Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Health: An Evidence-Based Report

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EVIDENCE BASED ASSESSMENT

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Method.............................................................................................................................................4
Main Body.......................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................12
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Introduction
• What is the research and findings described in the scenario?
A person who spends sleepless night must have a risk for his body. A sleepless night is a reason
for insomnia. This is too much harmful to the child because their immunity power is decreased
for this reason. Women who are pregnant also need a good sleepy night to protect her baby and
to keep their body fit. According to Paoli et al. (2019), it has been analysed and researched to
determine the long term effects on health because the sleepless night is the reason for less
concentration, heart disease, etc. Spending a sleepless night has an effect on the study. They
consume sugar, caffeinated products, and alcohol. The sleepless persons are likely to skip their
breakfast. Sleepless persons need to consume their grains and fewer vegetables. We can explain
the eating pattern to find that the night owls have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic
conditions, and heart disease. The body's circadian variation in glucose metabolism may
moderate which has linked with type 2 diabetes. They stay at their lowest point by the evening
due to the decline in their level of glucose which falls at night. Just before bedtime, the night
owls skip their glucose levels.
•Why is it being done?
The research is being done to prevent the person from spending a sleepless night because it is too
much harm to a human body. A sleepless person must know that sleep helps to increase fertility;
it helps to avoid causing heart disease. Sleep helps to grow the power of metabolism.
•What is being linked/proposed?
Spending sleepless night has an effect on the internal clock of the human body. The human body
needs proper sleep to maintain the following reasons:
 Good sleep can maintain blood circulation in the human body.
 It helps to increase the level of concentration, body growth, maintain the level of glucose.
 A night of good sleep is too much important for the heart. It also helps to keep our mind
calm.
10% and 30% of adults have insomnia at a given point and a group of people has been suffering
in insomnia. 6% of people suffer in insomnia that is not for another problem and more than a
month last for. Insomnia is more common for 40% women than in men.
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As opined by Chen et al. (2018), Australia is prevalent with Insomnia. Insomnia is the medical
term which means common sleep disorder which has a long time bad effect on the health of
afflicted. There are 13% to 33% of people are suffering from insomnia in Australia. It can be
differentiated as a physical disorder or mental compared or a primary disorder.
Method
Find evidence that supports and evidence that disproves what the paper in the scenario you have
chosen is claiming- this will require a literature search.
•how you did the search,
The journal paper is prepared by researching on the topic that the risk of a sleepless person.
Sleep helps to keep a human body fit. Nowadays a man works like a robot and leads a
monotonous life. As stated by Dong et al. (2019), a sleepless night is very much harmful to a
human body. The researchers are interested to analyse the relationship between eating patterns
and circadian rhythms which are altogether named as Chrono nutrition and cardio metabolic
health. Presently, modern life is going through the hegemonic pattern, disturbing sleeping and
eating patterns. In addition, the circadian pattern is also an exposure to artificial light sources.
Therefore, this disturbance can alter the metabolic process of cyclic, such as lipid metabolism,
blood pressure, and glucose control.
Sleepless night has the following effect of a human body:
It increases the daily pressure.
It has an effect on the body's growth.
• Which databases you used'
Google scholar
• Which search terms you used,
 Chrono Nutrition
 Global Trends
 Energy intake
 Obesity
 Sleep health
 Effect on a person if he works at night
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 The priority of sleep health.
 Policy recommendation of public health.
 Eveningness Chronotype impact.
 Nutritional aspects of night eating.
• The date range for searching (eg 2008-2018) and
 Chrono Nutrition: a review of current evidence from observational studies on global
trends in time-of-day of energy intake and its association with obesity (2016)
 A composite measure of sleep health predicts concurrent mental and physical health
outcomes in adolescents prone to eveningness (2015)
 Do Programmers Work at Night or During the Weekend? (2018)
 Prioritizing Sleep Health: Public Health
Policy Recommendations (2016)
 Modifying the Impact of Eveningness Chronotype (“Night-Owls”) in Youth: A
Randomized Controlled Trial (2018)
 Nutritional aspects of the night eating and its association with weight status among
Korean adolescents (2019)
• The number of journal papers you are including (should be about 10 journal papers)
In this research, 10 journal papers are used among which 5 journals are in support for the topic
and other 5 journals are against the topic.
Main Body
The subject that is discussed in this scenario is mainly about the health problems caused by
sleeping late at night and its consequences. It has also been recognized here about the importance
of circadian rhythm in the context of regulating the impact of food on consumers. Barnes and
Drake (2015) opined that Circadian rhythm is the internal cycle which is running at the
background of a human brain in long 24 hours which rotates between alertness and sleepiness at
a regular time difference. It is also called a sleep/wake cycle. The biggest dip in energy for the
adults occurs in the middle night, somewhere around 2.00 to 4.00 am and usually after lunch
time. Researches tell us that this rhythm can be different in the person who is a night owl and
early riser as well. This rhythm can be clearly noticed if deprived by sleep that has been caused
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due to the swings of alertness and sleepiness that is going on within. The subject of energy intake
over the day time, its distribution and potentiality associated with obesity are also been focused
here through longitudinal cohorts and cross-sectional surveys. Further, the subject of health
impact in connection with two-fold chronotype put an impact on human health has been focused
in this study.
Evidence that is shown in this scenario can be sum up in the following ways:-
Firstly the evidence of the inter-connectivity between obesity and intake of energy in day times
has been projected. As stated by Lundgren et al. (2016), cross-sectional survey was performed in
this research by University of California, where they hold that intake of self-reported energy is
nearly about 25% of the total energy used which in turn measured by doubly labelled water
(n=99). According to the evidence, the morning intake of energy is not associated with BMI.
Variations of intake of energy in the day time are noticed vividly within different geographical
areas. In connection with obesity two longitudinal cohorts and eight cross-sectional surveys were
taken up. Great variations across the globe have a remarkable effect on health which emphasis on
understanding the socio-environmental conditions leading to the difference in eating patterns. As
explained by Orpella et al. (2016), the evidence of the variations of associations between BMI
and time of energy consumption during the day is also given. In this evidence, the role of
chrono-nutrition which coordinates the food taken by the human body on a daily basis and
cohorts has been discussed in details.
Over the period of times, scientist, biologists, and medical communities had a good deal of
debates on the subject of the impact of each chronotype on health, while no conclusive findings
can be inferred by them. As opined by Almoosawi et al. (2016), for this, in order to get a clear
demonstration of the health impact, a number of researchers carried out vivid research on the
subject. It is to be mentioned in this regard that the report of the result was placed at the
conference on ‘Roles of circadian rhythms and sleep in nutritional management and origin of
metabolic disease and obesity’: Meal timing importance’. As stated by Harvey et al. (2018), they
intended to understand the relationship between eating patterns and circadian rhythms. They also
focused to have research on cardio metabolic health.
For this, their team observed that the person who has a tendency of sleeping late generally have
less healthy eating patterns. They also observed that they are generally late to rise in the morning
and are even unpunctual for most of the times. They seem to have more consumption of alcohol
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or sugar that those who is an early riser. Further, they have a tendency to skip breakfast or like to
consume fewer vegetables and grains. Researchers also observed that by the pattern of the intake
of food the night owls may suffer from an elevated risk of cardiac disease as well as conditions
of metabolism. According to Ashby et al. (2019), they are in the opinion that the glucose levels
within the body of such person spike just before they go to bed as because they take food very
lately in usual days which affect metabolism within the body.
The main problems that are to be focused in this research are that though the impact and
consequences of being a person of insomnia, its impact on health and chrono-nutrition, there has
been detailed and vivid analysis. On the other hand, as stated by Barnes and Drake (2015), the
measures that are to be taken have not yet been discussed. Without knowing this-this problem
can’t be overcome. It is hard to change the eating habits but if some small things are focused
then they may help a lot in improving health. For example, if strong and weak points about the
diet can be sorted out then it is very easy to rectify those diets (Almoosawi et al. 2016). Another
measure can be taken is keeping track of regular intake of food by writing down every day. This
can be helpful to access the diet. The help of a dietician can also be taken to have an idea which
diet is beneficial and which is not. Now in order to take measures against not having slept at
night one can train his/her mind to get up at fixed time in the morning because it is a natural
tendency to sleep for a prolonged period of time. Moreover, by eliminating the habit of taking
alcohol or nicotine, the purpose can be solved to a remarkable extent (NHS.uk, 2019). Regular
exercise is also a good means of improving health. It can be easily assumed that the
psychological cause contributes a greater effect than that of physical cause. It includes stress,
emotional shocks, depression, and anxiety. As highlighted by Almoosawi et al. (2016), much of
these can be eradicated to a certain extent if the detachment from the external world can be put
into practice while on the bed. Lack of working capacity and feeling of grumpy are the common
effects of sleeplessness. Poor sleep for a prolonged period of time can cause a serious risk of
medical conditions such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes which in turn shortens the
lifespan of a human being (NHS.uk, 2019). One needs to measure how much proper sleep he/she
needs to have in order to function properly throughout the day. So if one really intends to have a
healthy body as an abode of health mind one needs to follow these measures to beautify their
life.
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Supporting Journals:
Late night sleepers are associated with various ranges of health risks and problems. As an
example, those who are staying up late at night can be seen with the diseases such as higher rates
of obesity or BMI (Body Mass Index), increased risk of heart diseases and metabolic conditions
such as type 2 diabetes.
Journal 1:
As stated by Dong et al. (2019), 176 adolescent participants with mean ages of 14.77 years and
58% female participated in examining Transdiagnostic sleep. In this study, the sample was
characterized by chrono-nutrition that is energy in taking in different timings and its relation with
obesity due to late night sleep. The sleep health examination held using 7-day sleeping timings
and self-rating scales. Physical reports were diagnosed using self-rating scales. Thus, as a result,
sleep duration and disordered food in taking were mostly rated as poor. Good sleep health and
time to time energy intake was directly connected with reduced obesity and a lesser chance of
metabolic conditions.
Journal 2:
As stated by Claes et al. (2018), a survey study of 35,000 software engineers showed typical
working hours at night shifts leading to increased health disorders and obesity. This is happening
due to poor food digestion and less amount of sleeping hours. According to WHO, a BMI greater
than or equal to 30 is defined as obesity. 64% of late night working software engineers are
suffering from obesity due to poor eating habits and over processed food that is the foods with
high-fat content.
Journal 3:
As stated by Barnes et al. (2015), this journal describes the public health crisis in the United
States. Nearly 30% of American adults are sleeping less than 6 hours per night. This leads to
suffering from more obesity and having a greater risk of coronary heart disease. About 17.7% of
high school students have a tendency to sleep late. Also, the people who maintain a balanced life
is are not consistent about healthy sleep habits.
Journal 4:
As stated by Harvey et al. (2018), 40% of the youth those who have less parental control and
those who have devoted themselves on social media and technology are having issues related to
sleeping deprivation. Eveningness is connected with five negative health domains: social
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domain, emotional domain, behavioural domain, cognitive domain, and physical domain. The
physical domain is connected with obesity. This study describes that youths were selected for
examining an evening chronotype but they fall into ‘a risk’ position on measuring minimum one
of those five domains.
Journal 5:
As stated by Hernandez et al. (2016), the study analysed 1,738 Korean adolescents of ages
between 12-18 years from 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey. 25% or more people intake their daily energy between 21:00 to 06:00. The timing of
food intake and specific nutrition is associated with metabolic disorders. Breakfast skipping is
related to obesity and food in taking at late night is associated with lower diet quality as well as
higher BMI.
Non-Supporting Journals:
The night owls those who stay up late at night can also have diseases such as high blood
pressure, weight gain, cancer, stroke and many more.
Journal 1:
As stated by Grønli et al. (2017), night shift workers suffer from non-restorative sleep and
insomnia as compared to day workers. This study shows Norwegian night shift working people
feels excessive daytime sleepiness of 44%. Those night shift workers have an increased range of
negative health disorders that is cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular disease.
Those night shift workers can't wake up morning at any day and they miss their breakfast
resulting malnutrition. Night shift works can affect DNA problem
Journal 2:
As stated by Keshet-Sitton et al. (2016), natural environmental light is not harmful to the human
eye, but working at late night on laptops and mobiles can be harmful to eyesight and dark spots
under the eye can come. After working on the late night it is natural of improper sleep and thus
the digestion problem arrives. Due to lack of sleep stress and depression can affect human
beings. For women, improper sleep can cause breast cancer. Lack of sleep for children can affect
behaviour problems and late reaction problems. Memory, learning problems and concentration
problems can arise in children.
Journal 3:
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As stated by Ashby et al. (2019), this journal focuses on cardiovascular risk and circadian
misalignment. In United States, 20% of the population works on shifts that affect their health
outcomes. Hypertension and psychiatric disease can cause due to lack of sleep and improper
timings of in taking food. Sometimes the people do not consume a balanced diet and they
consume fast foods with fat contents. In some cases, the disease appears but they just avoid it.
Shift workers are also identified by high-calorie in taking persons. It can be noted that
hypertension disease in night shift workers is 1.46 times greater than the day shift workers.
Journal 4:
As stated by Sheaves et al. (2018), improper and late night sleeping for long years can cause
psychiatric problems. Treatment of insomnia and psychiatric problems need to be resolved.
During quiet sleep, the body temperature, blood pressure, relaxation of muscles, heart rate of a
person goes in a proper manner. When the body cannot take rest all of that problem increases and
affects the brain and the person feels mental pressure and imbalanced health. A variety of causes
are there as a reason for poor sleep and one of that is sleep apnoea.
Journal 5:
As stated by Lundgren et al. (2016), a group of 196 adolescents of 15 to 16 years of age was
divided into two equal groups. Before attending dental examinations they were asked some
questions on the basis of circadian rhythm, oral self-care habits and dietary. Evening workers
tried the shifts of morning and the morning shift workers tried the evening. Morning types were
more successful than the evenings' types as they wake up takes breakfast and brush their teeth
twice a day and they live a balanced diet chart. Those habits keep the morning people with lesser
risks of health.
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Conclusion
Do you support the scenario or not? Why?
A sleepless person has huge negative consequences impact on health. A sleepless person may
revolve the dietary habits. That person needs to consume healthy food, drink less alcohol, quit
smoking and must not avoid breakfast. A sleepless night put a negative impact on the internal
body clock leading to stress and depression. A person can also suffer from insomnia. According
to the research of a scientist, the percentage of suffering insomnia in women is much more than
men in Australia and thus, sleepless people must take their mighty pen against this disease. They
just need to go to bed early in time. As stated by Claes et al. (2018), they must eat grains and
vegetables.
A night of good sleep helps a person to become very punctual, kind in manners. It helps to
increase the concentration level as well as it maintains the blood circulation. A night of good
sleep also helps to main the glucose as well as to maintain the level of hormones. A sleepless
person must have a daily routine. They must take their breakfast, lunch in time.
An adult person needs to sleep a minimum of 7 hours per day. A good sleep at night is very
much helpful for a child otherwise their study is considered as a victim of a sleepless night.
Circadian and Sleep disturbance is considered as a mental and medical disorder. So the sleepless
person must need to maintain their daily routine so that they can stay with the power of their
body strength.
According to Sheaves et al. (2018), a sleepless night is too much harmful to the child as well as
those women who are suffering from pregnancy. Sleepless night effects for the child to decrease
their concentration on their study and their own word and the virus of any type of diseases can
attack the child easily. So they just need to eat healthy food and sleepy night to increase their
immunity power. The sleepless night is also harmful for a woman who is pregnant which is a
very important thing for the mother and baby also.
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References
Almoosawi, S., Vingeliene, S., Karagounis, L.G. and Pot, G.K., 2016. Chrono-nutrition: a review
of current evidence from observational studies on global trends in time-of-day of energy intake
and its association with obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(4), pp.487-500.
Ashby, T. and Louis, M., 2019. Circadian Misalignment and Cardiovascular
Risk. Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications, 3(4), pp.435-440.
Barnes, C.M. and Drake, C.L., 2015. Prioritizing sleep health: public health policy
recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), pp.733-737.
Chen, B.C., Seo, D.C., Lin, H.C. and Crandall, D., 2018. Framework for estimating sleep timing
from digital footprints. BMJ Innovations, 4(4), pp.172-177.
Claes, M., Mäntylä, M., Kuutila, M. and Adams, B., 2018, May. Do programmers work at night
or during the weekend?. In 2018 IEEE/ACM 40th International Conference on Software
Engineering (ICSE) (pp. 705-715). IEEE.
Dong, L., Martinez, A.J., Buysse, D.J. and Harvey, A.G., 2019. A composite measure of sleep
health predicts concurrent mental and physical health outcomes in adolescents prone to
eveningness. Sleep Health.
Grønli, J., Meerlo, P., Pedersen, T.T., Pallesen, S., Skrede, S., Marti, A.R., Wisor, J.P., Murison,
R., Henriksen, T.E., Rempe, M.J. and Mrdalj, J., 2017. A rodent model of night-shift work
induces short-term and enduring sleep and electroencephalographic disturbances. Journal of
biological rhythms, 32(1), pp.48-63.
Harvey, A.G., Hein, K., Dolsen, M.R., Dong, L., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Gumport, N.B., Kanady, J.,
Wyatt, J.K., Hinshaw, S.P., Silk, J.S. and Smith, R.L., 2018. Modifying the impact of
eveningness chronotype (“night-owls”) in youth: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(10), pp.742-754.
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