desklib offers this and many other solved assignments for students.

Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud and Fog Domain

ABSTRACT – This report has been based on the application of the Internet of Things in Healthcare industry. Internet
of things have been providing various innovative approaches to the healthcare industry for enhancing care services to
the patients. The IoT has been a megatrend in the market with the implementation of innovative technologies. This
report has been prepared using 10 journals articles. A brief analysis has been provided in the report. The use of the IoT
in the healthcare industry has been explained in the report. Various smart objects have been discovered in the field of
health care that have been hoeing in enhancing quality of healthcare services. The use if the smart watches and bands
are one of the examples of IoT in healthcare industry.
Various automation has been implemented in the healthcare industry for enhancing quality of healthcare services in
the market. IoT applications have been providing a wide range of instrumentation logistics and technological devices for
providing healthcare services at home. IoT devices have been focusing over the concept of self-care of patients at home.
The IoT devices have been helpful in enhancing the self-care concept among various patients and individuals. Now, IoT
have helped in providing emergency solutions to various health security, logistics, retail and industrial control. The use
of the IoT devices have been helping in providing a keen approach to the maintenance of healthcare services in the
market. The use of IoT has been helping in providing care services to large number of individuals by enhancing self-care
techniques and devices.
1. INTRODUCTION (15 MARKS)
The paper will be focussing on the costs associated with the
IoT based devices and the privacy issues associated with the
advanced communication devices. In spite of the enhanced
customer services, IoT have issues such as the higher
installation and management costs and the privacy and
security issues.
The discussed issues associated with the use of IoT based
devices in healthcare industry can be solved purposefully with
the help of IT governance plan. IT governance plan is required
to resolve the security issues associated with the
communication devices. The maintenance and the overhead
costs associated with the IoT based systems in healthcare
industry can be minimized with the help of financial
management of IT governance plan.
There are different types of challenges associated with the IoT
based systems in the healthcare industries such as the privacy
and security issues which are needed to be solved to get the
desired results. Dedicated IT professionals are needed for the
development and implementation of the IT governance plan in
the healthcare industries. The IT governance plan is helpful
for the healthcare industry as it has a direct impact on the
growth and productivity.
There are different categories of security concerns of the
application of the IoT based systems in healthcare industries
such as the problem of data encryption, data authentication,
hardware issues, management of the updates of the systems,
storage issues, management of the customer expectations from
the IoT based systems and the government regulations of the
advanced IoT based systems.
The initial structure of the report which is the task 1 consists
of 10 peer reviewed articles presented as the annotated
bibliography, the following unit task two have 10 journals
presented as the literature review followed by the problem
statement and techniques to solve the problem. The task 3
introduces the challenges associated with the IoT in healthcare
industries such as the problem of data encryption and data
authentication
1.1. Requirements of the project
There are different aspects of IoT used in the healthcare
industry such as the followings:
o Improved services but have cloud computing
limitations.
o There are challenges, opportunities and issues
associated with IoT in healthcare industry.
o Industrial use of IoT is increasing every day.
o Management of structured and unstructured data.
o Privacy and security issues.
o Huge maintenance costs associated with IoT based
systems.
o Management of the IoT devices such as sensors is an
issue.
o IoT is well connected with cloud computing.
o Compatibility issue exists between different IoT
devices in healthcare industry.
The paper will be focussing on the costs associated with the
IoT based devices and the privacy issues associated with the
advanced communication devices.
1.2. Problem Statement
Inspite of the enhanced customer services, IoT have
issues such as the higher installation and management costs
and the privacy and security issues.
Techniques to solve the problem
The discussed issues associated with the use of IoT
based devices in healthcare industry can be solved
purposefully with the help of IT governance plan. IT
governance plan is required to resolve the security issues
associated with the communication devices. The maintenance
and the overhead costs associated with the IoT based systems
in healthcare industry can be minimized with the help of
financial management of IT governance plan.
2. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW (3 PAGES)
As discussed by Alur et al (2016), IoT is an important
character in the growth of the healthcare industries all around
the world. The researcher of the paper focussed on the

different advanced systems which have improved the quality
of services provided by IoT. The main advantage of the paper
is that it specifies the computing challenges associated with
IoT in healthcare industry.
As stated by Chen (2017), internet of things is very
much useful in different categories of industries like
healthcare industry. The study stated about the issues and
challenges associated with internet of things. The researcher
of the paper focuses on the importance of the IoT in the
healthcare industry. The foremost advantage of the paper
highlights the possible aspect of internet of things in
healthcare industry.
According to Da Xu, He and Li (2014), the industrial
application of internet of things is growing each day. The
researcher of this resource focused on the difference between
the use of IoT in our daily life with the industrial use of the
IoT. The foremost advantage of the paper is that it highlights
the all probable aspects of IoT which are needed to be
considered before it is incorporated into an environment.
As discussed by Hossain and Muhammad (2016), data
consistency and data reliability is one of the most important
prospects of any types of business. The researcher focussed on
the protection of the structured and unstructured data in the
healthcare industry with the help of the IoT based systems.
The prime advantage of the paper is that it states all the
possible ways to protect the confidential data of the healthcare
industry.
As stated by Islam et al. (2015), IoT is important for the
growth of the hospitals all over the glove. The extensive
development in the field of IT has led to the growth of new
technologies and IoT is one of them, the researcher focussed
on the integration of this technology in the hospital.
environment. The foremost advantage of this paper is that it
discusses the details of the technologies that were recently
incorporated into the healthcare industries.
According to Lake et al. (2014), privacy and security is a
very important issues in any industry. The paper stated about
the importance of the maintenance of security in the
healthcare industry. The most significant unit of the paper is
that it has a special unit stating the different security
equipment’s and security systems used in the healthcare
industry. Case studies are provided in the paper which is very
much useful to understand the importance of the security
measures in the healthcare industry.
As discussed by Lee and Lee (2015), internet of things can
be used in the healthcare industry for different types of
purposes such as maintenance purpose, operation theatres,
customer service departments, financial department and other
essential departments. The researcher of the paper focussed on
the importance of the future applications of this technology in
this industry. The foremost benefit of this paper is that it helps
inn understanding the different advantages associated with the
use of IoT based systems in hospital environments.
As stated by Perera et al. (2015), internet of things is a
global technology which is increasingly being used in the
healthcare industry. The researchers of the paper focussed on
the use of the different aspects of IoT in the healthcare
industry such as the RFID, actuators and sensors. The paper
contains the insights of the IoT. The role of IoT in cloud
computing is also mentioned in the paper. The main advantage
of the paper is that it states the details of the latest IoT based
systems used in the recent times.
As stated by Riggins and Wamba (2015), there are different
challenges with IoT in the healthcare industry. The researcher
focussed on the issues of internet of things such as it high
installation cost, compatibility issues with the other systems,
privacy issue considering the essential data which are
transmitted from one unit of the business organization with
the other unit of the organization with the help of the IoT
based communication devices. The main advantage of the
paper is that it states about the issues in a detailed way.
According to Vermesan and Friess (2014), internet of
things can be successfully installed in the healthcare industries
as it will help them to grow their business. Effectiveness of
the new business models can be determined with the help of
the information systems working on the IoT. The researcher of
this study paper focus on the application of the IoT in the
business perspective of a healthcare industry. The paper
highlights the impact of those business models followed in the
healthcare industries.
3. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 1:
Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., &
Kwak, K. S. (2015). The internet of things for health care:
a comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 3, 678-708.
This article addresses about importance of internet of
things in the healthcare industry. This paper has classified
IoT based healthcare network into three trends and
briefing about them. Various core technologies of IoT
that can reshape healthcare solutions in the market. The
research and development in healthcare has been based
on wireless sensor network.
Article 2:
Pinto, S., Cabral, J., & Gomes, T. (2017, March). We-
care: An IoT-based health care system for elderly people.
In Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2017 IEEE International
Conference on(pp. 1378-1383). IEEE.
This article has been based on the We-care health care
systems based on the implementation of IoT in
healthcare. The system architecture of the We-care
system has been discussed in the article. Various
hardware devices under the We-care systems have been
mentioned and discussed in the article.
Article 3:
Kale, S. S., & Bhagwat, D. S. (2016). Highly Secured
IoT Based Health Care System for Elderly People using
Body Sensor Network. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science Engineering and Technology, 5(10).
This article discusses about security in the IoT
healthcare systems. The use of the wireless sensor
networks have been discussed in the article. This article
has been based on the use of IoT based health care system
for elderly people using body sensor network. Various

healthcare devices for elderly people have been discussed
in the article.
Article 4:
Senthilkumar, R., Ponmagal, R. S., & Sujatha, K.
(2016). Efficient health care monitoring and emergency
management system using IoT. International Journal of
Control Theory and Applications, 9(4), 137-145.
This journal focuses on the monitoring of emergency
management system provided by the use of IoT devices in
the healthcare services. The use of the IoT system in the
healthcare services have been discussed in the journal.
The control theory of the IoT system has been focused in
the journal based on its application in the field of
healthcare services.
Article 5:
Dhar, S. K., Bhunia, S. S., & Mukherjee, N. (2014,
December). Interference aware scheduling of sensors in
IoT enabled health-care monitoring system. In Emerging
Applications of Information Technology (EAIT), 2014
Fourth International Conference of (pp. 152-157). IEEE.
This article has been based on the scheduling of
sensors in IoT enabled healthcare systems. Therefore
various technologies discussed with its application in
order to monitor IoT based healthcare systems in the
market. Various emerging technologies in the field of IoT
in Healthcare industry have been discussed in the journal.
Article 6:
Hassanalieragh, M., Page, A., Soyata, T., Sharma, G.,
Aktas, M., Mateos, G., ... & Andreescu, S. (2015, June).
Health monitoring and management using Internet-of-
Things (IoT) sensing with cloud-based processing:
Opportunities and challenges. In 2015 IEEE International
Conference on Services Computing (pp. 285-292). IEEE.
This journal has been based on the implementation of
cloud computing in the IoT healthcare services. The
importance and application of cloud computing in the IoT
has been discussed in the journal. Various opportunities
and challenges in the implementation of cloud computing
in the IoT healthcare services.
Article 7:
Catarinucci, L., De Donno, D., Mainetti, L., Palano, L.,
Patrono, L., Stefanizzi, M. L., & Tarricone, L. (2015). An
IoT-aware architecture for smart healthcare systems.
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2(6), 515-526.
This article has been focused on an architecture for
smart healthcare systems using internet of things. An IoT
aware architecture has been proposed in the article for
enhancing the healthcare system in the market. The
purpose of the article is to enhance healthcare systems by
use of new proposed IoT aware healthcare architecture.
Article 8:
Amendola, S., Lodato, R., Manzari, S., Occhiuzzi, C.,
& Marrocco, G. (2014). RFID technology for IoT-based
personal healthcare in smart spaces. IEEE Internet of
things journal, 1(2), 144-152.
The purpose of the article is to understand the concept
of use of RFD technology in the IOT based healthcare
system. RFID implementation in the IoT healthcare
system has been a great live in the innovation.
Advantages and mechanism of the RFD technology have
been discussed in the journal.
Article 9:
Chiuchisan, I., Costin, H. N., & Geman, O. (2014,
October). Adopting the internet of things technologies in
health care systems. In Electrical and Power Engineering
(EPE), 2014 International Conference and Exposition on
(pp. 532-535). IEEE.
This journal has focused on the process of adapting
internet of things in the healthcare systems s. The use of
the IoT in the healthcare systems have been discussed in
the journals. The purpose of the journals has been
educating about the advantages of the Internet of things in
the healthcare systems.
Article 10:
Lee, B. M., & Ouyang, J. (2014). Intelligent healthcare
service by using collaborations between IoT personal
health devices. blood pressure, 10(11).
The purpose of the journal is to identify the importance of
internet of things in the healthcare services. Collaboration of
smart healthcare services and personal health care services
have been discussed in the journals. The implementation of
the IoT in the healthcare devices have been discussed. This
article focused in the architecture if he smart healthcare
devices in the market.
4. SOLUTIONS/FINDINGS/RECOMMENDATION
The complete review of the wide range of exiting and wide
range of the existing IoT-based healthcare system some of the
major requirements related to the designing of the IoT based
healthcare system become apparent. The literature review
conducted above helped in understanding the fact that each of
the paper is associated with emphasizing upon the usage of the
sensors so as to monitor the health condition of the patients.
The wearable sensors mainly the wireless and the externally
wearable sensors acted as the essential feature of the different
systems. There are several works that has been associated with
suggesting the fact that it is better to use the environmental or
vision-based sensors all around the patients (Moosavi et al.,
2015). However, this is associated with restricting the
usefulness that the systems are having to one physical
location. So, it is preferred to install the sensors that are
smaller in size, along with being portable and having
externally wearable nodes. This would be associate with
providing the patents with a non-intrusive as well as
comfortable solution which would be capable of monitoring
the health of the patients wherever they go. This in turn would
be associated with making the patients much more receptive
in using the health monitoring technology.
In addition to this the repairing and the replacement of the
externally wearable nodes are much simpler as compared to
the sensors that are implanted or the sensors that are vision
based and are installed in the house of the patients. Besides
this the systems existing are also associated with depicting the
essentiality of the communication in the healthcare system
which are enabled by the IoT solutions. Numerous existing

system models are associated with the usage of short-range
communications like the Bluetooth are associated with
suggesting the transfer of the sensor data to a smartphone
which is to be processes (Wu et al., 2017). Besides this the
usage of the long-range communication like the LTE can also
be used for the purpose of transferring the processes
information from the patient to the individuals providing
healthcare by mean of the the SMS or by making use of the
internet. The major limitation that this system is having is that
the smartphones are having a limited battery life which
requires frequent recharging and so it can be stated that the
patient who is having a flat battery would be a patient who is
entirely disconnected form the healthcare providers. For this
reason, designing of a low-powered node would specifically
associate with the management of the healthcare information
which is much more preferred.
Fig 1: Overview of the proposed model
Source: (Gope & Hwang, 2016)
The usage of the cloud storage would be helping a lot in
storing of high volumes of data and this data are generally of
different type and this is generally considered to be essential
factor for the big data healthcare system which has been
depicted in the previous studies as well. In the new system
there would exist almost 168000 new data points per week
even if thousands of people are associated with wearing a
single pulse sensor which communicate on a hurly basis with
the cloud storage database by making use of the LPWAN
(Tyagi, Agarwal & Maheshwari, 2016). This number would
be increasing at a drastic rate when more and more people are
associated with wearing sensors which are connected to the
cloud storage framework and same thing happens when more
kind of sensors are being introduced. Usage of the big data is
seen to be rapidly forming and continuing to grow in the cloud
storage which initially leads to the implementation of the
machine learning algorithm in the high-computing
environment of the cloud (Subasi et al., 2018). Besides this
the algorithm can also be designed so as to get mined by large
amount of data or by identification of the previously unknown
disease trends and also by providing diagnostics, plans for
treatments and many more.
Depending upon all the recurring trends of the literature to
date, a four-part model is proposed as well as recommended
which would be aiding in the process of development of the
future Internet of Things healthcare systems which has been
discussed below and a figure of the model has also been
provided below (Elhoseny et al., 2018). The section provided
below would be depicting each and every component of the
model that has been proposed. Existing works have also been
presented and evaluated in this section as well along with the
weakness as well as the strengths of the current technology.
4.1. Wearable Sensor & Central Nodes:
The wearable sensor nodes generally refer to those nodes
that are associated with measuring the physiological
conditions and the recommended sensors are those nodes that
are associated with measuring the various vital signs which
consists of the pulse rate, the respiratory rate, temperature of
the body and many more. The major reason that lies behind
the measuring of this vital signs is that they are the essential
signs which helps in the determination of the critical health
(Bhatt, Dey & Ashour, 2017). In addition to this the sensors
that could also be implemented includes the sensors for
measuring the blood pressure and the oxygen level in the
blood and the main reason lying behind this is that these are
the parameters which are often considered to be one of the
vital signs along with the other three signs. Implementation of
other Special-purpose sensors like the blood-glucose, fall
detection, and joint angle sensors can also be implemented for
those systems which are associated with targeting specific
conditions, in this type of sensors the central nodes are
associated with receiving the data from the sensor nodes.
Which is followed by the processing of the information and
might be associated with the implementation of some kind of
decision making which is then forwarded to some other
external location (Thota et al., 2018). Besides this a node
which is much more preferred to a smartphone is a central
dedicated node and the major reason behind this is that the
battery life can be improved by just having a functionality that
is relevant to an IoT system associated with providing
healthcare.
4.2. Short-Range Communications:
The sensor would be capable of communicating with the
central node by means of using a short-range communication
method. However, there are several various important
requirements that needs to be considered while choosing a
communication standard of short-range and this might be
associated with including the various impacts upon the body
of a human being or the security or the latency. Besides this
while implementing this system it is essentially to be made
sure that there is no bad impact of this system upon the human
body and the reason behind this is that any kind of negative
effect might be associated with creation of additional health
concerns for the patients. Additionally, there is a need of
providing strong security mechanism along with this so as to
make sure that no sensitive data of the patient is being
accessed by some attacker (Yeh, 2016). Lastly the low latency
associated with some of the time critical system like the
system associated with monitoring of the critical health and
systems associated with managing call for an ambulance
whenever need must be addressed as well. If not addressed
properly then it might lead to severe consequences like death
of the patient. In systems which are not time critical might be
associated with considering low-latency not to be prioritized
at a high rate but still should be preferred.
4.3. Long-Range Communications:

The data which is generally obtained by the central node is
not useful unless and until something can be done with it.
Along with this all this data are to be forwarded to a database
where it is seen that the relevant parties are capable of
accessing the data in a secure way (Thakar & Pandya, 2017).
There exist several considerations during the process of
selecting a communication standard of long range so as to be
used in the healthcare system which would also be including
the security or the capabilities related to correcting of errors or
the robustness against the interface of the low-latency, and
lastly the high availability.
In case of the short-range communications, there is a need
of strong security which is important for the purpose of
ensuring the fact that all the data that are sensitive and are
related to the patient must remain private and should be made
sure that they cannot be altered or imitated (Yuehong et al.,
2016). Besides this Low-latency again is associated with
playing an important role in time-critical applications like the
emergency healthcare, in which the delays in communication
might lead to detrimental effects upon patients (Luo et al.,
2018). Besides this there is a need High-quality error
correcting capability along with significant robustness against
interference is very much essential, as these are associated
with making sure of the fact that the right message is being
sent in the same way as the message was received. This is
very much important for each and every healthcare
applications, especially in case of situations of emergency
(Catarinucci et al., 2015). Lastly, the high availability is also
very much essential so as make sure about the fact that each
and every message would be delivered all the time without
considering the physical location of the patient. Again, this is
very much important for the applications that are time-critical
applications, but is preferable for all systems.
4.4. Secure Cloud Storage Architecture & Machine
Learning:
The data related to medical condition of a patient must be
stored in a secure way so as to be used in a continuous
manner. Besides this the doctors would also be benefitted by
knowing the medical history of the patient and besides this the
machine learning would not be effective unless and until the
large databases of information are made available to it,
depending upon the literature review it can be stated that the
usage of the cloud storage is most viable for data storage
(Milovanovic & Bojkovic, 2017). Despite of all this providing
accessibility for the healthcare professionals without any
compromise in the security is also one of the major concerns
which should be addressed by the researchers so as to develop
healthcare IoT systems. In addition to this the machine
learning has also been identified repeatedly in the literature
and is considered to be one of the best means of improving the
healthcare systems, however this has not been used widely
and is yet to be explored (Jimenez & Torres, 2015). Machine
learning is also associated with providing the potential of
identifying the various trends in the medical data which were
known previously along with which they are also associated
with providing treatment as well as diagnostic plans and is
also responsible for providing of recommendations to the
healthcare professions which are mainly seen to be specific to
individual patients. The cloud storage architecture is to eb
designed in such a way that it would be supporting the process
of implementing machine learning on the big data sets.
4.5. Potential Use Cases for the Proposed Model
The generic model that is to be used for guiding the
development of the future Internet of things healthcare
systems can be better understood by understating few use
cases and for this context in this sub-section several use cases
are to be discussed which includes the aiding of the
rehabilitation, providing assistance in managing the various
chronic conditions, monitoring of the changes in the people
who are having degenerative conditions, monitoring the
critical health conditions for provision of the emergency
healthcare (Darshan & Anandakumar, 2015).
By making use of the model that has been proposed the
rehabilitation system for the injuries in the knees can be
developed in an easy way by usage of the wearable
accelerometer sensors which would be placed on both the
sides of the knee and would be associated with allowing the
process of calculation related to the position and angle of the
knee (Ali et al., 2018). Recording of these measurements
while conducting several activities which might be including
simple activities like normal walking or rehabilitation
exercises. All this can communicate by making use of the
short-range communications to the wrist wearable central
node which would then be capable of forwarding the
information to the cloud by making use of the long-range
communications. The progress of the patient towards cure
would be recorded in the clouds and these records would
continue to increase with every new message that is received
(Laplante & Laplante, 2016). Besides this it is also possible to
implement the machine learning algorithm which could be
implemented for the purpose of identifying the progress of the
patient along with helping in predicting the time when the
patient would be fully rehabilitated and also helps in
determining if there exist any exercise which is better than the
other (Hou & Yeh, 2015). The system can also be adopted for
others or for any additional injuries by modification of which
wearable sensors can be used.
The proposed model would be utilized for the purpose of
developing a system which would be capable of assisting in
the management of the chronic condition like the hypertension
and many more. Besides this the blood pressure is also
possible to be monitored at different locations on the body at
intervals which are sent all through the day and are
communicated to the clouds by making use of the central node
that are worn at the wrists (Mishra et al., 2018). By having
this it is again possible to create a comprehensive record
regarding the blood pressure of the patient which can be built
and along with this the machine learning can also be used for
the purpose of identifying the various trends like the blood
pressure of the patient when it is at the highest point. Besides
the information can also be used for the purpose of
determining the optimal times for the patient so as to take any
medication whenever needed so as to change their condition

and is also associated with reminding the patient of that usage
by means of a buzzer or an alarm or the central node.
Additionally, the changes taking place in the progressive
condition of the patient like the Parkinson’s disease can also
be monitored by making use of the system which are designed
according to the model that has been proposed
(Subramaniyaswamy et al., 2018). Some of the common
symptoms of the Parkinson’s disease include the slowed
movement, problems in gait, tremors and problems related to
balancing. Making use of some of the wearable
accelerometers the sensors can be developed so as to measure
each and every aspect of these parameters. It is possible to
take the readings ate certain set of intervals on everyday basis
and this is then forwarded to the wrist-worn central node
which in turn is associated with forwarding the data to the
clouds. With the growth of the amount of amount of patient
related data the machine learning gets implemented so as to
identify the rate at which the symptoms of the patients worsen
(Nandyala & Kim, 2016). The doctors would also be capable
of adding the records related to the treatments that are being
used so as to cure the patient and the machine learning can be
used for the purpose of identifying the treatment to which the
patient’s condition has responded the best to.
Lastly the proposed model would be helping in monitoring
of the critical health conditions and this would be done by
usage of a system consisting of wearable sensors which are
associated with monitoring the vital as well as the other signs
that are important like the pulse, respiratory rate, body
temperature, and blood pressure (Aktas, Ceken & Erdemli,
2018). This type of measurements can be conducted at a
regular interval and if it is found that any of the parameters
has fallen below the known healthy threshold level them the
central node would become capable of forwarding the
information to the clouds which in turn can be used for
notifying the emergency services.
There also exists the possibility of taking readings at time
of emergency which would be recorded in the health records
of the patient present in the cloud and this would make the
doctors capable of appending any kind of information related
to their diagnosis, with increased number of peoples suffering
from emergency health conditions and the diagnoses that they
are having are being recorded in their health records, and this
is where it is possible for machine learning to become capable
of establishing a condition between the symptoms and the
diagnosis that are possible (Jaiswal et al., 2018). This
information then would be provided to the paramedic who
would be responding or would be associated with ensuring the
fact that the patients are receiving the care that is appropriate
in accordance to the patient’s condition and as fast as possible.
5. Conclusion
This paper is associated with proposing a model that is
unique than cab be used bu the future IoT based healthcare
system that can be applied in the general systems as well as in
the systems which are associated with monitoring the health
conditions of the patients. Followed by this a thorough along
with a systematic overview of the state-of-the art work has
been provided which is mainly related to each and every
component which the model would be consisting. There exist
numerous wearables as non-intrusive sensors has also been
presented and analysed. The major focus of doing this
includes the monitoring of the various vital body signs like the
blood pressure, and blood oxygen levels. Besides this a
comparison between short-range and long-range
communications standards have been done so as to select its
suitability in the. BLE and NB-IoT are considered to be most
suitable standards that can be used for short-range and long-
range communications in healthcare respectively.
Besides this the paper has also presented certain works
which are associated with the usage of the cloud technologies
so as to store the data and along with this the paper also
presented the fact that cloud storage is the best means of
storing and organizing the big data in healthcare. Various
drawbacks of using the cloud has also been presented and it
can also be stated that the performance of the clouds is much
better than he performance of the wearable devices having
limited resources (Basanta, Huang, & Lee, 2016). One of the
major risks is the security risk in the clouds however it was
found that the access control policies and encryption can be
very much effective in enhancing the security. However, there
are no known standard that are suitable for immediate
application into a wearable, IoT-based healthcare system.
6. References and Presentation
Aktas, F., Ceken, C., & Erdemli, Y. E. (2018). IoT-based
healthcare framework for biomedical applications. Journal of
Medical and Biological Engineering, 38(6), 966-979.
Ali, F., Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Khan, P., Ullah, N., Yoo, S. J.,
& Kwak, K. S. (2018). Type-2 fuzzy ontology–aided
recommendation systems for IoT–based healthcare. Computer
Communications, 119, 138-155.
Basanta, H., Huang, Y. P., & Lee, T. T. (2016, April).
Intuitive IoT-based H2U healthcare system for elderly people.
In Networking, Sensing, and Control (ICNSC), 2016 IEEE
13th International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Bhatt, C., Dey, N., & Ashour, A. S. (Eds.). (2017). Internet of
things and big data technologies for next generation
healthcare.
Catarinucci, L., De Donno, D., Mainetti, L., Palano, L.,
Patrono, L., Stefanizzi, M. L., & Tarricone, L. (2015). An
IoT-aware architecture for smart healthcare systems. IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, 2(6), 515-526.
Darshan, K. R., & Anandakumar, K. R. (2015, December). A
comprehensive review on usage of Internet of Things (IoT) in
healthcare system. In Emerging Research in Electronics,
Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT), 2015
International Conference on (pp. 132-136). IEEE.
Elhoseny, M., Ramírez-González, G., Abu-Elnasr, O. M.,
Shawkat, S. A., Arunkumar, N., & Farouk, A. (2018). Secure
medical data transmission model for IoT-based healthcare
systems. IEEE Access, 6, 20596-20608.

Gope, P., & Hwang, T. (2016). BSN-Care: A secure IoT-
based modern healthcare system using body sensor network.
IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(5), 1368-1376.
Hou, J. L., & Yeh, K. H. (2015). Novel authentication
schemes for IoT based healthcare systems. International
Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(11), 183659.
Jaiswal, K., Sobhanayak, S., Turuk, A. K., Bibhudatta, S. L.,
Mohanta, B. K., & Jena, D. (2018, July). An IoT-Cloud based
smart healthcare monitoring system using container based
virtual environment in Edge device. In 2018 International
Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovations In
Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR) (pp. 1-
7). IEEE.
Jimenez, F., & Torres, R. (2015, November). Building an IoT-
aware healthcare monitoring system. In Chilean Computer
Science Society (SCCC), 2015 34th International Conference
of the (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Laplante, P. A., & Laplante, N. (2016). The internet of things
in healthcare: Potential applications and challenges. IT
Professional, (3), 2-4.
Luo, E., Bhuiyan, M. Z. A., Wang, G., Rahman, M. A., Wu,
J., & Atiquzzaman, M. (2018). PrivacyProtector: Privacy-
Protected Patient Data Collection in IoT-Based Healthcare
Systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(2), 163-168.
Milovanovic, D. R. A. G. O. R. A. D., & Bojkovic, Z. O. R.
A. N. (2017). Cloud based IoT healthcare applications:
Requirements and recommendations. International Journal of
Internet of Things and Web Services, 2, 60-65.
Mishra, A., Kumari, A., Sajit, P., & Pandey, P. (2018).
REMOTE WEB BASED ECG MONITORING USING
MQTT PROTOCOL FOR IOT IN HEALTHCARE.
Development, 5(04).
Moosavi, S. R., Gia, T. N., Rahmani, A. M., Nigussie, E.,
Virtanen, S., Isoaho, J., & Tenhunen, H. (2015). SEA: a
secure and efficient authentication and authorization
architecture for IoT-based healthcare using smart gateways.
Procedia Computer Science, 52, 452-459.
Nandyala, C. S., & Kim, H. K. (2016). From cloud to fog and
IoT-based real-time U-healthcare monitoring for smart homes
and hospitals. International Journal of Smart Home, 10(2),
187-196.
Subasi, A., Radhwan, M., Kurdi, R., & Khateeb, K. (2018,
February). IoT based mobile healthcare system for human
activity recognition. In Learning and Technology Conference
(L&T), 2018 15th (pp. 29-34). IEEE.
Subramaniyaswamy, V., Manogaran, G., Logesh, R.,
Vijayakumar, V., Chilamkurti, N., Malathi, D., &
Senthilselvan, N. (2018). An ontology-driven personalized
food recommendation in IoT-based healthcare system. The
Journal of Supercomputing, 1-33.
Thakar, A. T., & Pandya, S. (2017, July). Survey of IoT
enables healthcare devices. In Computing Methodologies and
Communication (ICCMC), 2017 International Conference on
(pp. 1087-1090). IEEE.
Thota, C., Sundarasekar, R., Manogaran, G., Varatharajan, R.,
& Priyan, M. K. (2018). Centralized fog computing security
platform for IoT and cloud in healthcare system. In Exploring
the convergence of big data and the internet of things (pp.
141-154). IGI Global.
Tyagi, S., Agarwal, A., & Maheshwari, P. (2016, January). A
conceptual framework for IoT-based healthcare system using
cloud computing. In Cloud System and Big Data Engineering
(Confluence), 2016 6th International Conference (pp. 503-
507). IEEE.
Wu, T., Wu, F., Redoute, J. M., & Yuce, M. R. (2017). An
autonomous wireless body area network implementation
towards IoT connected healthcare applications. IEEE Access,
5, 11413-11422.
Yeh, K. H. (2016). A secure IoT-based healthcare system with
body sensor networks. IEEE Access, 4, 10288-10299.
Yuehong, Y. I. N., Zeng, Y., Chen, X., & Fan, Y. (2016). The
internet of things in healthcare: An overview. Journal of
Industrial Information Integration, 1, 3-13.