Internet of Things in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive University Report

This report examines the concept of smart cities and the significant role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in their development. It highlights the technological and economic disparities in society and how smart city initiatives aim to bridge these gaps. The report discusses the governance of cities through digital mediums, the maintenance of economic infrastructure via interconnected devices, and the education of citizens to promote digitalization. Methodologies employed in smart cities for enhancing communication using IoT are explored, alongside the advantages of IoT in improving communication, hospitality, and access to hospital infrastructure. Furthermore, the report covers the connectivity of city residencies using IoT, reviews relevant literature on IoT in smart city formation, and discusses future research directions, advantages, and disadvantages of utilizing IoT for smart city development, including smart economy, mobility, and environment.

Smart City in Internet of Things
Name of the Student
Name of the University
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ABSTRACT – In today’s society there is a significant economical and technological gap between the likes of a group of
people who are embarked as the society of low-income personnel and the ones who are considered to be the ones with high
source of earning. This distinction is considered the difference between the sub urban people and the urban elites. Emergence of
the digital technology has been increasing and the usage of the digital technology in the upgrading of the of the city and emerge
the city that has been normal in nature to a city that has been acting as a smart city which influences the emergence of the city
as a smart city and the city with developed infrastructural terminologies. Despite the fact that the smart cities bring in a lot of
advantages for the citizens of the smart city the security issues of the smart city scopes in disguises with the benefits of the
digital technology. The smart city increases the transaction ratio among the citizens of the country as the fact that the
connecting between the citizens of the smart city is enhanced by the fact that there is a single networking system in which all
the citizens are the branch of the networking systems.
1. INTRODUCTION
In today’s society there is a significant economical and
technological gap between the likes of a group of people
who are embarked as the society of low-income personnel
and the ones who are considered to be the ones with high
source of earning. This distinction is considered the
difference between the sub urban people and the urban
elites. This gap in the society is not related to only the gap
in the wealth but also gap in the usage of technology. The
lack of technological efficiency has been the main reason
behind this gap among the infrastructure of the society.
Smart city proposal is the focal point of difference that
acts to be main course of differentiation in the society.
The report will discuss about the governance of the city
using digital medium in order to stay updated to the fact
of the status of the entire city under their governance.
This report will also discuss about the maintenance of the
economic infrastructure of the entire city by
interconnecting the devices among themselves and
gaining information about the stature of the economic
condition of the smart city. This report will further
discuss about the people who are being educated since
their childhood for the enhancement of digitalization of
their smart city due to the initiation taken by the
government to promote their city as Smart city. This
report will consists of the methodologies that are
undertaken in the Smart cities in order to use the digital
technologies to enhance the communication of the city
using Internet of Things. This report will also discuss the
advantages the internet of things platform provide to the
communication of the city. This report will also discuss
about the improvement of hospitality due to the usage of
Internet of things. The procedures that gains importance
in the access to the hospital infrastructure by the help if
digital communication through the usage of internet of
things platform. This report will also discuss about the
intra connectivity of the residencies of the city using the
internet of things platform. This report will also provide
the literature review of the issues related to the
platform of internet of things regarding the smart city
formation. This report will also provide the literature
review of the future research that must be done with the
aspect of the platform of internet of things with respect to
the smart city concept. This report will provide the
literature review of the advantages and disadvantages of
the taking into consideration the platform of internet of
things for the betterment of the terminology of Smart city.
Literature review
Smart City
According to Paroutis, Bennett & Heracleous,
(2014), Smart City has been acting as the municipality
platform that uses the information and communication
technologies based on the platform of the internet of things
with digital communication techniques. This methodology of
having an access to the entire city with respect to the
administrative prospective by the government of the city as
well as the residents of the city gets access to the required and
authenticated information circulation. The process of using a
single networking system for the connectivity of sll the
computing devices in the city for circulation of data acts to be
the main feature of Smart city that uses Internet f things as
their platform to perform the methodologies. Again, according
to Ali, Gao & Mileo, (2015, October) smart city has been
acting as the business cluster in the focal point of the
urbanization. The smart cities that use internet of things as the
platform makes efficient usage of the infrastructure that are
physical as well as virtual in nature. Despite the fact that smart
city based on the platform of Internet of things is mainly
focused on the virtual facts but it can be analyzed that smart
cities are also dependent on the physical infrastructures like
the built environments and other physical assets. Smart cities
use data analytics and urban agglomeration with the help of
artificial intelligence for supporting the economic and cultural
development of the society. Bischof, Karapantelakis &
Barnagh (2014) in their book stated that decision making in
the platform of Internet of things with the help of e
participation improves the intelligence of the city in a virtual
way as the efficiency in decision making of the city that
increases the probability of the correct decision making
process. Again according to Bektaş, Crainic & Van Woensel,
(2017) the collaboration of data management that utilizes the
platform of internet of things are the functions of on line data
base that is used for storage of the data that is evaluated
during the process. This data enhances the developers to build
the infrastructure f the platform with a lot of flexibility to
support the processing of the Smart city in using the platform
of internet of things. With the help of this infrastructure built
by the developers, managing traffic has become a lot easier as
it uses the technology of SCOOT for optimizing the timing of

the scrolling of the lightings with the help of magnetometer.
Loop is performed in order to coordinate with the flow of
traffic. Electronic cards find its usage in the smart cities as the
permission to have access to the restricted places. These cards
are specifically encrypted for licensing the entry of the user to
certain locations where denial is neutralized vy introducing
the electronic cards in the field of restriction.
Smart economy in smart city
According to Lin, Sias & Wei, (2015), the basic
concept of smart economy has been entering the scope of
transaction of the mass. This type of transaction platform has
been gaining increase in the usage because of the initiations
taken by the developers to launch strategic and innovative
upgrades that enables the mass t use the platform to use the
platform with comfort and ease. This technology gains the
acceptance in the strategic planning of the project
management. The specification of the smart economy has still
been a point of concern as the technology is completely based
on the functioning and advancement of the platform of
Internet of Things. Again, according to Bakari & Mabrouki,
(2017), with increase in the growth of technology the
enhancement of the smart economy has gained global
acceptance and has been an ever-evolving process. The main
reason of the growth of smart economy is that it provides a
universal platform for the global traders to gain access to the
universal products and make transactions with international
traders. This aspect of increasing the versatility of the
marketing feature of the platform makes this technology more
famous. The transaction between organizations located in far
location is being possible due to the fact of the vast
technological networking of the platform provided by the
internet of Thing, which finds its usage in smart cities.
Smart mobility in Smart City
According to Djahel, Muntean & Murphy (2015),
with the emergence of smart phones, the entire corporate
sector has been facing evolution in the aspect of the
revolutionary growth in the platform of the internet of things.
With increase in the acceptance of the internet of things as a
platform, the entire business associations have been changing
from the basic manual controlling of their function to the
automation theory of deployment of the internet of platform
techniques. The main importance of internet of things in
mobility in smart cities are that the facilities of tracking of the
location of the vehicle. This tracking of vehicles allows to
save time of the clients with the help of the platform provided
by internet of things. Again according to Petrol, Loscri &
Mitton, (2017) the increase in the usage of the platform of
internet of things in the field of smart mobility has been an
blessing for the mankind as the transparency in the platform of
communication has been on an increasing node as the
gradation system among the client and the travelling agencies
has been introduced. The gradation system has been proving
to be beneficial for the evaluation of the services that the
organization was providing. Fortino & Trunfio, (2014), stated
that the emergence of internet of things has been reaching
heights in the field of communication. This includes booking
of the vehicles with the help of smart phones. This field of
business has been the highest growing business among all the
communication businesses. The business seeks emergence, as
the efficiency in the mode of communication with respect to
time has been the main benefit for this platform. With
decrease in time to spare from the client end the efficiency of
this infrastructure is put into use to get the proper mode of
communication. The platform provides efficient mode of
communication to the clients that use the platform provided
by internet of things.
Smart Environment
According to Aguilar, Camacho & Chávez, (2017,
October), smart environment basically depict the social
environment that is inhabited with electronic devices. This
inhabitation of electronic devices leads to the betterment of
the working as well as the social environment of the smart
city. This entire methodology is performed with the help of
the support provided by the platform created by the internet of
things. This socio economic environment leads to the
betterment of the living process in the smart city. This
procedural methodology enables the users to stay updted with
the socio economic status of the smart city as well. Mattoni,
Gugliermetti & Bisegna, (2015), in their book stated that the
smart city that possess a smart environment can be broadly
classified in 3 broad categories, they are namely: -
 Virtual Computing environment – the process of
controlling several hardware computing system with
the help of a single networking system that has the
virtual environment installed in the computing device
of the initial and the leading computing device.
 Physical computing environment- the physical
computing environment of the process depicts the
hardware system that preinstalled embedded systems
installed in it for the processing of the entire service.
This processing consists of the functionality of the
hardware oriented devices that has the embedded
systems installed and use the preinstalled systems to
evaluate the functioning of the device and work
according to the reference model.
 Human environment- this methodology is one of the
most processed methodology as in this case humans
collectively has the smart devices that helps them to
stay updated with the smart environment with the
help of the smart devices. Health care has been also
using the vision of internet of things to advance in
the field of neurological science.
Smart people
According to Delmastro, Arnaboldi, & Conti, (2016),
technology has been transforming the corporate as well as the
social society and molding the same in the pattern that is
suitable for the usage of the platform that is being introduced
by internet of things. The people dwelling in the smart cities
are all oriented with smart technologies. Due to the fact that
technologies prevent individuals to do repetitive jobs, the

technology is widely accepted as it saves time for the
individual. This save in time from the clients point of view,
the technology has been of great use. The usage of smart
technologies by the regular mass has made the society an
efficient with respect to the functioning point of view.
Sanseverino, Sanseverino & Vaccaro, (2016), in their book
stated that due to the emergence of the technology using the
platform that resides on Internet of Things provide smart
people the efficiency that has transformed their life from fast
life to happening life. This change in their lifestyle leads to the
fact that not only the lifestyle of the citizens of the smart city
have changed but has become a lot more efficient in nature.
Due to this efficiency the corporate sectors dwelling in the
smart cities are hugely benefitted as the production rate of
each individual increases which leads to the fact that the turn-
over per annum also increases leading to the expanding of the
corporate sectors.
Smart Living
According to Boes, Buhalis & Inversini, (2015), the people
living in the smart cities are all well equipped with the gadgets
and technologies that have been using the platform provided
by the Internet of Things. This phenomenon of being
surrounded by the technologically updated gadgets helps in
increasing the technological efficiencies in the aspect of
growth in the methodologies used in the processing of the
social and economic factors. The smart technologies that are
being used in the process of the life cycle of the citizens of
smart city are namely the smart phones that help in gaining
access to the data that has to be circulated over the city.
Another device that finds its use in the process of smart living
of the smart people that dwell in the smart city are the
computing devices that the people uses in order to stay in the
contact with the regular updates that are occurring in regular
aspect of the daily life. According to Teufel & Teufel (2015,
December), the smart living of the citizens of the citizens of
the smart city also include the technologies that enhances
them for staying connected with the happenings f the city. The
government also takes into consideration the whereabouts of
the citizens when the citizens of the smart city are performing
any kind of activities.
Smart Government
Foray, D., David, P. A., & Hall, B. H. (2015) in their book
stated that the initiation of a smart city is not initiated by the
smart people using the technologies that uses smart platform
but by the usage f the smart technology by the government of
the city is the main reason of success in the smart cities. The
smart that have gained importance in the recent years are the
cities that has government that has the government supporting
the technology behind the smart city and using the technology
themselves which increases the efficiency of the
methodological governing of the city. According to Chang,
Wang & Wills, 2018, the cities whose government utilizes the
fact of smart technology for the betterment of their cites have
been developing in a rate much faster that the rate of the cities
that has not deployed the technology of smart technology in
their platform. This technological spear of the governing body
helps the city to grow in a fast rate which is due to the fact
that the cities will have the infrastructure to govern their
people efficiently due to the fact that the government has the
control over the situation of the people dwelling in their cites
as the government will have a proper control over their
situation. Due to the fact of excess control over the city the
government can access the major issues that affect the work
culture of the city and improvement can be brought in the city.
Smart Transportation
According to Lom, Pribyl & Svitek, 2016, May, smart city
consisted of their environment that is smart in nature. The
smart environment constitutes the factor of smart
transportation as the main event for the digitalization of the
city. Smart transport consists of the fact that the transport
technologies that are being used are completely based on the
digital platform to enhance the fact of digitalization in the
city. This digitalization supports the fact of technologies that
are present in the transportation field of the city that makes the
usage of the same much easier than the regular manual usage
of the transportation service. The emergence of the
transportation platforms namely the platform that enables the
clients to use the technology that ensures the booking of the
transportation means that ensures the ease of ease of usage of
the transporting medium that takes into account the platforms
that ensures the online booking of the cabs and the bus seats.
This benefit includes the processing of reserving seats in the
train.
Issues
The major issues that are being faced due to the fact of
digitalization of the cities are as follows: -
 Financing
the major issue of the smart city is that the financing
department of the smart city is not that well developed as the
other departments of the city. Financing is termed to be the
biggest challenges among the development of the smart city
advantages (Bhati, Hansen & Chan, 2017). The total
investment made in the field of financing in the smart cities
are more than that of the entire budget setting of more than
few countries combined. The huge investment has still not
proven t be the best option for the betterment of the
infrastructure of the financing department. The robustness of
the infrastructure is not up to the mark as promised during the
setting of the entire project (Cai & Jiang, 2018).
 Lack of Centre Sate coordination
In case of having a smart city the main problem from the
aspect of governing the city is that the lack of coordination
between the smart city and the central government norms
(Araya, 2015). The laws and regulations that are prevailed by
the central government needs to be different for the smart city
as the functioning of the government in the smart city is
different from that of the government that is serving ad
governing a manual city (Dameri, 2015). This creates gap

between the smart city and the central governing infrastructure
which acts as a barrier between the city and the government
for the development of the smart city as the funding will be
staggered due to the lack of knowledge about the topic of
smart city.
 Corruption
The corruption has been the massive tension for the cities that
have deployed the smart technology for the development of
their cities (Etezadzadeh, 2015). Due to the platform of smart
city, every personnel can gain access to the tables and the
different personal data that are relevant for accessing the data
that are personal and on accessing the data of the user of the
database which might harm the user as the data might be
modulated and he modulated data will harm the individuals as
their data will be pirated and the accounts cannot be accessed
by the genuine users.
Advantages of Smart city
Advantages of smart cities are as follows: -
 Improving long term strategy
Smart city is built worth the factor that the development of a
normal it to smart city takes a time minimum of 10 to 20 years
at a stretch. This enables the fact that city develops slowly but
steadily and the entire transition; of a normal city is performed
with a planned procedural methodology. This planned
performance of the governing organization the entire
City has been the major advantage for the smart city as the
fact that the infrastructure that are built in the processing of
the project acts as the benefit for the people that are the
residence of the smart city.
 Social development
The development regarding the social culture of the smart
cities from that of the normal cities are worth noticing as the
rate of improvement of the social factors f the society is at a
growth. Due to the fact that the development of the social
culture has been the major reason as the technology that is
used in the smart cities increases the fact of communication
between the citizens of the smart city.
 Economic development
The development that has been developed by the smart city is
due to the fact that the time and effort that is being used in the
smart city gets its efficiency doubled due to the fact of
doubling the effect of the effort of the citizens of the smart
city (Sampson, 2017). This increases the efficiency of work
doing but the citizens hence increasing the productivity of the
entire city which increase the amount of profitability of the
smart city.
 Economic sustainability
The economy and the financial growth that has been acquired
by the city is well maintained due to the fact of deployment of
the technology (Boreiko & Teslyuk, 2016). The usage of raw
materials decreases due to the usage of the platform provided
by the digital technology of the smart city as the entire ity is
based on the platform of smart city and smart technology.
Conclusion
From the above report this can be concluded that the
emergence of the digital technology has been increasing and
the usage of the digital technology in the upgrading of the of
the city and emerge the city that has been normal in nature to
a city that has been acting as a smart city which influences the
emergence of the city as a smart city and the city with
developed infrastructural terminologies. Despite the fact that
the mart cities bring in a lot of advantages for the citizens of
the smart city the security issues of the smart city scopes in
disguises with the benefits of the digital technology. The
smart city increases the transaction ratio among the citizens
of the country as the fact that the connecting between the
citizens of the smart city is enhanced by the fact that there is a
single networking system in which all the citizens are the
branch of the networking systems. This enables the
government to have a firm grip on the individuals of the
residents of the smart city. This helps in growth the
communication as well as the transaction trilogies in the city.
The security of the details of the personnel that are stored in
the data base are at stake as the details can be accessed but e
imposters which causes the imposters to harm the local
citizens of the smart city. Despite all the disadvantages the
growth of the technology has been in the growth curve and
ever evolving in nature.
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