International and National Sewerage System Design Guidelines

This report provides a comprehensive overview of sewerage system design, focusing on international and national planning and design guidelines. It examines the critical parameters required for developing a collective sewage system, emphasizing the importance of effective sewer line design and the determination of invert levels. The report reviews guidelines from the United States of America (USA), India, Australia, and Canada, highlighting their respective approaches to wastewater generation, treatment, and effluent discharge. It discusses the role of sewerage systems in economic development, public health, and environmental protection. The report delves into the design brief, covering aspects such as the nature and population of the area served, design peak flow, and major facilities, including pumping stations and sewage treatment plants. The study aims to help sewage planners and designers understand the regulations and best practices for sustainable, socially inclusive, and efficient sewage systems. This research is crucial for civil engineers and students seeking to understand the complexities of sewerage system design and its impact on public health and the environment.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING
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National and international planning and design guidelines and identify critical parameters
required for sewerage collection system design
ABSTRACT
The ‘planning and designing guidelines’ deal with the planning and designing of the sewerage
system, effluents from the wastewater treatment facilities for the industrial and domestic wastes.
But they do not cover effluents which are discharged directly to the environment from; storm
water drains and septic tanks. To have an efficient sewage system, the sewer lines should be
effectively designed and a lot of care must be taken in determining the invert levels others the
entire sewage system might get wrong. The main aim of this research project is to review the
International and national Sewage planning and design guidelines and identify the critical
parameters which are required for the development of a collective sewage system. The main
purpose of the international and national sewerage planning and designing guidelines is to ensure
that there is a national and a global framework for enhancing sewerage planning designing and
policing for a more sustainable, socially inclusive, compact and efficient sewage system. This
research project will be of great importance to the parties who are involved in the planning and
designing of sewerage systems. The findings of this project will help the sewage planners and
designers know which regulation is supposed to be observed. There are many benefits which will
be associated with the designing of a collective sewage system and they include; upgrading
quality of life i.e. the hygiene condition and the quality of life in the regions where the collective
sewage systems will be designed will improve. Preserving the natural environment i.e. initially
all the wastewaters were discharged into septic tanks, which led to pollution of the groundwater
of the regions where the waster waters were released into the septic tanks. The polluted waters

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mostly would end in the sea and other water bodies which caused numerous risks to the
environment.
BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION
A sewerage system is usually made up of different sewer lines which are connected to a large
sewer line. The large sewer line also ends at the junction of a large sewer line. The larger finally
terminates at the outfall (Commission, 2011, p. 73). Hence a sewerage system can be viewed as a
collection of sewer lines which are connected to each other and ends at the outfall. In this paper,
the main focus will be reviewing international and national planning and design guidelines in the
United States of America (USA), India, Australia and Canada regarding the sewerage planning
and designing and come up with the critical parameters which are required for sewerage
collection design.
Sewerage system plays a very vital role in the economic development of any given country.
Sewers are required for the drainage of waste waters. To have an efficient sewage system, the
sewer lines should be effectively designed and a lot of care must be taken in determining the
invert levels others the entire sewage system might get wrong (Heinke, 2012, p. 228). The sewage
systems are usually designed to drain the waste water coming from runoffs, streets, industries,
and residential houses. To protect people and the environment from serious diseases which
spread from the sewage. For the purpose of good living, a sewage system should be well
designed according to the set international and national planning and design guidelines.
Sewage system and sewage treatment is part of the public health sanitation and as per the Indian
Constitution, it falls within the purview of the State List. In India, it is approximated that
approximately 38,254 Million liters of wastewater is produced daily in Indian Urban centers

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which are made up of class I cities and class II towns which have a total population of
approximately 50,000 which accounts for more than 70 percent of the urban population. The
number of wastewaters which are generated by the industrial, domestic and commercial sources
have increased with the urbanization, population, enhanced living conditions and the economic
development in India (Jones, 2017, p. 718).
The productive use of the wastewater has also increased, due to the fact that millions of small
scale farmers of the peri-urban and urban of India depend on wastewaters to irrigate their crops,
since they don't have any alternative source of water for irrigation. The tables below show the
past, current and project sewerage collection in India.
Table 1: Wastewater Generation and Treatment Capacity in India’s Urban Centers

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Table 2: Wastewater Generation from India’s Urban Centers, Projections for 2051
There are planning and design guidelines which are put in place to ensure that the sewage
systems are designed to the approved standards. The guidelines will be discussed in the literature
review (Maksimovic, 2013, p. 137).
Australian communities generate a large amount of wastewater with an approximation of 70,000
litres of wastewater being produced by a single individual annually. In also Industries and
commercial buildings are sources of wastewater. The treated wastewater which is also referred
to as effluents are usually discharged to the environment, this required proper planning and
design to protect the environment and the public health. In Australia the sewerage system
receives, domestic, industrial and commercial wastewater, treats the received wastewater to the
set standards and discharge the resulting effluents and the solids into the environment. In
providing the services to the communities the sewage system:

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Manages the liquids wastes which are generated by the community, in order to protect the
environment and the public health. Treats and disposes of the effluents at a safe location distant
from the community, which enables higher density development, with savings and other services
such as energy, transport and water supply (Evzen Zeman, 2015, p. 54).
Facilitates large scale treatment installation to be constructed and operated, which in turn leads to
considerable cost savings. In Australia, the ‘Guideline for sewage system', covers the entire
sewerage system. With that, there are five documents which deal with specific aspects of the
sewage system, as shown in the table below. The documents review the overall management of
the sewage system and specifically the planning and designing.
Australian sewerage system guideline
Acceptance of
the trade wastes
Sewage system
overflows
Use of the
reclaimed water
Effluent
management
Biomass
(sludge)
management
Table 3: Diagrammatic structure of the Australian sewerage system guidelines.
The guidelines deal with the planning and designing of the sewerage system, effluents from the
wastewater treatment facilities for the industrial and domestic wastes. But they do not cover
effluents which are discharged directly to the environment from; storm water drains and septic
tanks.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The main purpose of the international and national sewerage planning and designing guidelines
is to ensure that there is a national and a global framework for enhancing sewerage planning
designing and policing for a more sustainable, socially inclusive, compact and efficient sewage

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system. Culture goals through the development of special strategies, plans and visions and the
application of set policy tools, principles (Milne, 2018, p. 439). To have an efficient sewage
system, the sewer lines should be effectively designed and a lot of care must be taken in
determining the invert levels others the entire sewage system might get wrong. The sewage
systems are usually designed to drain the waste water coming from runoffs, streets, industries
and residential houses. To protect people and the environment from serious diseases which
spread from the sewage. For the purpose of good living, a sewage system should be well
designed according to the set international and national planning and design guidelines (Storm,
2017, p. 345).
Canadian sewage planning and designing guidelines
The planning and designing guidelines were prepared under the guidance of the Canadian
Ministry of the Environment Sewage Technical Working Group. The Ministry of the
Environment's Design Guideline for the sewage works is intended for engineers and designers
who are responsible for the designing and construction of the sewage systems. Ministry
engineers who are responsible for the approving and reviewing the designs of sewerage works
and also the municipalities of the sewerage systems (Reed, 2015, p. 221).
The proponents and the designers of the sewage systems in Canada are responsible for
incorporating and understanding all the relevant federal and the provincial requirements in
the designing, planning construction and operation of the sewage system and they are
responsible for obtaining , the legal advice in regard to this (Marsalek, 2012, p. 342).All the
designers are required to refer to the design regulation which is applicable to the given design.
Acts which are administered by the ministry as well as the guideline and the procedures related
to sewage works. Before the design of sewage treatment works can be initiated, the designer

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needs to determine the effluent quality criteria that the sewage treatment works will need to
achieve consistently (Asano, 2011, p. 453). Generally, the determination of the effluent criteria
will require site-specific calculations to ensure consistency with the ministry's Guideline B-1,
Water Management – Policies, Guidelines, and Provincial Water Quality Objectives.
Guidelines with associated Procedures that should be consulted include:
o Guideline F-5, Levels of Treatment for Municipal and Private Sewage Treatment Works
Discharging to Surface Waters (1994):
 Procedure F-5-1, Determination of Treatment for Municipal and Private Sewage
Treatment Works Discharging to Surface Waters (Bizier, 2017, p. 43)
 Procedure F-5-2, Relaxation of Normal Level of Treatment for Municipal and
Private Sewage Works Discharging to Surface Waters;
 Procedure F-5-3, Derivation of Sewage Treatment Works Effluent
Requirements for the Incorporation of Effluent Requirements into Certificates
of Approval for New or Expanded Sewage Treatment Works (Sanks, 2014, p. 11)
 Procedure F-5-4, Effluent Disinfection Requirements for Sewage Works
Discharging to Surface Waters; and
 Procedure F-5-5, Determination of Treatment Requirements for Municipal and
Private Combined and Partially Separated Sewer Systems;
o Guideline F-6, Sewer and Water main Installation: Separation Distance Requirements
(1994): Procedure F-6-1, Procedures to Govern Separation of Sewer and Water mains;ƒ
• Guideline F-8, Provision and Operation of Phosphorus Removal Facilities at
Municipal, Institutional and Private Sewage Treatment Works (1994): Procedureƒ
F-8-1,

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o Determination of Phosphorus Removal Requirements for Municipal, Institutional, and
Private Sewage Treatment Works
• Guideline F-10, Sampling and Analysis Requirements for Municipal and Private
Sewage Treatment Works (Liquid Waste Streams Only) (1994):
USA sewage planning and designing guidelines
In the United States of America, the sewerage planning and designing guidelines are aimed at
helping the municipal engineers and consultants and other professional designers in the
preparation of the sewer system designs. Municipalities in which the sewage system are to be
constructed might be having higher servicing standards which exceed the requirements of the
guidelines. All those who are involved in the planning and designing of the sewerage system in
Canada must ensure that the designed systems meet the requirements set in the guidelines. All
Canadian sewage designers are required to be aware of the requirements of the guidelines before
they finalize any kind of design (Organization, 2015, p. 894).
Design Brief / Basis of Design
A design brief, summarizing the design criteria and presenting the design bases and calculations
used in sizing individual components of the sewage works, should be prepared along with final
plans and specifications. Where a preliminary report was not prepared or where some parts of
the information in the preliminary report are no longer valid or applicable (Settlements, 2017, p.
446).
Design Brief – Sewers
• Nature and population of the area served (current and design);

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• Design Peak Flow;
• Design data and calculations for individual sewers, including the required capacities;
• The capacity of the existing (or proposed) sewage works to meet the additional demand; and
• Field investigations
Design Brief
Major Facilities Major facilities include pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, outfalls, and
combined sewer overflow (CSO) facilities.
• Basic data on the estimated sewage generation rates from the population and area to be served,
including:
o Design period;
o Design service population and area and population density; Design industrial,ƒ
commercial and institutional sewage flows (Qasim, 2016)
o Wet weather flow; and
o Design flows (average, peak daily and peak hourly).
• Design flows used in the sizing of individual components of the sewage works (outfalls,
pumps, channels, treatment process units and storage units, transport and collection facilities);
• Description (types, number, and sizes) of all proposed sewage works, process units, and
equipment, including treatment and disposal facilities and identification of their process design
parameters (United Nations Environment Programme. Mediterranean Action Plan, 2013, p. 32)
Plans of Major Facilities in the Indian sewage system

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The major facilities include pumping stations, STPs and sludge storage facilities. General Plan A
comprehensive plan of the existing and proposed sewage works should be prepared for all
projects involving new major sewage works. This plan should show:
• Area to be serviced and the location of the proposed sewage works;
• All major topographic features including, but not limited to, drainage areas, existing and
proposed streets, watercourses, contour lines at suitable intervals, municipal boundaries, land
surveying datum used (or assumed benchmark) (Olivieri, 2012, p. 43)
• Location and nature of all existing and proposed major components of the sewage works
associated with the proposed facilities, including pumping stations, treatment plant, storage
facilities, and outfalls together with their individual geo-reference coordinates (Universal
Transverse Mercator Easting and Northing).
Process optimization needs to ensure that the proposed changes to the existing sewage works will
consistently and reliably satisfy the requirements of the C of A. Process optimization can play
an important role in the assessment of an STP’s ability to increase its capacity or to meet more
stringent effluent quality. There are many sources of information on plant process optimization
that can be referenced (Council, 2011, p. 94)
Sewage treatment plant process optimization
The designer may optimize an existing sewage treatment plant to obtain additional capacity or
improved performance rather than expanding or physically upgrading the plant. The results of
any plant optimization investigation, which forms the basis for any proposed design changes,
need to be adequately documented (Service, 2017, p. 82)

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Aims an scope of the project
The main aim of this research project is to review the International and national Sewage planning
and design guidelines and identify the critical parameters which are required for the development
of a collective sewage system. Different specific objectives were formulated to aid in achieving
the main aim of the project and they include;
1. Determining the international guidelines for planning and designing of sewage
systems
2. Finding out the international and national guideline for planning and designing of
the sewage system in the United States of America
3. Establishing the international and national guideline for planning and designing of a
sewage system in Canada
4. Finding out the international and national guideline for planning and designing of
the sewage system in India
5. Determining the international and national guideline for planning and designing of a
sewage system in Australia
6. Establishing the critical aspect required for the development of a collective sewage
system
7. Comparing the sewage planning and design guidelines in the USA, India, Australia,
and Canada.
8. Carrying out a detailed literature review on the research topic
The planning and designing guidelines deal with the planning and designing of the sewerage
system, effluents from the wastewater treatment facilities for the industrial and domestic wastes.
But they do not cover effluents which are discharged directly to the environment from; storm