Comprehensive Analysis of a Hybrid Energy System for Sharjah Airport

This report presents a comprehensive analysis of a hybrid energy system proposed for Sharjah Airport. It begins with an overview of the airport's energy requirements and the growing need for sustainable practices within the aviation industry. The study explores the implementation of a hybrid power system, focusing on solar photovoltaic (PV) technology and waste-to-energy conversion. The methodology includes site reconnaissance, detailed descriptions of solar PV and waste-to-energy implementations, and simulations using PVsyst and Homer Pro software to assess the feasibility and performance of the proposed system. The report also includes a carbon savings analysis, discusses potential improvements, and concludes with a summary of the findings, emphasizing the benefits of renewable energy integration for airports. The report also references relevant literature and provides tables and figures to support the analysis. The study highlights the commitment of Sharjah Airport to sustainability and the UAE's goals for reducing carbon emissions, making it a valuable resource for understanding the transition to renewable energy in airport operations.

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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Declaration
Abstract
Airport's primary role is to give passengers and cargo access to air transport. Over the previous
20 years, the amount of aviation activities has grown quickly, resulting in an increase in the
energy consumption of airports. As a result, airport executives have increased energy costs. At
the same moment worldwide power usage has risen, with the consequent environmental effect,
owing to the requirements of developing economies such as China and India.
This complicated situation of environmental and economic variables has made airport executives
conscious of the need to decrease costs and efficiently use renewable energy, while conserving
the environment. This dissertation aims to introduce a hybrid power system at Sharjah airport in
more latest studies, beginning with a description of key power requirements, power
implementation and power efficiency measures, the establishment and benchmarking of hybrid
systems in airports as well as the modelling and simulation of power sources.
Acknowledgement
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Table of Contents
Declaration.......................................................................................................................................1
Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................1
List of figures..................................................................................................................................2
List of tables...................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................4
1.2 literature review..............................................................................................................4
2.0 Methodology.............................................................................................................................7
2.1 Site reconnaissance..............................................................................................................7
2.2 Implementation of Hybrid Energy System........................................................................9
2.2.1 Implementation of Solar PV...................................................................................9
2.2.2 Waste to energy implementation................................................................................13
3.0Analysis and Feasibility study...............................................................................................15
3.1 PVsyst simulation...............................................................................................................16
3.2 Homer pro simulation........................................................................................................24
levelized cost of energy calculations.......................................................................................32
4 Carbon Saving...........................................................................................................................35
5. Possibilities of improvement...................................................................................................38
6. Conclusion................................................................................................................................41
References..................................................................................................................................43
List of figures
Figure 1 an aerial view of the proposed site, (Tsierkezou, 2019)....................................................8
Figure 2 geographical view of the project site.................................................................................8
Figure 3 system schematic for photovoltaics from (Bocskor, Hunyadi and Vince, 2017)............10
Figure 4 an overview of UAE sunlight distribution during peak and low periods........................11
Figure 5 solar panels......................................................................................................................11
Figure 6 sample transformer format..............................................................................................13
Figure 7 sample collection bins kept inside the building..............................................................14
Figure 8 flowchart showing waste to Energy through incineration functionality.........................15
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Figure 9 PVsyst block diagram, showing the array and system losses.........................................16
Figure 10 geographical site location, through which simulation data was obtained.....................17
Figure 11 meteorological data for the site, imported from meteo data NASA-SSE satellite data
.......................................................................................................................................................17
Figure 12 fixed PV angle, 20 degrees. The angle is fixed since the surface used is already
established. It is estimated to be 20 degrees..................................................................................18
Figure 13 global system configurations.........................................................................................19
Figure 14 site location, images from google maps........................................................................24
Figure 15 types of components in homer......................................................................................25
Figure 16 site selection in Homer pro software.............................................................................25
Figure 17 homer pro model...........................................................................................................25
Figure 18 convertor specifications used for solar conversions......................................................26
Figure 19 solar GHI resources.......................................................................................................28
Figure 20 Temperature resources..................................................................................................28
Figure 21 a letter retrieved from the company’s website; this shows how relevant the project is
the project too the company (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019)..................................................................36
Figure 22 (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019)...............................................................................................37
Figure 23 sample new improvemnet that can be implemented in the project, idea sourced from
(Bocskor, Hunyadi and Vince, 2017)..........................................................................................40
List of tables
Table 1 showing the Sharjah photovoltaic systems energy output................................................21
Table 2 solar panel used................................................................................................................26
Table 3 solar horizontal radiation per month.................................................................................27
Table 4 general solar statistics.......................................................................................................29
Table 5 photovoltaic systems output.............................................................................................29
Table 6 cumulative discount cash flow.........................................................................................29
Table 7 grid rates for all.................................................................................................................30
Table 8 project costs......................................................................................................................31
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1.0 Introduction
Environmental concerns about the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity have sparked interest
in the use of renewable energy resources. Specifically, fast developments in wind turbine
generators and photovoltaic techniques have provided possibilities for the use of wind and solar
resources for global electricity generation. Solar and wind energy systems are omnipresent,
freely accessible and environmentally friendly and, owing to their availability and topological
benefits for local power generations, are regarded as promising power generating sources.
Using various energy sources enables energy production system efficiency and reliability to be
improved and decreases the demands for energy storage compared to devices consisting of only
one renewable energy source. With the complementary features of solar and wind energy for
certain places, embedded renewable solar / wind power generation systems with storage banks
provide an extremely reliable power source that is appropriate for electrical loads requiring
greater reliability such as the health clinic.
The airport of Sharjah has committed itself for a long time to create a sustainable future. “We
work and improve the airport in line with the sustainable development values and recognize that
our achievement can be improved by conducting company in an environmentally, socially and
economically accountable manner” quoted from the airport website.
By pursuing a Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Strategy, we place sustainability at the core of our
activities. Initiatives include rigorous surveillance of the consumption of electricity and water
and an integrated waste management scheme for zero waste (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019).
Airport infrastructure and its constant development emphasis on the vision and capital growth of
a country, which makes the importance to focus on various aspects such as optimized energy
management and power usage. United Arab Emirates aim to reduce its carbon footprint to 30%
by 2030 and affirmed the plan to generate nearly 25% of its electricity from clean energy source
by 2021(sourced from https://www.government.ae).
With reference to the previous years, especially the last decade, the operating environment for
airport has changed drastically which can be noticed in the cost of operation to increase in the
energy needs. Pollutants from conventional generation methods such as combustion of fossil
fuels, impacts the environment in a major manner contributing to global warming. Airport
administration faces a complex scenario, both economically and politically to reduce energy
usage, and to minimize the environment footprint.
1.1 Aims and objects
This dissertation aims to introduce a hybrid power system at Sharjah airport in more latest
studies, beginning with a description of key power requirements, power implementation and
power efficiency measures, the establishment and benchmarking of hybrid systems in airports as
well as the modelling and simulation of power sources
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
1.2 literature review
The use of renewable technologies as clean sources of energy minimizes environmental effects,
generates minimum secondary waste and is sustainable, depending on present and future
financial and social requirements. Airports are located in ideal places where renewable power
sources are installed, enabling their power needs to be supplied at least partially, and
guaranteeing compliance with the highest global security standards . Most practical and scientific
experiences describe a range of renewables techniques that can be used in airport systems.
Airports aim to maintain reducing fees and rental facilities to make them feasible as possible. To
achieve this, airlines are now exploring non-traditional sources of income and measures to save
costs. Meanwhile, suppliers of utilities have lately started to find possible answers for the
acquisition of renewable power options in order to fulfill national, regional and federal
environmental and energy objectives. Since airports often have access to land and equipment for
the hosting and generation of clean and renewable power sources, they can produce their own
power and save costs.
However, Hybrid systems energy is a complicated problem, and requires knowledge of emerging
technologies, mechanisms for fostering, legislative frameworks, as well as operational variables.
Airports are provided with restricted guidance for identifying, evaluating, selecting and
effectively implementing financial power projects for renewable energy.
Airports operate today in a changing environment that is influenced by interconnected world
economies. With the effects of a major recession and air travel on World Post 911 is more
expensive, airports are trying to provide more efficient and identifying services competitive
advantage. In particular, airports see opportunities to make full use of their space and facility
available to distribute their income sources.
However, airports come in various forms from large international metropolises to rural
transportation terminals and each has different needs and assets. According to the latest report
for Congress on the Integrated Airport System National Plan (NPIAS), there are 3,331 operating
General airports use in the United Arab Emirates (65% of all airports in the country), which
qualifies for receive funds under Airport Improvement Program (AIP). Given the wide
differences in their character, each airport will deploy their assets in a strategic and diverse
manner.
The similarity of these airports is their function as different government units. (Ninety-eight
percent of airports in NPIAS are owned by public bodies: 38% of cities, 25% of regions, 17%
county, and 9% multi-jurisdiction. From them, state ownership accounts for 5% and unified ports
authority account for 3%). (3) They all provide flight services to customers and are subject to
oversight of federal regulations. As a result, they must operate like businesses that provide
services and collect costs, while implementing public policy goals in their government
jurisdiction.
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Research was required in order to establish guidelines and to provide assessment instruments to
assist airports comprehend and implement initiatives on the feasibility, possibilities and
difficulties of renewable energy.
The energy consumption in airport buildings are significantly due to the below listed factors:
 Architectural and structural particularities, such as high-rise glasses and ceilings,
 Continuous moments of large group of peoples
From an operational standpoint, the division of an airport into two primary fields of operation is
traditional: on the ground side and the air side. The passenger is the principal client on the
landside.
All the operations undertaken in this region are therefore designed to meet their requirements.
The most significant operations are movement, handling, organization and control of passenger
flow, cargo and baggage in terminal structures, ways to facilitate this flow and various means of
accessing the terminal. There are a range of prevalent amenities in the landside of all airports,
including the terminals, the cargo terminals and car parks.
On the air, the primary client is the plane and all its connections. Aircraft activities, along with
organization and management of all the equipment concerned, are among the principal
procedures (landing and take-off of aircraft and apron instruction). There are several buildings
and equipment prevalent on the airside, such as control tower, lighting and radio navigation
systems, firefighting structures, hangers or weather equipment, for all airports involved in air
traffic activities.
It can be predicted that the most consumption are mainly focused on terminal buildings as it
functions as a wing to process passengers and cargo and huge facility are required for its
operations such as Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, Information and
Communication Technology (ICT). Airport are designed to service high number of passengers
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
for short peak period, which might rise a concern for electricity provider especially when the
network is isolated from the grid.
Due to the above concerns, many airports in the world has implemented the use of Renewable
Energy sources (RES). A few of the pioneered are as listed below
Cochin International Airport, Kerala, India, is the first airport in world to claim 100% solar
powered Airport. CIA houses 12MWp solar power plant, comprising of 46150 solar panels laid
across 45 acres. With this installed panels, the airport can consume around 50,000 to 60,000 unit
of electricity on daily basis for its operational function, which makes the airport power neutral.
(https://economictimes.indiatimes.com)
Gatwick airport, UK, is the only airport in the world to implement a waste to energy and biomass
generation facility, having the capability to dispose category 1 waste.
In particular, airports consume a great deal of energy. The airport's energy consumption is
stochastic, non-linear and dynamic, influenced by many elements. The study on energy
consumption focuses primarily on terminal structures, although they are only part of the entire
airport. The following describes the primary energy customers at airports, dividing them between
the primary airport fields: the landsides and the airports.
General Description of Sharjah Airport
Airport load estimated 9MW
Area Available – there are over 1000 warehouses, the total area not established. It is estimated
that the warehouse rooftop will be enough to support solar panels.
2.0 Methodology
The project implementation involves a series of preliminary activities, all of which contributes to
achieving project goals, ass stated earlier.
2.1 Site reconnaissance
The proposed project is to be implemented at Sharjah International Airport. The airport is at an
altitude of 116 feet (35 m) above average sea level. It has a runway designed 12/30 with an
asphalt surface measuring 4,060 m × 60 m (13,322 feet × 197 feet).
Financial services at the airport include banking, ATMs and exchange centers, duty free
stoppings, restaurants etc.
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Figure 1 an aerial view of the proposed site, (Tsierkezou, 2019)
8
Figure 2 geographical view of the project site

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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
2.2 Implementation of Hybrid Energy System
The airport consumes an average load totaling to 9MW for a single day, which relates to
375kw/h minimum, and 1286kw/h at peak hours. This information has been received from the
site personnel.
The proposed plan is to distribute the total load to the two hybrid systems as mentioned above.
These includes,
1. Photovoltaic panels fitted on the warehouse rooftops
2. Waste to energy implementation
Figure 2 Basic component of hybrid systems (Upadhyay and Sharma, 2014)
2.2.1 Implementation of Solar PV
It is expected that solar photovoltaics ratio to that of waste to energy be 6:3. The decision is
based on the fact that the Airports maximum wastes that can be collected per day is 10
tonnes, hence double proportion for photovoltaic systems Therefore, the total energy to be
produced by the photovoltaic panels should be more than 6MW. The electricity produced by
a system relies on the system type, its orientation and the solar resource that is accessible.
The solar resource is the quantity of the sun's power that differs across the United Arab
Emirates to the Earth's surface. More sun energy reaches the surface by a greater solar power
which is ideal for the efficiency of the PV system.
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Figure 3 system schematic for photovoltaics from (Bocskor, Hunyadi and Vince, 2017)
Photovoltaic systems
Sunlight is converted to electricity with photovoltaic arrays. The systems involve very little
maintenance, no noise and function without moving components and generating greenhouse
gasses or air pollution. Array can be installed on the supporting poles or racks on buildings
and buildings (such as warehouses) or on the earth. The arrays generate direct present (DC)
that can be either transformed into energy with a grid-quality alternating present (AC). A
typical PV cell transforms about 14% of solar power into usable electricity on its surface.
Photovoltaic sizing estimates
The first stage in the design of solar PV systems is to calculate all of the loads that the solar
photovoltaic system must supply, as follows
For this case, it’s 6MW.
Considering the loses and the solar system inefficiencies, consider multiplying the overall
watthours given above with a factor of 1.3, (Leonics.com, 2019)
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6 M wh❑ ×1 ⋅3
Total power in watt-hours =7,8MW/day
Various sizes of PV modules generate distinct energy levels. The complete maximum watt
generated requires determining the size of the PV module. The generated maximum watts
(Wp) relies on the PV module size and place climate. In each site we must take into account
the panel generation factor that differs. The panel production factor for UAE is 3.4,
assumption based on Geographical location. In order to determine the PV modules size,
Figure 4 an overview of UAE sunlight distribution during peak and low periods
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Figure 5 solar panels
Calculating the required Watt-peak rating needed for Photovoltaic modules
From the previous calculations, the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules is
7.8MW/day
to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.
Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules, given as 7.8MWh, by
3.4
7.8
3⋅ 4 mw
= 2.2941176471 mwh
Number of PV modules needed
We split the answer obtained above by the rated Watt-peak output of the accessible PV modules
to get the module amount. Increase any portion of the cause to the next largest complete amount
that is necessary for the amount of PV modules.
For approximation, we choose 1000watts-hour solar panel, considering 4hours peak per day
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22941176.471
1000
= 2295 solar modules, these values will vary depending on solar ratings and watt peak hours
available in a day
The solar modules types and choice to use will be discussed in the next chapter
Invertor sizing
In all dimensions, big and small solar inverters are available. The inverter size can be calculated
in watts (W) similar to solar panels. The installers take account of three main variables in the size
of your solar array, your geography and site-specific conditions when it comes to solar inverter
sizing.
Total required watts are 7.8MW
The preferred invertor is rated 500KW, 50/60HZ sungrow SG500max
Total invertors needed will be calculated as follows
7800 kw
500 kw
= 15 invertors rated 500kw
Transformers
Typically, system inverters each deliver 1500VAC energy output. Electricity grids work
at tens or hundreds of thousands of volts at much greater voltages, thus providing the necessary
network output by transformers. A transformer is a static electrical system, transforming electric
energy (from the primary side winding) into magnetic energy (in the magnetic center of the
transformer) and electrical energy (on the secondary side of the transformer). On the main and
secondary transformer hand the working frequency and the nominal power are roughly equal, as
the transformer is a highly effective equipment-whereas voltage and present values generally
differ. This is essentially the transformer's main job, converting high voltage (HV) and low
power from the primary side to low voltage (LV) and elevated power from the secondary side
and vice versa.
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Figure 6 sample transformer format
Inverter Rating of 1kVA = Transformer Rating of 1kVA
2.2.2 Waste to energy implementation
Solid waste is generated in three main fields at Sharjah International Airport. The airport and the
airport landside inside the terminal building. There is a well-established scheme for collecting,
moving and disposing strong residues on the air front and inside the terminal building that
guarantees zero waste from Sharjah International Airport (SIA). Sharjah Airport Authority, in
cooperation with Beeah, has implemented a waste management project for solid waste from the
landside of the SIA, Sharjah Environmental Management Company (Aci-asiapac.aero, 2019).
Vehicles used to collect wastes are from Beeahs group. These vehicles transfer the separated
waste to the beeah waste retrieval centre. An extensive separation of waste is performed at the
material recovery plant. Beeah Materials Recovery is a specialized facility, which through
mechanical and manual processes sorts and distinguishes recyclable materials forms strong
waste. It can handle approximately 2,000 tonnes per day, of which 70% is recycled and therefore
diverted from waste sites. Annual capacity is 6,000,000 tonnes. As the SIA waste is split during
collection it is subjected to secondary segregation and is then sent for recycling by paper, plastic,
aluminum and metal cans, information retrieved from http://www.aci-asiapac.aero/download/?
file=dXBsb2FkL3NlcnZpY2UvMjUvZG9jcy9QdWJsaWNhdGlvbl9vZl9HcmVlbl9BaXJwb3J0
c19SZWNvZ25pdGlvbl8yMDE4X2ZpbmFsLnBkZg==.
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Figure 7 sample collection bins kept inside the building
The approach to converting the solid wastes to energy in the company will be based on the
following approaches.
1. Incineration
2. Anaerobic digestion – Not applied in this project
Incineration The public considers burning waste to be a poor environmental practice. It
generates toxins and pollutants that damage the atmosphere; instead of burning, but what about
us using the wastes as fuel? What if we could use the regular waste from the site and those from
passengers to generate electricity and heat?
This is precisely the goal of the incinerators for waste to power or waste electricity, and we will
describe how it works, how it produces power and how it reduces waste–all of which have little
and no effect on the environment. Energy waste incinerators have become increasingly frequent
since its introduction.
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Sharjah Airport hybrid energy system
Proposed mode of operation
Solid Airport waste, which was earlier sent to the Beeahs garbage collectors, is sent to the energy
plant to for producing Energy (every day waste from inside the airport or from its enterprises).
On entry, the waste is carefully blended to guarantee a uniform flame and is transferred to a
transporter rack for incineration.
The incineration method brings hot gases and ashes to the landfill and reduces its quantity and
weight by 90% and 30% (Thisiseco.co.uk, 2019).
The heat is used for heating water and producing steam, in a way very comparable to the way
coal and nuclear plants generate electricity. These systems are about 14-28 percent energy
efficient. Nevertheless, the exhaust gases from the incineration can be incorporated to WTE
crops, known as cogeneration plants, to provide heating in the airport and use them for
desalination, increasing the effectiveness of this technique to 80%.
The only bi-product is the ash generated by combustion of waste. Magnets are used to remove
any recycled metals, the remaining ash can be aggregated or sent to a landfill in building.
Figure 8 flowchart showing waste to Energy through incineration functionality
It is estimated that one tone of airport waste produces 544kwh energy.
1 tonne=544 kwh
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The WTE plant is estimated to run for 6 full hours producing a total of 3MW. This means that it
is operating at 500kWh. To calculate total waste needed, we use the proportional formulae as
done below. 1 tonne=544 kwh
? tonnes=500 kWh
500 kW X 1tonne x 6 hours
544 kW = 6 tonnes of waste
However, the WTE plant has a capacity of running 24 hours ,this can only happen if there is
enough waste to run the systems. Sourcing waste materials from outside the airport would
increase the WTE plant utilization. These could be involve the airport liasing with the municipal
councils or the garbage collecting companies.
3.0Analysis and Feasibility study
A feasibility analysis of the project was carried using two simulation software’s
1. PVsyst version 6.81 software and
2. Homer pro simulator
3.1 PVsyst simulation
PVSyst is among the finest simulation software used in assessment of a solar power plant's
efficiency. Based on the specific module and place choice, this program is capable of assessing
the efficiency for grid-connected, standalone, and Direct Current solar systems (Kumar and
Sudhakar, 2015). If not available in the database, weather information such as solar irradiance
information can be downloaded from various sources such as NASA SSE, PVGis, Meteronorm.
This program offers high precision predictions for system yield, efficiency ratio and losses and
also offers graphical variants (daily / monthly / yearly).
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Figure 9 PVsyst block diagram, showing the array and system losses
The proposed project is to be implemented in Sharjah location
Figure 10 geographical site location, through which simulation data was obtained
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Figure 11 meteorological data for the site, imported from meteo data NASA-SSE satellite data
Since the photovoltaics panels are to be installed in a previous set are, an assumption was made
that the average tilt angle of 20 degrees will be used.
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Figure 12 fixed PV angle, 20 degrees. The angle is fixed since the surface used is already
established. It is estimated to be 20 degrees
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Figure 13 global system configurations
Results
This pvsyst simulation comprises of 7.8-MWp performance analysis of solar irradiation and
power generation information evaluated. PVSyst and Homer pro are simulated and compared to
calculated values for the expected project results. The financial and environmental elements of
the energy plant are also detailed.
With solar insolation and environmental temperature, the plant energy output differs. The
monthly average sunlight is at peak of 218.9 kWh / m2 during May and a minimum of 108
kWh / m2 during December. In the month of December, the temperature in the environment rises
from a minimum amount to a maximum in May.
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The data of solar radiation with temperature depend on the seasonal changes which can be
inferred from these values. Solar radiance can be seen to vary linearly from ambient temperature
to ambient. The PV panels also increase temperature, which decreases their effectiveness, with
solar irradiance.
sharjan
pvsyst
Energy
Balances
and main
results
GlobHor DiffHor T_Amb GlobInc GlobEff EArray E_Grid
PR
kWh/m² kWh/m² °C kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh kWh
PV
January 1
s
18.3
y
47.09
s
18.34
t
149.9
T
147.1
R
1027204
I
10
A
14674
0.8
L
68
February 127.1 55.04 19.96 151.2 148.2 1022680 10107660.857
March 162.5 73.99 23.21 178.2 174.5 1177424 1163752
0.837
April 191.1 74.98 27.01 195.6 191.5 1254986 1239683
0.812
May 218.9 84.38 31.93 210.4 205.6 1317840 1302143
0.794
June 211.0 89.82 33.16 197.4 192.9 1239385 1225069
0.796
July 206.2 95.54 35.34 195.4 191.0 1217245 1203131
0.789
August 200.1 89.81 35.15 199.8 195.5 1240678 1225860
0.787
September 178.0 70.71 31.99 191.3 187.4 1201378 1187137
0.796
October 157.7 57.06 28.93 183.7 180.4 1172208 1157904
0.808
November 127.2 45.16 24.20 160.6 157.5 1062897 1050885
0.839
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December 108.5 46.27 20.49 140.7 137.8 958852 9477410.864
P
Year
V
2
s
006.6
y
829.83
s
27.52
t
2154.1
T
2109.6
R
13892776
I
137
A
28744
0.8
L
17
Table 1 showing the Sharjah photovoltaic systems energy output
GlobHo
r
kWh/m
²
DiffHo
r
kWh/m
²
T_Am
b
°C
GlobIn
c
kWh/m
²
GlobEf
f
kWh/m
²
EArra
y
MWh
E_Gri
d
MWh
PR
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
Septembe
r
October
Novembe
r
Decembe
r
118.3
127.1
162.5
191.1
218.9
211.0
206.2
200.1
178.0
157.7
127.2
108.5
47.09
55.04
73.99
74.98
84.38
89.82
95.54
89.81
70.71
57.06
45.16
46.27
18.34
19.96
23.21
27.01
31.93
33.16
35.34
35.15
31.99
28.93
24.20
20.49
149.9
151.2
178.2
195.6
210.4
197.4
195.4
199.8
191.3
183.7
160.6
140.7
147.1
148.2
174.5
191.5
205.6
192.9
191.0
195.5
187.4
180.4
157.5
137.8
1027
1023
1177
1255
1318
1239
1217
1241
1201
1172
1063
959
1015
1011
1164
1240
1302
1225
1203
1226
1187
1158
1051
948
0.86
8
0.85
7
0.83
7
0.81
2
0.79
4
0.79
6
0.78
9
0.78
7
0.79
6
0.80
8
0.83
9
0.86
4
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Year 2006.6 829.83 27.52 2154.1 2109.6 13893 13729 0.81
7
GlobHo
r
kWh/m
²
DiffHo
r
kWh/m
²
T_Am
b
°C
GlobIn
c
kWh/m
²
GlobEf
f
kWh/m
²
EArra
y
MWh
E_Gri
d
MWh
PR
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
Septembe
r
October
Novembe
r
Decembe
r
118.3
127.1
162.5
191.1
218.9
211.0
206.2
200.1
178.0
157.7
127.2
108.5
47.09
55.04
73.99
74.98
84.38
89.82
95.54
89.81
70.71
57.06
45.16
46.27
18.34
19.96
23.21
27.01
31.93
33.16
35.34
35.15
31.99
28.93
24.20
20.49
149.9
151.2
178.2
195.6
210.4
197.4
195.4
199.8
191.3
183.7
160.6
140.7
145.9
146.7
172.5
189.5
203.4
190.6
188.7
193.4
185.5
178.8
156.0
136.5
1019
1011
1160
1233
1290
1215
1190
1213
1177
1153
1049
949
988
982
1127
1197
1252
1180
1155
1177
1143
1119
1020
922
0.84
5
0.83
2
0.81
1
0.78
4
0.76
3
0.76
6
0.75
8
0.75
6
0.76
6
0.78
1
0.81
4
0.84
0
Year 2006.6 829.83 27.52 2154.1 2087.5 13659 13261 0.78
9
Loss diagram over the whole year
2007 kWh/m² Horizontal global irradiation
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+7.4%Global incident in coll. plane
-3.09% IAM factor on global
2087 kWh/m² * 50759 m² coll. Effective irradiation on collectors
efficiency at STC = 15.46% PV conversion
16377 MWhArray nominal energy (at STC
effic.)
-0.36%PV loss due to irradiance level
-14.89% PV loss due to temperature
+0.75% Module quality loss
-1.10% Mismatch loss, modules and strings
-1.18% Ohmic wiring loss
13675 MWh Array virtual energy at MPP
-2.88%Inverter Loss during operation (efficiency)
0.00% Inverter Loss over nominal inv. power
0.00% Inverter Loss due to max. input current
0.00% Inverter Loss over nominal inv. voltage
12%Inverter Loss due to voltage threshold
-0.02% Inverter Loss due to power threshold
13261 MWh Available Energy at Inverter Output
13261 MWh Energy injected into grid
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The Panels produces 2006.6 kWh / m2 of annual global horizontal irradiation (GlobHor), while
Global incident irradiation (GlobInc) is 2154 kWh / m2. GlobHor and GlobInc are the highest in
may because of more hours of sunlight. Due to the hot climate, Low sun insolation occurs in
December. The environmental temperature ranges from 18 degrees to 35 degrees year-round.
The scheme is transformation efficient relatively constantly (12.68 percent). The PV grid
produces total DC energies of 19557 MWh. (Sukumaran and Sudhakar, 2017)
The highest power in the month is produced in march
3.2 Homer pro simulation
The optimal sizing and costing of the project components of the proposed hybrid system is done
using Homer pro software.
Site of study
The selected area of study is Sharjah airport as shown on the map below.
Figure 14 site location, images from google maps
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Figure 15 types of components in homer
Figure 16 site selection in Homer pro software
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Figure 17 homer pro model
Table 2 solar panel used
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Figure 18 convertor specifications used for solar conversions
Source of resources
The resources used in simulation were download from NASA database as provided by the
software.
Solar data
United Arab Emirates sunshine is about 8 hours a day and the sun and clear sky are accessible all
year long. The table below demonstrates the solar radiation in a horizontal position.
Table 3 solar horizontal radiation per month
Month Horizontal Radiation
Jan 4.09
Feb 4.80
Mar 5.23
Apr 6.32
May 7.18
Jun 7.23
Jul 6.45
Aug 6.32
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Sep 6.05
Oct 5.39
Nov 4.53
Dec 3.78
Average 5.61
Figure 19 solar GHI resources
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Figure 20 Temperature resources
A complete analysis was achieved by running the simulation. The Electrical power from the
system is used to feed the AC primary load. The average consumption of the load is 3240MW
per year.
The capital costs, replacement costs O & M and total costs of the individual components both for
one year and for 25 years lifetime have been simulated.
Homer pro simulation results
Table 4 general system statistics
Capacity-based metrics Value Unit
Nominal renewable capacity divided by total nominal capacity 100 %
Usable renewable capacity divided by total capacity 100 %
Energy-based metrics Value Unit
Total renewable production divided by load 66.4 %
Total renewable production divided by generation 66.4 %
One minus total nonrenewable production divided by load 100 %
Peak values Value Unit
Renewable output divided by load (HOMER standard) 100 %
Renewable output divided by total generation 100 %
One minus nonrenewable output divided by total load 100 %
Table 5 photovoltaic systems output
Quantity Value Units
Rated Capacity 6,540 kW
Mean Output 1,346 kW
Mean Output 32,292 kWh/d
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Capacity Factor 20.6 %
Total Production 11,786,657 kWh/yr
Month
Energy
Purchased
(kWh)
Energy Sold
(kWh)
Net Energy
Purchased
(kWh)
Peak Demand
(kW)
Energy
Charge
Demand
Charge
January 176,819 246,850 -70,031 818 $5,339 $0.00
February 159,647 222,974 -63,327 817 $4,816 $0.00
March 176,794 246,869 -70,075 818 $5,336 $0.00
April 171,063 238,935 -67,873 817 $5,160 $0.00
May 176,769 246,911 -70,142 817 $5,331 $0.00
June 171,089 238,940 -67,851 817 $5,162 $0.00
July 176,844 246,887 -70,043 817 $5,340 $0.00
August 176,821 246,890 -70,069 817 $5,338 $0.00
September 171,072 238,930 -67,858 817 $5,161 $0.00
October 176,730 246,896 -70,165 817 $5,328 $0.00
November 171,065 238,896 -67,831 818 $5,162 $0.00
December 176,850 246,831 -69,981 818 $5,343 $0.00
Annual 2,081,563 2,906,809 -825,245 818 $62,816 $0.00
Discussion
As described earlier, HOMER Pro simulated the independent hybrid system to evaluate its
operational and economic features. With its streamlined, non-derivative optimization, HOMER
Pro has the benefit of being able to perform concurrent simulations depending on processor
speed. In this situation,786 candidate solutions were evaluated, not in a single simulation, taking
into consideration distinct system models (i.e. use of solar systems, distinct kinds of custom
waste to energy sources, etc.) to calculate the choice at the project begin with the least NPC.
Various simulation trials were done, with only feasible solutions being accounted.
Only 523 of the total number of simulated solutions were found to be feasible on the first trial,
which later involved a number of trials to established a system with cheaper NPC; feasible is
considered to be a solution capable of meeting the goals, meaning that 263 solutions were
discarded because of the constraints. HOMER Pro eliminates all infeasible alternatives (e.g., lack
of energy sources, lack of converters, etc.) and sorts all viable alternatives by complete NPC. For
a 10-year scheduling horizon, an hourly time series simulation was regarded for any feasible
model layout.
In order to continuously find methods to decrease plant capital and operational expenses, one
thing is that project stakeholders are put more pressure on to simplify O&M procedures and their
associated expenses. Typically deemed "cost centres" on the balance sheets, O&M tends to
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receive small financing, even when acknowledged as a value-added input in a Photovoltaic plant
to meet competitive bid thresholds and/or tough customers demand (Global system expenses fell
by 80% between 2008 and 2014.
Table 7 grid rates for all
Month
Energy
Purchased (kWh)
Energy Sold
(kWh)
Net Energy
Purchased (kWh)
Peak Demand
(kW) Energy Charge Demand Charge
January 176,819 246,850 -70,031 818 $5,339 $0.00
February 159,647 222,974 -63,327 817 $4,816 $0.00
March 176,794 246,869 -70,075 818 $5,336 $0.00
April 171,063 238,935 -67,873 817 $5,160 $0.00
May 176,769 246,911 -70,142 817 $5,331 $0.00
June 171,089 238,940 -67,851 817 $5,162 $0.00
July 176,844 246,887 -70,043 817 $5,340 $0.00
August 176,821 246,890 -70,069 817 $5,338 $0.00
September 171,072 238,930 -67,858 817 $5,161 $0.00
October 176,730 246,896 -70,165 817 $5,328 $0.00
November 171,065 238,896 -67,831 818 $5,162 $0.00
December 176,850 246,831 -69,981 818 $5,343 $0.00
Annual 2,081,563 2,906,809 -825,245 818 $62,816 $0.00
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However, HOMER Pro's optimization is very simplistic, leading to the loss of data. First,
because of the absence of an AC optimum flow (OPF) algorithm, HOMER Pro does not capture
voltage and frequency differences. No transients can therefore be analyzed. This is particularly
important when it comes to studying the inclusion in future energy systems of intermittent power
generation. Moreover, given that no detailed AC OPF algorithm is included, contingencies (e.g.
loss of lines, south load growth or generation losses, etc) cannot be regarded for the evaluation.
Table 8 project costs, Showing CAPEX AND OPEX
The total Net investment of the project is $ 882264.00, which is lower than payments that would
have been incurred in buying power from the national grid.
levelized cost of energy calculations
There may be costs that differ significantly for various methods of generating electricity. At the
point of link to the load or to the electricity network, the calculation of these costs can be
produced. Costs per kilowatt hour or megawatt hours are usually given. Initial capital, discount
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rate and operating, fuel and maintenance costs are borne. Such calculations help policy makers,
scientists, and others to inform conversation and decision making.
Leveled energy costs (LCOE) are measurements of energy sources that consistently compare
various power production techniques. This is a financial assessment of the average overall cost
of building and running power-generating assets over their lifetime and divided by total energy
generation for life. LCOE can also be seen as the average minimum cost used to sell electricity to
break even during the project period. Levelized cost of electric (LCOE), also known as Levelized
Energy Cost (LEC), is the net present value of the unit of electricity energy during the lifetime of
the generating asset. This is often regarded as a proxy for the average price that must be received
by the producer assets in the market to break even during its lifetime. The cost competitiveness
of a power generation system is first ordered economically and covers all costs over its lifetime:
initial investment, operations, and maintenance; fuel costs; and capital costs.
Factors to consider
Different internal cost considerations must be taken into account when calculating costs. Note
the use of costs which are not the actual selling price because a variety of factors like granting
and taxation can affect this.
1. Sum of costs over lifetime
2. Sum of electricity produced over lifetime
Sum of costs over lifetime
The cost of operations and maintenance is calculated as annual charges, which also include the
cost of insurance. Annual fee of 1% of the initial investment costs has been calculated. The costs
of maintenance of photovoltaic systems in general are relatively low compared to traditional
electricity costs.
The price of the solar panels may be affected by labor and transport expenses. The quote
includes a good installation company's labor cost. These expenses can however differ greatly
depending on your place, the array size and even the individual installer. To get the best deal,
make sure before committing that you have citations from a number of installers in your region.
∑ of costs
lifetime =net investments+ operations∧maintenance−discounts−subsidies
∑ of costs
lifetime
∑ of electrical energy produced
lifetime =energy produced per day x 365 days x 25 years
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∑ of electrical energy produced
lifetime =7800 kwhx 12 hours per day x 365 x 30 years
∑ of electrical energy produced
lifetime
LCOE=
∑ of costs
lifetime
∑ of electrical energy produced
lifetime
This value has been computed using homer software, the result is as shown below
Total Net Present Cost: $1,838,682.00
Levelized Cost of Energy ($/kWh): $0.0230
Payback period
The estimated payback time for the project is a shown below
IRR (%):36.9
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Discounted payback (yr):5
Simple payback (yr):4
Base Case Current System
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4 Carbon Saving
Renewable power sources are primarily driven by reductions in carbon emissions. Such gases
cause climate change and remain in the atmosphere for a long period of time. Thus, its amount
will continue to increase as the atmosphere remains substantial for several years even with the
stability of CO2 emissions. Since the level of economic growth in the present world is strongly
driven by industrialization and a society in which millions of people struggle hard to improve
their living standards, the reduction in pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere is not an
elementary task.
By emitting carbon into the atmosphere, the contribution of carbon dioxide to climate change is
effectively piling a financial strain on us, which will necessarily be costing us cash. We don't pay
these expenses because we emit carbon, but they still add up expenses. Economists call such cost
"external." They estimate that a ton of carbon emitted into the environment costs approximately
$40.
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Airports need a great deal of effort to find and use renewable energy sources, and also to
improve the effectiveness of the use of those sources, in order to achieve and attempt to achieve
sustainable development. In this respect, solar photovoltaic and wind turbine-based power
generation technology was an efficient way of providing distributed generation systems and
isolated communities.
Figure 21 a letter retrieved from the company’s website; this shows how relevant the project is
the project too the company (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019)
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Figure 22 (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019)
Carbon saving in PVsyst simulation
The Carbon Balance instrument estimates the anticipated carbon emission savings for the
photovoltaic system. This calculation is based on the so-called Life Cycle Emissions (LCE),
which are the CO2 emissions of a specified component or energy level. These values include the
complete life cycle of the components or energy, including manufacturing, operation, servicing,
disposal etc. There is a rationale behind the Carbon Balance Tool for replacing the same quantity
of electricity generated by the PV system in the current grid. If the carbon footprint per kWh of
the PV system is smaller than that for power supply.
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The total carbon saved by the project is 14388.4 tones.
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5. Possibilities of improvement
Although HOMER Pro has some benefits when developing large- and small-scale simulation
networks (primarily used for housing or community purposes as in the case study described
here), the above points show that it lacks the ability to conduct an in-depth inquiry into more
complex systems requiring stability assessment, loss capture and reactive power generation, etc.
 Implementation of Geothermal Heat pumps - Geothermal heat pumps, also called ground
source heat pumps (GSHP), utilize constants temperature in the soil and its capacity to
store energy to produce heating and cooling. In about 10 feet below the earth's surface,
the temperature remains constant between 50 ° F and60 ° F, depending on latitude.
Geothermal heat pump facility flows fluid through a refrigerated closed loop system says
50 ° F in summer (when the temperature is above ground)80 ° F or more) and heated to
50 ° F in winter (when the temperature above ground is 30 ° F and less) (see Figure
below). Heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from the fluid to interior
space conditioning. In winter, heat is extracted from fluids and colder fluids back to the
ground. In summer, cooler liquids are used for cooling and the heated liquid is returned
underground and stored for winter use. One of the advantages of a geothermal heat pump
is that there is no particular geography certain limitations or geological requirements for
installing the system. Next, loop underground and the above land facilities are usually
located inside the building provides increased flexibility in finding systems in existing
location conditions. Ground loop can be installed vertically where access to construction
on land is limited or can be built horizontally, potentially limiting installation costs.
However, engineering strategies are different may need to be employed based on site-
specific geophysical characteristics and costs may vary based on the relative difficulties
of system installation.
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Figure 23 sample new improvement that can be implemented in the project, idea sourced from
(Bocskor, Hunyadi and Vince, 2017)
 An improved design instrument using a fully advanced AC OPF algorithm will be
suggested in a subsequent publication to tackle the above-mentioned constraints.
 There are high possibilities of improving this. Researchers have been longing to find
methods to enhance solar cells ' effectiveness and efficiency— solar photovoltaic systems
' life-blood. There are hundreds or thousands of solar cells in the solar photovoltaic array
that convert radiant solar light into electrical currents individually. The average solar cell
performs around 15 percent and is not transformed into electricity, so nearly 85 percent
of the sunlight it hits. As such, researchers continuously experiment with new techniques
to increase this capture and conversion of light (Davison, 2019).
 A new form of light-sensitive nanoparticles called quantum colloidal spots was recently
revealed by a group of researchers at the University of Toronto that many people thought
would provide cheaper and more flexible materials for solar cells. In particular, fresh
ingredients use semiconductors of type n and type p, but which can work outside. This is
a typical finding, because previous designs cannot work outdoors and therefore do not
use the solar power market. Researchers at the University of Toronto found that materials
from the oxygen-n-type - fresh colloidal quantum points do not bind to the air and thus
can maintain their stability externally (Davison, 2019).
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 Scientists also have an emphasis on finding ways in which solar photovoltaic systems can
store energy. At present, electricity constitutes a large resource of the sort "use it or lose
it" and electricity is to be used or lost instantly after generation of solar photovoltaic
systems (or fuel sources of all sort). As the sun does not shine for 24 hours a day, this
implies that most solar photovoltaic systems only fulfill a part of the day's electric
demand-as a consequence, much energy is wasted if not used. An amount of batteries can
store this energy on the market but even the most advanced batteries are relatively
inefficient
 Include other renewable energy sources such as wind energy- The use of air flow through
wind turbines is a wind energy or wind power, which supplies mechanical energy to
power generators and usually perform other tasks, like milling or pumping. Wind energy
is a viable, renewable alternative to fossil fuel consumption and has much less
environmental impact. Wind farms are made up of many individual wind turbines linked
to the energy supply network. Onshore winds are a cheap source of electricity, which is
competing with or in many locations cheaper than coal or gas power plants. Onshore
wind farms also affect the countryside, as in general they have to be distributed over
more soil.
 National investment in renewable energy has reduced the cost of producing and installing
solar panels, making the cost of solar electricity competing with conventional sources.
Similarly, scale-scale wind power utilities built on large farms throughout the country
represent more than a third all new power plants for the past three years. New renewable
fuel based, such as biogas and wood waste, produced in sufficient quantities to provide
cost-effective fuel conventional machinery for electricity, heat, and mobile transportation.
Newer technologies, like geothermal cells and fuel, are being successfully piloted
through a demonstration project to display their commercial potential.
6. Conclusion
The findings from the project implementation of a solar photovoltaic and waste to Energy
generation generating scheme in this paper have been analysed. These systems certainly
contribute to the power transmission
n to Sharjah Airport and to reducing carbon emissions. Due to a high demand for electricity with
high costs incurred, a system that is reliable, effective and flexible enough to increase loads
needs to be built. It was shown that the parallel operation of inverters intended specifically for
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this project can meet these demands. The experimental findings guarantee that the airport is
provided with clean quality energy.
By pursuing a Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Strategy, we place sustainability at the core of our
activities. Initiatives include rigorous surveillance of the consumption of electricity and water
and an integrated waste management scheme for zero waste (Sharjahairport.ae, 2019).
Renewable energy sources offer a variety of options for increasing energy generation. It is thus
feasible to boost the power supply of renewable power sources to the domestic grid while at the
same time reducing CO2 and the greenhouse impact. Government support for renewable power
technologies in several nations, but this kind of assistance primarily relies on countries '
renewable energy potential resources. Seychelles is a tiny island situated east of the African
continent in the Indian Ocean (Atlas, 2019). The island is close to the equator with plenty of
radiation.
Airport infrastructure and its constant development emphasis on the vision and capital growth of
a country, which makes the importance to focus on various aspects such as optimized energy
management and power usage. United Arab Emirates aim to reduce its carbon footprint to 30%
by 2030 and affirmed the plan to generate nearly 25% of its electricity from clean energy source
by 2021(https://www.government.ae).
The primary consumers of energy at airports can be separated from the airport's side and
landside. The airfield lighting and radio navigation systems are mainly air-side energy users.
Land energy customers are essentially the terminal building of the airport because of its role as a
node for the processing of passengers and freight and its wide range of operating equipment. The
most significant energy customers at airports generally are HVAC, lighting systems and ICT
systems. It is therefore vital to examine new techniques for reducing energy usage in such
installations.
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