Exploring Smart Antenna Techniques in Wireless Communications

The document provides an extensive analysis of smart antenna systems and their pivotal role in modern wireless communication networks. It outlines the significance of advanced signal processing techniques such as adaptive beamforming and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The research highlights various algorithms that optimize antenna performance, including least mean square (LMS), particle swarm optimization, and neural network applications. Through a comprehensive review of literature spanning from 2012 to 2015, the paper discusses both theoretical aspects and practical implementations of smart antennas in enhancing communication efficiency and channel capacity. It further explores low-cost solutions for smart antenna receivers using substrate integrated waveguide technology, emphasizing their potential in high-frequency applications. The synthesis of these studies illustrates how smart antennas contribute to simultaneous wireless information and power transfer, ultimately leading to more robust and efficient wireless networks.

Running head: SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Smart antennas in wireless systems
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author Note

1SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Executive summary
This research paper discusses about the main concepts of the smart antenna to be used for
addressing in the wireless systems. The chosen country is Canada. This paper also discusses
about the wireless system usages. In addition, this paper also discusses about the statistics of the
smart antenna usages across various countries. Moreover, the use of various technologies
through the smart antenna system is also addressed in this paper.

2SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................3
Background of the study..............................................................................................................3
Research aims and objectives:.....................................................................................................3
Research questions:.....................................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature review............................................................................................................3
Smart antenna:.............................................................................................................................3
Wireless systems:.........................................................................................................................4
Smart antenna in wireless systems:.............................................................................................5
Chapter 3: Research methodology...................................................................................................6
Introduction:................................................................................................................................6
Data collection:............................................................................................................................6
Data analysis:...............................................................................................................................6
Chapter 4: Analysis and definitions.................................................................................................6
Chapter 5: conclusion and recommendation....................................................................................9
Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................9
Recommendations:....................................................................................................................10
Chapter 6: References:...................................................................................................................11

3SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS

4SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background of the study
Across the globe, there is a constant amount of study and researches that have been going
on in the context of the smart antenna for wireless systems. This is mainly because the use of the
smart antennas can greatly enhance the effectiveness of the wireless systems. This is evident
from the rapid amount of deployed services of smart antenna in many countries across the globe.
Research aims and objectives:
This research paper discusses about the main concepts of the smart antenna used in the
wireless systems. This paper also presents an idea of the fundamental issues and discusses an
alternative solution to the issues raised to identify trends in that aspect.
Research questions:
This section of the paper discusses about the various questions in the smart antenna
aspects that will be solved by this research paper.
1. What are the main issues associated with the smart antenna?
2. What are the main solutions to those issues?
Chapter 2: Literature review
This section of the research paper discusses about the main concepts to be discussed.
Smart antenna:
The use of the smart antenna is basically adopted in wireless systems. The main
operations of the antenna include taking resource from the diversity elements in the source level

5SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
and the destination level [1]. The use of the diversity elements involves the sending and
receiving of radio frequencies which is basically used to increase the bandwidth and reduce the
rate of error. The smart antenna system consists of various antenna elements whose signal
processing is done according to the exploitation requirement of the spatial domain on the radio
channel. Its use enables the operators of the cellular and the wireless networks to increase the
quality of the signal, network coverage and capacity.
A smart antenna is made by constructing it inside a base station and by combining an
antenna array and digital signal processing equipments for transmission and reception of the
signal in a spatial and adaptive manner. This mainly changes the directional requirements of the
radiation pattern based on its environment. The main benefit of this is the increase in the
performance characteristics in wireless systems.
There are two types of antennas, the phased array and the adaptive array antennas. The
phased array antenna consists of a fixed number of beams towards the signal. Similarly, the
adaptive array antenna consists of multiple array elements where the noise ratio is greater [2].
The main use of this type of structure is the presence of maximum power in the direction of the
signal and very minimal power in any other directions.
Wireless systems:
A wireless system is supposed to be a collection of various devices which operates
independently. Their main use lies in the adoption and implementation of the unguided
electromagnetic waves for performing specified functions. The major elements included in a
wireless system are a transmitter and a receiver. In general, an antenna can be termed as
equipment which is mainly used to convert a guided signal into an unguided one and vice-versa.

6SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
In case of the transmission of a signal from a sender to a receiver, the path between these
elements can change the property of the signal. Thus, it can be said that the channel between a
sender and a receiver is termed as an electromagnetic environment responsible for bringing
changes to the signal. The main examples of the channel may include wires, cables or
waveguides [3]. When a wireless system is used for the transmission, the environment changes
impair the signal and a considerate amount of interference is added to it. This is the main
difference in operations among the wireless and the wired system.
Smart antenna in wireless systems:
The main use of a smart antenna is to provide higher rate of data transfer among points
with wider range of area coverage. In addition, this will also address the need in increasing
capacity for the system so that it can support multiple users simultaneously. The use of smart
antenna is to get an increased amount of power to get a larger gain from a desired signal. The
phased array antenna use a narrow pencil beam which works at high frequency for providing a
higher gain from the signal. For adaptive array elements, the m number of elements increases the
gain m times due to the property of placing the main beam in the direction of the signal.
For considering the need for suppressing the interference, a smart antenna can be
effectively used to address them. The use of a narrow beam in case of a phased array antenna
reduces the interference effectively [4]. In case of an adaptive array antenna, the interference in
signal can be reduced by increasing the power of the signal. This in turn increases the gain of the
signal and thus interference is minimized.

7SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Chapter 3: Research methodology
Introduction:
This chapter of the research paper includes the possible sources which will be used to
make an analysis of the smart antenna in wireless systems. Additionally, the data used in this
research paper is collected from various e-books and journals which accounts for secondary data
collection.
Data collection:
This research paper includes an analysis of the smart antenna in wireless systems. The
data for the analysis of this topic is collected from various online sources mainly journals, e-
books, report and statistical data.
Data analysis:
This research paper has used the qualitative method for analysis of the data. This means
that the use of online sources is implemented which mainly comprises of journals, e-books,
report and statistical data.
Chapter 4: Analysis and definitions
From the year 2008, the traditional voice line communications are increasing at a
constant rate. The peak size which it attained was 1.3 billion in that year which lost its
momentum. In a span of 10 years, the development of the structures for communication
decreased consistently [5]. In the European countries, the reduction took place from 45 to 26
percent whereas in countries of the United States, the reduction was from 95 to 50 percent. It can
be stated that the use of cell phones will only be used in every households. This has made a

8SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
complete introduction of the VoIP systems and the smart antenna. The market coverage of these
aspects is considered to be 20%.
Figure 1: Comparison of the VoIP and antenna usage
(Source: [5], pp 100)
For many years, the use of the second generation technology is diminishing. This has led
to the increase of the third generation technology and the fourth generation technology. Due to
this, the adoption of various technologies along with the use of a smart antenna is also being
used. As such, the use of the existing technologies is also increasing [7]. The use of the third
generation technology is thus predicted to be increased by 2020. The use of the smart antenna
will also increase the adoption of the LTE in the market which have been clearly depicted in the
analysis report over the years.

9SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Figure 2: Subscription usages over the year for various technologies through smart meter
usage
(Source: [7], pp 775)
The use of various technologies is being adopted for addressing the need for adoption in
the market. The use of the smart antenna has been implemented in many countries across the
globe. The adoption of this technology has been increased in Oceania, Eastern and south-
Eastern Asia by 53 percent. In addition, the number of subscriptions adopted in this area has
gone up to 481 million [6]. Similarly, the number of subscriptions has gone up by 13 percent
accounting to 115 million subscriptions. Additionally, the percentage increase in North America
has gone up by 24%. Moreover, the subscription level has gone up by 219 million. The report
also depicts the presence of various other areas like Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America as
well as Middle East.

10SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Figure 3: Subscription usage for the antenna
Source: [6], pp 10
Chapter 5: conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded from the research paper that the use of the smart antenna can
effectively increase the performance of a wireless system adopting the innovative technologies.
A smart antenna is basically used to provide effective communications among a receiver and a
transmitter by using an effective channel through them. This increases the process of
transmission by addressing the changes in the spatial and temporal phases which in turn leads to
an increase in the connectivity. This connectivity feature is the main cause for the adoption of
such types of technology in many countries all across the globe. This, research paper thus
concludes that the use of the smart antenna technology are increasing in many countries and the
need to effectively install them is necessary.

11SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Recommendations:
This research paper discusses about the main concepts of the smart antenna which can be
used to effectively increase the depth of connectivity among the various elements of a network.
The main recommendations to be followed are the need for adoption of this technology across
the globe. Considering the recent adoption of this technology in various countries and in varied
numbers the adoption rate needs to increase so that the increase of connectivity across the whole
globe can be facilitated. In addition, the cost of the smart antenna is another factor that is to be
reduced. This will facilitate better adoption of the technology and will also increase the
connectivity feature in most of the buildings.

12SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Chapter 6: References:
[1] Basha, TS Ghouse, G. Aloysius, B. R. Rajakumar, MN Giri Prasad, and P. V.
Sridevi. "A constructive smart antenna beam-forming technique with spatial
diversity." IET microwaves, antennas & propagation 6, no. 7 (2012): 773-780.
[2] Ding, Zhiguo, Caijun Zhong, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, Mugen Peng, Himal A.
Suraweera, Robert Schober, and H. Vincent Poor. "Application of smart antenna
technologies in simultaneous wireless information and power transfer." IEEE
Communications Magazine 53, no. 4 (2015): 86-93.
[3] Fager, Christian, Xavier Bland, Katharina Hausmair, Jessica Chani Cahuana, and
Thomas Eriksson. "Prediction of smart antenna transmitter characteristics using a new
behavioral modeling approach." In Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2014 IEEE MTT-S
International, pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2014.
[4] Gondal, Muhammad Asif, and Amir Anees. "Analysis of optimized signal
processing algorithms for smart antenna system." Neural Computing and
Applications 23, no. 3-4 (2013): 1083-1087.
[5] He, Fan Fan, Ke Wu, Wei Hong, Liang Han, and Xiao-Ping Chen. "Low-cost 60-
GHz smart antenna receiver subsystem based on substrate integrated waveguide
technology." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 60, no. 4 (2012):
1156-1165.
[6] Ho, M-H., C-C. Chiu, and S-H. Liao. "Optimisation of channel capacity for
multiple-input multiple-output smart antenna using a particle swarm optimiser." IET
Communications 6, no. 16 (2012): 2645-2653.

13SMART ANTENNAS IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS
[7] Hossain, Md Moswer, Md Motiur Rahman, and Md Masud Rana. "Least mean
square (LMS) for smart antenna." Universal Journal of Communications and Network 1,
no. 1 (2013): 16-21.
[8] Huang, Ting-Jui, Pei-Hsuan Pan, and Heng-Tung Hsu. "Adaptive beam steering
smart antenna system for ultra-high-frequency radio frequency identification
applications." In Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 2012 International
Symposium on, pp. 713-716. IEEE, 2012.
[9] Jain, R. K., Sumit Katiyar, and N. K. Agrawal. "Smart antenna for cellular mobile
communication." arXiv preprint arXiv:1204.1790 (2012).
[10] Liu, Hai-Tao, Steven Gao, and Tian-Hong Loh. "Electrically small and low cost
smart antenna for wireless communication." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation 60, no. 3 (2012): 1540-1549.
[11] Rao, Amara Prakasa, and N. V. S. N. Sarma. "Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms
for Smart Antenna Systems." methods 4, no. 8 (2014): 10-11.
[12] Rawat, Abhishek, R. N. Yadav, and S. C. Shrivastava. "Neural network
applications in smart antenna arrays: a review." AEU-International Journal of Electronics
and Communications 66, no. 11 (2012): 903-912.
[13] Razia, S., T. Hossain, and M. A. Matin. "Performance analysis of adaptive
beamforming algorithm for smart antenna system." In Informatics, Electronics & Vision
(ICIEV), 2012 International Conference on, pp. 946-949. IEEE, 2012.
[14] Sahu, Rupal, Ravi Mohan, and Sumit Shrama. "Evaluation of Adaptive Beam
Forming Algorithm of Smart Antenna." Int. Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering3, no. 9 (2013): 592-599.