Nursing Concept Map and Analysis: Acute Severe Asthma

This assignment presents a comprehensive concept map and analysis of Acute Severe Asthma, a critical respiratory condition. It visually outlines the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and management strategies, including both medical and nursing interventions. The concept map details the causes, such as triggering factors and risk factors, alongside the underlying pathophysiology, including airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clinical features like breathlessness, respiratory distress, and potential complications are explored. The assignment also covers diagnostic methods such as arterial blood gas analysis and peak expiratory flow, as well as treatment options ranging from oxygen administration and corticosteroids to mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, it emphasizes nursing strategies, including patient education, vital sign assessment, and the nursing role in pharmacological interventions. The prognosis and potential complications, such as congestive heart failure, are also addressed. The assignment references key journal articles and evidence-based resources to support the information presented, providing a detailed overview of the disease and its comprehensive management.

Asthma attacks
Aetiology
Triggering factor causes inflammation of airways
This leads to activation of T lymphocytes and mast cell
Activated, this further leads to bronchial hyper
responsiveness [2]
Pathogenesis
Genetic or environment factor stimulation of B cells to
produce IgE activation of helper t cells allergens
crosslink IgEs on mast cells release of histamines and
other inflammatory mediators
Vasodilation, increased mucus secretion, and soft muscle
contraction airway obstruction
Acute severe asthma [3]
Clinical features
 Breath issues
 Unable to speak the
full sentence in a
single breath
 Respiratory rate is
less than25 BPM [3]
Diagnosis
 Chest X-rays
 Arterial blood gas (ABG)
analysis
 Peak expiratory flow or
PEF [4]
Course of disease
With treatment: the gas
exchange is controlled,
symptoms will be resolved
Without treatment: the
asthma symptoms may
become worsen, may leads
top death [4]
Complications
 Tachycardia and
hypokalaemia
 lack of sleep, nausea,
skin changes
 headache, sinus pain, and
cough p[4]
Disease prognosis
Deaths caused by acute
severe asthma was
increased by forty per cent
between 1993 to 1995
Complication like congestive
heart failure may be caused
due to delayed treatment
[6]
Primary prevention
Oxygen administration
Use of Corticosteroids
Immediately ventilation support [2]
Treatment
Secondary prevention
Medicine (e.g.
Nebulised Salbutamol)
Rehabilitation
Advice the patient
related to exercise
Eating healthy diet
Patient education [5]
Medical
Mechanical ventilation)
Nursing acute phase
Assessment of vital signs
Avoid allergens
Maintaining healthy
environment
Recording any
complication [2]
Results in
Causes
Previous asthma attack
Illegal drug use
Exercise
Allergens [1]
Acute severe Asthma
A c u t e s e v e r e a s t h m a i s
c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e a s t h m a ti c
a tt a c k t h a t h a s n o t b e e n
i m p r o v e d b y u s i n g p r e v i o u s
t r e a t m e n t m e t h o d s [ 1 ]
Risk factors
Diagnosed
by
Leads to
immediate needs
for
Influences
Prevent
occurrence
of

References
1. Ducharme, F. M., Zemek, R., Chauhan, B. F., Gravel, J., Chalut, D., Poonai, N., & research group of the Pediatric, doorway (2016).
Factors associated with failure of emergency department management in children with acute moderate or severe asthma: a prospective,
multicentre, cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(12), 990-998.
2. Ducharme, F. M., Zemek, R., Chauhan, B., Gravel, J., Chalut, D., Poonai, N., & Krajinovic, M. (2015). B21 TRANSLATIONAL
ASTHMA RESEARCH: Determinants Of Oral Corticosteroid Responsiveness In Wheezing Asthmatic Youth (doorway): A Multicentre
Prospective Cohort Study Of Children With Acute Moderate Or Severe Asthma Exacerbations. American Journal of Respiratory and
Critical Care Medicine, 191, 1.
3. Castillo, J. R., Peters, S. P., & Busse, W. W. (2017). Asthma exacerbations: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. The Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 5(4), 918-927.
4. Sandrock, C. E., & Norris, A. (2015). Infection in severe asthma exacerbations and critical asthma syndrome. Clinical reviews in allergy
& immunology, 48(1), 104-113.
5. Zorowitz, R. D. (2016). ICU–Acquired Weakness: A Rehabilitation Perspective of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Functional
Management. Chest, 150(4), 966-971.

6. FitzGerald, J. M., Bleecker, E. R., Nair, P., Korn, S., Ohta, K., Lommatzsch, M., ... & Gilmartin, G. (2016). Benralizumab, an anti-
interleukin-5 receptor α monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma
(CALIMA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 388(10056), 2128-2141.