Report on Ship Design and Material Analysis: Engineering Science

This report delves into the essential components and materials required for ship construction, including iron, aluminum, steel, and plastics, emphasizing the significance of material properties in ship design. It presents a project plan that considers crucial factors for efficient ship building, such as the application of Archimedes' principle for determining load-bearing capacity and D'Alembert's principle for assessing energy needs. The report compares the elasticity and breaking points of various materials, advocating for steel's suitability in shipbuilding. It also addresses the impact of temperature variations on ship materials and concludes with a hypothesis on ship material strength, legibility, and performance based on collated information from similar ships. The report references various articles to support its findings.

ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

Introduction:
Sips require some basic components that are required to build them. Most of the ships need almost
similar materials in order to build. The materials required in order to build a ship include iron,
aluminum, steel, plastics and many more, but the materials are not just limited to these. There are
numerous more materials that are needed for specifically building a ship. This report provides a
project plan which represents various factors that should be considered while building a ship. This
report further discusses regarding various factors that are needed to check in order to build a ship
that would perform more efficiently.

Plan for Ship design:
The ability of metal and non-metal materials that are used in building ships. There are numerous materials that
are used in building ship, including ferrous metals as well as non-ferrous metals, GRP (Grass Reinforced
Plastics/fiber glass), wood and plastics. Steel is the material that is widely used in projects os shipbuilding. Steel
has very goo metallurgical properties which helps it to overcome fatigue and brittle fracture. Steel that consists
very low carbon has tensile strength of around 400 to 490 MN/m2 and yields strength of around 235 MN/m2. It
elongates around 15 to 20%. Steel has the ability to be treated with heat. Alloy elements can be used to change
various characteristics of steel. Carbon can be used in order to increase hardness as well as strength, it also
reduced ductility. Manganese increases the tensile strength, notch toughness and ductility. Silicon is used in
order to increase tensile strength and hardness, it makes welding very easy. Sulphur makes welding easy and
reduces the complexity in weldability. Phosphorous improves the level of ductility and toughness.

Archimedes principles used on ship testing:
The buoyancy principle of Archimedes states about the buyout force. Buyout force is the a fore that keeps the ships
floating. the floating of ship depends on the amount of water that it displaces. If the amount of water displaced by the ship
is equal or more than its own weight, the ship would float but if the ship displaces less amount of water compared to its
own weight, it has more chances to sink. An example of this situation is that, the water displaced by a coin is weighted
less than its own weight, as a result it sinks. The overall capacity of a cruse ship is dependent on its double occupancy
which is two guests per cabin. The capacity of the cabin depends on the type of the storeroom, line and ship and the
category of storeroom that the ship has. A standard ship cabin actually supports two to three guests but in some cases it
varies. Some ships may be bigger or smaller than the expected size. Some surveys that have been carried out on cruise
ships include some features like the ships would sail at different capacities depending on their season and intermarry. An
average cruise ship supports around 3000 guests for the ocean liners and nearly 150 guests for the bigger river ships. The
largest passenger capacity of a cruise ship has been recorded as 5412 and if all the berths are occupies, it would support
6318 passengers.

Ship passenger capacity:
Maximum capacity to hold passengers of a cruise ship will signify the financial situation, when every
berth including all the lower and upper bunks, single as well as double sofa and “Pullman” beds are
occupied by the most crowd, that the ship is capable to hold.

Comparison of elasticity and breaking point of materials and choose the most suitable materials:
Elasticity of an object is the ability of an object to come back to its original size when a force is applied
to it and its shape has been changed. This can be expressed by using the ratio of stress that has been
applied per Square pascals or inch to the strain. Iron can be defined as a basic element but is available
at various grades, steel is available in numerous allowed chemistry’s. At a particular room temperature
the elastic modules of various iron grades ranges from 10 – 24 x 10^6 psi whereas the modulus of
various steel alloys range from 28 – 30 x 10^6 psi. In case the Young modulus of a metal is greater, it is
more stiff. This proves that iron is more elastic than steel. Still is stiffer compared to iron. The breaking
point of iron is more than compared to steel. Hence using steel is a better option while building a ship.

D’Alembert’s principle for accessing the amount of energy needed by the ship:
Estimating the power consumed by a ship is one of the most important step that has to be carried out before starting
the project. the power consumed by a ship need to be estimated, calculated according to the optimization of the
requirements of the ship. Power used up by a ship is the major deciding factor for numerous other factors involved in
the industry both environment as well as market. According to Alembert's principle a ship that has more power
requirements would consume more amount of fuel. This would result in the increased of fuel consumption.
According to recent trends, the actual efficiency of a particular ship is quantifies by the Energy Efficiency Design
Index (EEDI). The lesser the amount of EEDI of a particular ship, its efficiency increases. When the EEDI of the
ship is proportional to the power used by the ship, designers are suggested to decrease the requirements of power in
order to run the ship by whichever way possible. as a result, the EEDI reduces and also decreases the carbon
footprint of that particular ship.

Task 1:Archimedes principle to determine maximum load bearing capacity of ship:
Ships and boats are the perfect example of how science can be used to solve simple problems. Archimedes proposed a
principle that is now known as “Archimedes principle” which states that the when any object is resting on or in water, it
experiences an upward force known as buoyant force that is equal to the weight of water. This amount of water is
pushed up by the object. As a result, the body floats. According to the principle, if the weight of the body is equal or
less than the amount of water displaced by it, the body would float, but if the weight of the body is more than the
amount of water is displaced, the body would sink. This proves that the buoyant force of a body helps it to sink or float.
The above discussion explains the reason why the weight of a particulr ship is known as its displacement. Suppose the ocean is
considered as a bown of water that is fulled upto its brim, the dispacement of a ship is the weight of water is spilled over its
edges when the ship was launched. A ship called the USS Enterprise has a displacement of around 75,000 tons when it is
unloaded and its displacement is 95,000 tons when it is loaded. When the ship is completely loaded, it shits a bit lower in water,
this is because the freshwater has lower density than saltwater.

Various changes within a solid material when exposed to temperature variations:
Various temperature changes that takes place on a body are heat, cold, and some more. When a body is exposed to heat, the body
expands to an extent and when the body is exposed to cold temperature, the body contracts. A solid matter is composed of tiny balls,
these balls are located in a particular place and stay in a compact form. When they are exposed to heat, the particulars get out of their
original places and them more around freely all over the space contained by the object. This make them take more space because every
particle moves according to their wish. As a result, it makes the object to expand and take more space than necessary. Opposite to this
situation, when the object is exposed to a cold environment, the particles that are moving freely in the object, are bought to contract and
come together in a compact place. This makes the object to take less space than required. In case of ships, they are constructed with the
help of various objects and metals and non-metals. The different components of ship reacts differently to temperature. Components
made of iron and steel reach indifferently to heat and cold. Iron expands as well as contract to more extent compared to steel. As a result
the ship faces problem when various components act in different way. During extreme heat, the components made of iron expand more
and the components made of steel don not expand much, so the infrastructure of the ship is affected a bit. During the starting periods, the
ship does not face much problem by as time passes by, the design of the ship is affected to a great extent.

Conclusion:
Hence, in this particular task the process and design that are needed to build a ship is addressed and
then the most suitable process matching the requirement of cruise ship is chosen and the various
parameters of similar ships are obtained from the previously published articles. An approximate
hypothesis about the ship material, strength, legibility, performance and other attributes are
concluded on the basis of collated information of various similar kinds of ships.

Bibliography:
Casareale, C., Bernardini, G., Bartolucci, A., Marincioni, F. and D’Orazio, M., 2017, December. Cruise ships like
buildings: Wayfinding solutions to improve emergency evacuation. In Building Simulation (Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.
989-1003). Tsinghua University Press.
Cullen, V., 2018. Of sons and ships and science cruises. Life.
Dawson, J., Johnston, M.E. and Stewart, E.J., 2014. Governance of Arctic expedition cruise ships in a time of
rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean & Coastal Management, 89, pp.88-99.
DeVellis, R.F., 2016. Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications.
Gibson, P., Lim, W.M. and Holmes, M., 2016. Keeping the Customers Happy: The Importance of Morale on
Cruise Ships. Tourism in Marine Environments, 11(2-3), pp.136-145.

Thank You