Smart Antenna Design Project Report

This report details the design and simulation of a smart antenna utilizing adaptive beam forming methods. It outlines the project background, objectives, methodologies, and the author's contributions as a team leader. The report emphasizes the importance of smart antennas in enhancing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reducing errors through advanced techniques like the Dolph Chebyshev method and MUSIC algorithm. The project successfully demonstrates the application of theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios, showcasing the collaborative efforts and innovative solutions developed throughout the project.

Competency Demonstration Report (CDR)
Career Episode 3

CE 3.1: Project Introduction
Name of the Project : Design of smart antenna with adaptive beam forming
methods
Geographical Location : [Please Fill]
Project Duration : [Please Fill]
Organization : [Please Fill]
Position in the Project : Team Leader
CE 3.2. Project Background
CE 3.2.1: Characteristics of the Project
The smart antenna helps in increasing the SNR while reducing the noise for enhancing
the overall competence. The effect of diversity within the smart antenna is characterized as the
transmission RF waves for increasing the speed of data and reducing the rate of errors. The
implementation of smart antenna acts as a counter measures for boosting the capacity and
bandwidth of the channel in order to reduce the interference of the channel. I have observed that
smart antennas significantly reduce the propagation loss, and improved the flexibility of the
antenna. In addition to that smart antennas allows in efficient measurement of the direction of
signal arrival. The DOA estimation and spatial spectrum of the antenna are identified with the
process applied in smart antenna. Application of the beam forming process allows in
manipulation if the null signals for increasing the SNR for the antenna. Therefore, in this project
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I have used the beam forming technique for simulation and developing the design of the smart
antenna.
CE 3.2.2: Objectives developed for project
I have observed that the technique of smart antenna helps in providing the position of the
main lobe in the direction of the signal. Furthermore, the application of adaptive array at the base
station helps in employing the beams of antenna simultaneously. In this project, I have aimed at
capturing the transmitter with multipath signals and nullifying the transmitter. Therefore, for the
completion of the undertaken project, I have formulated the below mentioned objectives:
 To evaluate and develop the functional block diagram for the smart antenna system;
 To employ the Dolph Chebyshev method for synthesizing the array pattern;
 To determine the various characteristics of the smart antenna;
 To configure the ULA model for developing the signal model;
 To employ the MUSIC algorithm for calculating the signal direction;
 To simulate the performance of the developed antenna;
CE 3.2.3: My area of work
I have identified the various characteristic and parameter required for the implementation
of the smart antenna. I have used mathematical formula and equations for obtaining the detailed
results and analyzing the performance of the antenna. In addition to that, I had the responsibility
of analyzing any technical difficulties faced during the implementation and assisting the project
team to efficiently develop the antenna and simulation process. In addition to that, I have
developed a detailed presentation and presented the idea and results on the project in a seminar.
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CE 3.2.4: Project Group
Figure 1: Team Members Associated with the Project
CE 3.2.5: My responsibilities throughout the project
Being the team leader in this project, I took the responsibility of allocating the tasks and
assisting the team members with the analysis and evaluation of the antenna performance. I have
guided the team members for the development of the smart antenna. In addition to that, I have
the theoretical and practical knowledge and skills required for design and implementing the
antenna. Therefore, I have assisted and guided the team members with the technical details and
process for implementing and analyzing the smart antenna. I have further taken the responsibility
for ensuing the quality and standard of the antenna with the application of regulatory
compliances.
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CE 3.3: Distinctive Activity
CE 3.3.1: Comprehending the Theory of the project
In this project, I have developed the design of a smart antenna based on the methods of
adaptive beam forming and estimation of direction-of-arrival. For obtaining the synthesis of
antenna pattern I have applied the method of Dolph Chebyshev. Furthermore, in order to
estimate the DOA (direction of arrival) I have employed my knowledge and understanding of
MUSIC (Multiple User Signal Classification) algorithm. Furthermore for the beam formation
technique, I have employed LMS algorithm for directing the beam in the desired direction and
undesired signals in the pattern of radiation. Through the application of LMS, I was able to
enhance the bit error rate, channel capacity, convergence rate and signal to noise ration.
CE 3.3.2: Engineering Knowledge and Skills applied in the project
I have proceeded with the beam forming methods after the completion of the DOA
estimation for the smart antenna. Through the application of the beam forming techniques, I was
able to filter the signals having different special directions. While applying the beam forming
technique, I have obtained the weight vectors with the algorithm of beam formation. I am
employed Least Mean Square (LML) methods for the beam formation techniques. In this
process, I have compared Y (n) output obtained from the antenna with d (n) reference signal. In
the process, I have aimed to reduce the existing error between the reference signal and desired
signal. For the linear antenna, I have used the following formula:
Y (n) = WH X (n)
In the above equation, I have used W for representing the complex weights and X as the
vector of the received signals. Further, for determining the error signal, I have used
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E (n) = d (n) – WH X (n)
I have used e (n) for representing the error signal. In this project, I have applied the error
signal for adjusting the complex weights vectors.
CE 3.3.3: Accomplishment and Task Performed
I have conducted the synthesis the array pattern with the application of Dolph Chebyshev
method. Furthermore for the configuration of the signal model, I have developed the waveform
covariance matrix. I have further ensured the completion of the entire task required for the design
and simulation of smart antenna.
CE 3.3.4: Identified Issues and Their Solutions
Issues: I have aimed at obtaining the pencil beam pattern for obtaining the narrow beam
with maximum level of lobe. In the antennas, the lobes are characterized with unequal sides and
uniform weights. In order to gain the optimum results of pattern, all the lobes within the antenna
needs to have equal magnitude. While working on this project and developing the smart antenna,
I was unable to provide equal magnitudes for all the lobes used in the antenna.
Solutions: In order to overcome the problem, I have studied the past literatures and
researches done based on the relevant topic. After detailed review, I have applied Dolph
Chebyshev method for determining the current weights and excitations for the linear arrays.
Through the application of these methods, I was able to obtain the null-null minimum beam with
specified lobe level of the sides of the antenna. I have further used the chebyshev polynomials
for matching them with the array factors for weight coefficients. Through this I was successful in
achieving the equal magnitude of lobes.
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CE 3.3.5: Plan for producing creative and innovative work
In order to provide innovation and creativeness within the project, I have determined the
performance metric of the antenna. In this project, I have mainly focused on determining the
SNR (Signal to Noise ration) and Bit Error Rate. For the SNR, I have determined the ratio
obtained between the powers of signal to the power of noise and measured the value in decibels.
I have employed LMS algorithm for determining the accurate value of SNR. On the other hand, I
have observed that due to the presence of Raleigh scattering and interference of co-channel there
have been a fading of multipath and signal power reduction that I turn increased the rate of bit
errors. Therefore, I have used equalizers for reducing the rate of bit errors in the smart antenna.
CE 3.3.6: Collaborative work
I was associated in this project as a team leader. Therefore, I have ensured regular
communication with the team members, for guiding the members and leading the team for the
successful development of the smart antenna. I have further initiated weekly meetings, and asked
for providing progress report for ensuring the continuous improvement. Furthermore, I have
identified the issues and difficulties faced by the team members and assisted them to proceed
with the project after providing justifies solution and guidance.
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CE 3.4: Project Review
CE 3.4.1: Project Overview
In this project, he performance analysis and the antenna setup was efficiently developed
with the application of beam forming techniques and DOA estimating techniques. The
applications of the real data for improving the performance of the smart antenna have provided
positive results in the project. Therefore the project for smart antenna design and simulation has
been a success.
CE 3.4.2: My contribution to work
I have determined the various characteristics and factors that needed to be ensured for the
development of the smart antenna. Furthermore, I have developed an appropriate design of smart
antenna and simulated the performance based on various parameters. In addition to that, I have
efficiently developed plan for carrying out the project and distributed the work load among the
team members working for the project.
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