Analysis of Smoking's Harmful Impact and Consequences on Health

This report delves into the harmful impact of smoking on the human body, exploring its consequences and potential strategies to mitigate its effects. The research begins with an overview of smoking, its addictive nature, and its global prevalence, highlighting the increasing number of deaths attributed to tobacco use. It then provides background information on the health risks associated with smoking, including the chemical compounds in tobacco smoke and their adverse effects. The research aims to analyze the impact of smoking, identify the basic understanding of smoking, evaluate the impact of smoking and its consequences, and analyze strategies for a smoke-free society. The literature review covers the basic understanding of smoking, its impact on the human body, and strategies for a smoke-free society. The methodology section outlines the research design, including qualitative methods and descriptive research, data collection, analysis, and ethical considerations. The results section presents the findings from the questionnaire, followed by data interpretation. The discussion section analyzes the findings, and recommendations are provided for a smoke-free society. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for health promotion campaigns, government regulations, and medical interventions to reduce smoking and improve public health. The report includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, recommendations, references, and appendices.

Research Methodology in Health
and Social Care

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
Overview of the research........................................................................................................2
Background of the research....................................................................................................2
Research aim..........................................................................................................................2
Research objectives................................................................................................................3
Research questions.................................................................................................................3
Rationale of the research........................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
The basic understanding of smoking......................................................................................3
The impact of smoking and its consequences on human body..............................................4
The strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health...............................5
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................6
Types of investigation............................................................................................................6
Research design......................................................................................................................6
Research approach..................................................................................................................6
Research philosophy...............................................................................................................6
Data collection method...........................................................................................................7
Data analysis...........................................................................................................................7
Sampling method....................................................................................................................7
Ethical considerations.............................................................................................................7
RESULTS........................................................................................................................................8
Questionnaire..........................................................................................................................8
Data Interpretation................................................................................................................12
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................23

ABSTRACT
This project will focus to analysis of the harmful impact of smoking on human body and its
consequences. It includes the utilisation of qualitative method and descriptive research design in
order to gather appropriate information to analysis and gain respective findings. It will focus on
consequences of smoking and strategies to make smoking free society by efforts of government
as well as medical practitioners. However, the government and care professionals should perform
together for making people able to quit smoking and improve health of society.
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INTRODUCTION
Overview of the research
The act associated with inhaling as well as exhaling fumes of plant that are being burned is
referred to as smoking. Wide range of plant materials are being smoked by individuals such as
hashish and marijuana but mostly this act is related with tobacco that is smoked within pipe,
cigar or a cigarette. This has nicotine that acts as alkaloid which is addictive as well as is liable
for stimulation and tranquilization of psychoactive impacts. This has been widely spread across
the world despite the fact that various religious, medical and social arguments are being made. In
21st Century, it has became one of the most highly addictive as well as devastating cause behind
wide range of diseases and deaths. This can be understood by some figures, in 1990s there were
near about four million people who died per year across the world. In 2003, 2011 it increased to
5 million and 6 million respectively (Smoking, 2020). Along with this, it is anticipated that by
2030 this figure may reach to 8 million deaths per year.
Background of the research
The root cause behind escalation within number of incidents and deaths of diseases due to
tobacco is increased by smoking cigarette. All the products are addictive and toxic along with
this within the some regions across the world smokeless tobacco products acts as critical health
concern. The smoke that is being produced when additives and tobacco is burned then it
comprises of near about 4000 chemical compounds and many of these are highly toxic as well
as leads to creation of adverse impact on health. The primary elements within tobacco smoke
include tar (residue of combustion), nicotine and gases like carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. They have profound addictiveness and quick health impacts as they pass from lungs to
bloodstream where they are liable for binding haemoglobin normally red blood cells which are
responsible for transferring oxygen to other body (Kim, Cho and Park, 2016). Carbon monoxide
will displace oxygen on haemoglobin molecule that will be isolated slowly. Thus, smokers hoard
higher levels of carbon monoxide that will starve oxygen and will lead to massive strain on
cardiovascular system.
Research aim
“To analyse the harmful impact of smoking on human body and its consequences.”
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Research objectives
 To identify the basic understanding of smoking.
 To evaluate the impact of smoking and its consequences on human body.
 To analyse the strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health.
Research questions
 How to identify the basic understanding of smoking?
 What is the impact of smoking and its consequences on human body?
 How to analyse the strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health?
Rationale of the research
The purpose to carry out this study is to acknowledge the influence that is being created by
smoking and what are there their probable consequences. This harmful impacts are not restricted
to smokers only but toxic components are also found within the environment as they are being
exhaled by them. The non-smokers those who are exposed routinely towards environmental
tobacco are at enhanced risks for same disease which afflicts smokers that comprises of
cardiovascular and lung cancer diseases (Parmar, Forrest and Freeman, 2016). The reason to
conduct this study is to analyse all the perspectives associated with this so that appropriate
conclusions can be attained by understanding the influence that can be created their
consequences and recommendations can be given for dealing with these situations. It is
necessary that adequate measures are being taken up as both the one who smokes and who do not
are facing health issues.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The basic understanding of smoking
Smoking can be described as a kind of hard habit to break tobacco as it is responsible containing
an addictive substance which has harmful impact of health. As per views given by Tham, (2016),
it includes the habit of people to use cigarettes to fulfil their desire of intake tobacco though
smoke of cigarette. Basically smoking is known as harmful habit of an individual in which they
intake cigarettes on daily basis. It is observed that cigarettes smoking are responsible for causing
around more than 480000 deaths which can be considered as nearly one in five deaths. It is
observed that combination of smoking with several aspects including HIV, illegal drug use,
alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries and firearm-related incidents cause deaths among people.
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However, it has been analysed that smokers are more likely to develop health problems like heart
disease, stroke and lung cancer. Moreover, smoking habit is accountable for acquiring more risk
developing disease like coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times, stroke by 2 to 4 times, lung cancer
by 25 times etc.
In addition to this, smoking can cause cancer anywhere in human body such as bladder, blood
(acute myeloid leukaemia), cervix, colon & rectum (colorectal), oesophagus, kidney & ureter,
larynx, liver, oropharynx, pancreas, stomach and trachea. According to views of Rehman and et.
al. (2018), it includes smoking a habit is responsible for developing complications in pregnancy.
Meanwhile, it is observed that there are different types of cigarettes available including menthol
cigarettes, cigars & little cigars, clove cigarettes, flavoured cigarettes, e- cigarettes, hookhas
(water pipes) etc. It involves that smokers are also have various types like social smokers,
anxious smokers, skinny smokers and addicted smokers. However, smoking can be considered as
either active or passive but both of them are harmful for human body. The active smoking refers
to act of intake cigars whereas passive one is considered as condition when someone is smoking
and other standing nearby also inhale that smoke then that other person is conducting passive
smoking which also cause various deaths among people.
The impact of smoking and its consequences on human body
Zhang and Tsao (2016) states that the consequences of smoking includes complications in
pregnancy including preterm (early) delivery, stillbirth (death of the baby before birth), low birth
weight, sudden infant death syndrome (known as SIDS or crib death), ectopic pregnancy and
orofacial clefts in infants. It is responsible for interrupting in fertility by reducing fertile ability
along with increasing birth defects as well as miscarriage. Basically, it has been analysed that
smoking reduce health of gums and teeth along increasing risk for cataracts. It has general
adverse effects like inflammation and reduced immune function. It is responsible for causing the
health problems of rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is observed that smoking can cause
respiratory diseases because it damages airways and small air sacs (alveoli) of lungs due to
which several problems may develop such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
lung cancer, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis etc. Moreover, it involves that smoking can
be considered as a cause for developing diabetes type 2 mellitus which is difficult condition to be
control.
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On the other hand, smoking has number of harmful effects of human body such ad early
menopause, poor vision, dull sense of smell and taste, lung cancer, constricted blood vessels,
COPD, loss of appetite, yellow fingers, cervical cancer, wrinkly skin, problems with pregnancy
& new-borns, cancer connection and increased risk of blood cancer. As mentioned by Wagijo
and et. al. (2017), it consist various other health consequences related to smoking like mood
stimulation, anxiety & irritability, smelly hair, unhealthy teeth, bronchitis, persistent coughing,
heart disease, high cholesterol, immune system, infertility, erectile dysfunction, diabetes
complications and blood clotting. However, it has been analysed that smoking habit can be
considered as extremely harmful as it has consequence of life threatening so that people should
not use cigarettes. Additionally, it can develop different types of cancer which is complicated
disease that is very difficult to be treated for making an individual wellbeing.
The strategies for making society free from smoking to improve health
Smoking is known as harmful habit which has number of health consequences which may leads
to death due to which it is required to reduce this habit among people. As per view of Carnevale
and et. al. (2016), it is necessary for healthcare professionals and government to promote use of
healthy habits along with providing services to those with addiction of smoke to get rid of this
habit. Meanwhile, it is observed effective strategies should be used to make smoking free society
for improvement of health which is explained here. Initially, it is required for care professionals
to organise health promotion campaign to encourage healthy lifestyle and habits that ate
mentioned here. It includes eating a healthy snack or chewing gum, finding something to do with
hands, link with people who loves you like family & friends, find a healthy new habit, reduce
stress level if possible, think about the fact that you want to quit smoking and don’t give up if
you have a setback.
In addition to this, government is required ban such substances for retailing in market then
people automatically use programs of quitting smoking to become healthy. It is necessary for
legal bodies to work against those rackets who works in country to involve youth of the country
in this situation for saving future. Meanwhile, it has been analysed that medical practitioner
should work for this to provide option of overcoming with smoking habits to spend healthy life.
It includes the criterion of offering several medical treatments such as nicotine replacement
therapy, learn about prescription pills, lean on loved ones, give yourself a break, avoid alcohol or
other triggers, clean house, try & try again to overcome, get moving, eat fruits & veggies, choose
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your reward, remember that time is on your side etc. It is observed that proper guidance of a
registered physician and support of loved ones help to quit smoking and improve health
condition. The family members, friends and relatives are required to motivate an individual and
give morale support to them to overcome with smoking.
METHODOLOGY
Types of investigation
The investigation can be categorised into two categories such as qualitative method and
quantitative method of research form which suitable on can be adopted by an investigator. In
context of this study, it will focus on qualitative research method in order to carry out
investigation on smoking to gain accurate findings (Khoudigian and et. al., 2016).
Research design
The research design refers to an effective strategy to use for integrating various components of
the study in logical manner. It can be divided into descriptive, experimental and exploratory
research design form which appropriate one should be selected. This study will going to utilise
descriptive research design to analyse facts of smoking and gain better outcomes.
Research approach
The research approach can be defined as a technique to plan process of investigation by
collecting data, analysing and interpreting findings. It is of two types such as deductive and
inductive approach of research from which effective one can be used (Villalonga-Olives and
Kawachi, 2017). However, this investigation will focus on inductive research approach which is
helpful to conduct study on smoking to gaining desired outputs.
Research philosophy
The research philosophy is known to be a belief through information can be gathered, analysed
and used. It can divided into two categories including positivism and interpretivism from which
suitable one can be used in research. In this investigation, the interpretivism philosophy should
be used because it is appropriate to study about smoking and its consequences to gain accurate
results.
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Data collection method
The data collect method includes primary and secondary method to collect relevant data for
analysing the same to gain findings. It includes primary sources like questionnaire, survey,
interview, focus groups etc. to collect data which is known as primary information and first hand
data. However, it consist the secondary sources like books, journals, articles, websites,
magazines and many more (Otto and et. al., 2016). In context of this study, it will used secondary
sources for carrying out literature review and primary sources like questionnaire will used for
interpreting findings gathered by opinion of respondents accordingly.
Data analysis
Data analysis can be explained as an appropriate part of research in which cleaning,
transformation and modelling information in order to discover useful data for gaining appropriate
findings that can be used for further perspectives. This investigation will focus on thematic
analysis method to conduct interpretation of achieved findings.
Sampling method
Sampling can be described as a method to select a group of participants from target population
for gaining their respective opinions. It can be divided into two sections like probabilistic and
non-probabilistic with having their sub-parts from which suitable method can be used for
collecting sample (West and Shiffman, 2016). This investigation will going to use random
sampling method to collect sample and the selected sample size includes a group of 30
respondents.
Ethical considerations
The ethical considerations is very important in research as it is beneficial to direct investigation
in correct direction which will provide support to gain more accurate findings. It includes
following several considerations such as informed consent, beneficence, trustworthiness,
honesty, justice etc. In case of this investigation, the researcher used all the ethical principles
mentioned along with maintaining confidentiality of respondents participated in the process of
study. However, it includes taking legal permission to use information for purpose of research
properly.
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RESULTS
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Q1. Do you known about the concept of smoking?
 Yes
 No
Q2. What are the main symptoms observed among people who have habit of smoking?
 Stains on nails or fingers
 Burns & skin changes
 Smell of smoke
 All of the above
Q3. As per your opinion, which of the following disease can be considered as reason to quit
smoking?
 Lung cancer
 Heart disease
 Aortic aneurysm
 Oesophageal cancer
Q4. According to you, is there any kind of complications occurs in terms of pregnancy among
women?
 Preterm (early) delivery
 Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth)
 Sudden infant death syndrome Ectopic pregnancy
Q5. What kinds of smoking products are available in market for smokers according to your
opinion?
 Menthol cigarettes
 Cigars & little cigars
 Flavoured cigarettes E- cigarettes
Q6. As per your views, what kinds of smokers can be observed in society with habits of
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smoking?
 Social smokers
 Anxious smokers
 Skinny smokers
 Addicted smokers
Q7. Is there any role that can be played by government for reducing smoking habits among
citizens?
 Agree
 Disagree
Q8. What are the roles and responsibilities of care professionals to support people to quit
smoking?
 Offer suitable therapy
 Morale support
 Appropriate medication
Q9. According to you, are there any other people who can support an individual to overcome
with habit of smoking?
 Family members
 Friends
 Neighbours
Q10. Any suggestions for future research.
Frequency table
Q1. Do you known about the concept of smoking? Frequency
 Yes 25
 No 5
Q2. What are the main symptoms observed among people who have habit of
smoking?
Frequency
 Stains on nails or fingers 10 Burns & skin changes 5 Smell of smoke 5 All of the above 10
Q3. As per your opinion, which of the following disease can be considered as Frequency
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reason to quit smoking? Lung cancer 15 Heart disease 5 Aortic aneurysm 5 Oesophageal cancer 5
Q4. According to you, is there any kind of complications occurs in terms of
pregnancy among women?
Frequency
 Preterm (early) delivery 10 Stillbirth (death of the baby before birth) 6 Sudden infant death syndrome 8 Ectopic pregnancy 6
Q5. What kinds of smoking products are available in market for smokers
according to your opinion?
Frequency
 Menthol cigarettes 5 Cigars & little cigars 7 Flavoured cigarettes 12 E- cigarettes 6
Q6. As per your views, what kinds of smokers can be observed in society with
habits of smoking?
Frequency
 Social smokers 5 Anxious smokers 10 Skinny smokers 5 Addicted smokers 10
Q7. Is there any role that can be played by government for reducing smoking
habits among citizens?
Frequency
 Agree 20 Disagree 10
Q8. What are the roles and responsibilities of care professionals to support people
to quit smoking?
Frequency
 Offer suitable therapy 10 Morale support 8
10