Electrical Engineering Assignment: Signals, Systems, and Communication

This homework assignment delves into the core concepts of signals and systems within electrical engineering. It begins with an analysis of practical scenarios such as a pizza ordering process and a communication setup between the French and Chinese prime ministers, illustrated through block diagrams. The assignment then progresses to detailed waveform analysis, requiring the calculation of amplitude, time period, frequency, and phase angle for various waveforms. Further, it explores data rate calculations, including determining bits per second and channel capacity based on provided data and signal-to-noise ratios. The assignment also covers isotropic free space loss calculations and the application of Fourier transforms to determine bandwidth. Finally, it investigates the Nyquist criteria and compares packet switching virtual circuits with circuit switching, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, concluding with a line-of-sight calculation for antenna communication.

1)
The following block diagram as shown in figure-1.
a)
ORDER THE PIZZA DETAILS:
The following pizza has ordered by the guest through the menu. The host gives a menu of pizza
to the guest.
The guest selects according to his favourite pizza and takes place the order.
b)
The guest has to make a call to the pizza centre. Therefore the telephone connected to the
telephone and tones to dial the number.
c)
The host sent order details to order clerk. Therefore acknowledge order has given to the guest,
hence, the guest waits.
d)
The order clerk receives the order and gets payment approval. Therefore order clerk gives
information to pizza cook. The cook now ready to make hot pizza.
DELIVERY PIZZA DETAILS:
a)
The pizza cook makes to prepare pizza according to the chosen menu by guest, therefore after
ready a hot pizza delivered to the order clerk.
b)
Now, over clerk packed the pizza into box cover and attached payment receipt and guest house
address, therefore, put into a delivery van.
c)
The delivery van delivers all order pizza according to order clerk details only, therefore delivery
boy confirms the order and delivery to guest though payment order id only. Hence the guest gets
his hot pizza according to his taste.
Hence, the host gives pizza to the guest.

2)
The Chinese and the French prime ministers:
The following agreement through translator has shown in figure 2.
a)
The French and the chines prime ministers are speaking directly through translator has shown in
the block diagram.
b)
If the Chinese prime ministers speak with the French prime ministers. The Chinese translator
passes message information to the French translator.
c)
The Chinese translator has taken media as telephonic to send voice data to French translators.
d)
Hence, therefore translator sends voice data passes through French prime ministers and vice
versa.
3)
The following signal as shown in figure 3a.
Figure-3a

Calculate the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.
2nd waveform:
The following signal as shown in figure 3b.
Figure 3b
Calculate the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.

3rd waveform:
The following signal as shown in figure 3c.
Figure 3c
Calculate the amplitude, time period, frequency and phase angle of the waveform.
4)
a)
The following trigonometric wave expression has shown in figure 4a.

b)
The following trigonometric wave expression has shown in figure 4b.
c)

The following trigonometric wave expression has shown in figure 4c.
d)
The following trigonometric wave expression has shown in figure 4c.

5)
a)
The following data has given below.
The number of pixels
The number of pixels sent per second
The pixel has taken intensity values. Hence each pixel can represent the bits/sec.
Determine the bits/sec.
Hence, the source rate or bits per seconds
b)
The following data has given below.
Signal to signal noise ratio=
Determine the channel capacity.
Hence, the channel capacity has

6)
The following data has given below.
Frequency
Shortest path
Determine the isotropic free space loss.
7)
a)
The following data has given below.
Now, we can write the above equation.
Let, we consider the signal has periodic, the following signal represents as a mathematical
expression.
Therefore, the given signal has .
Hence, the fundamental frequency is 100Hz.
Now, consider the equation
Now, we applied Fourier transform into the above equation (1), we get.
Determine the bandwidth.
b)
Determine the channel capacity of Nyquist criteria by using of
The following mathematical expression for the Nyquist equation has shown below.

Bandwidth=400Hz
L=number of levels.
Consider ,
Consider ,
Consider ,
8)
The following Nyquist bit rate mathematical expression has shown below.
Therefore, we get.
”BW” has defined as Bandwidth.
”L” has defined as signal level.
Bitrate has defined as data has terminated bits/sec.
In the following mathematical expression has defined as bandwidth of the channel is constant.
Therefore, bits per rate are directly proportional to the number of signal levels.
The Nyquist rate does not have the correct sampling signal. It is applicable only for theoretical
calculation.

DISADVANTAGES:
1) It has to oversample with over raging to get high precession.
2) It has a high complexity
3) It has a high cost
4) It has oversampling when takes more time, therefore system speed becomes slow down.
5) It has additional noise
6) Highest the power consumption
Packet switching virtual circuit Circuit switching
1) It has small switching nodes.
2) It has a dynamic use of
bandwidth.
3) Packet switching does have
overhead bits in each packet.
4) The packet switching has speed
code conversion.
5) The packet switching has stored
until it delivers.
6) It does not have a dedicated
path.
7) It has delayed in call setup as
well as packet transmission.
1) It has electromechanical
switching nodes.
2) It has a fixed bandwidth.
3) Circuit switching does not have
overhead bits after call setup.
4) The circuit switching does not
have speed code conversion.
5) Circuit switching has stored the
message.
6) It has a dedicated path.
7) It has a call setup delay.
ADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING VIRTUAL OVER CIRCUIT SWITCHING:
1)
The circuit switching has only one data stream and one conversation, but the packet switching
virtual circuit has multiple numbers of data and conversations.
2)
The packet switching has allowed to equally sharing bandwidth resource but switching circuit
does not share equal bandwidth.

3)
The packet switching has a maximum length and it has stored in main memory itself. This can
reduce time delay rather than circuit switching.
4
The packet switching has widely used for video and voice call.
Example: Google Talk, Skype, Whats app etc.
10)
The following line of sight has shown in figure -10.
The transmitter antenna communicates with receiver antenna at the line of sight distance with
maximum has shown in below mathematical expression.
Therefore,
The following given data has one antenna has twice the other antenna.

Let, us consider the d=40km.
If we consider the height of the transmitter antenna is and another antenna of the
receiver has height is