Interventional Approaches in Health Promotion: Preventing Smoking

This report provides a comprehensive review of interventional approaches in health promotion, with a specific focus on strategies to prevent smoking. The report begins with an executive summary highlighting the prevalence of smoking globally and the need for effective health promotion interventions. It then outlines the methods used, including a search strategy and inclusion/exclusion criteria for relevant studies. The core of the report examines three key interventional approaches: promoting health through theatre, media advocacy, and mass media campaigns. Each approach is analyzed, drawing on research studies to assess its effectiveness in changing smoking behaviors. The report discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each method, providing examples of successful interventions and identifying areas for improvement. The conclusion summarizes the study objectives, draws conclusions from the evidence, and suggests areas for further research, emphasizing the importance of multi-faceted approaches to combat the detrimental effects of smoking through behavioral and environmental changes. The report highlights the need for carefully planned and targeted interventions, with an emphasis on engaging specific populations and utilizing mass media effectively. The report concludes with a list of cited references.

Running head: INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
Interventional approach in health promotion
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
Executive summary
Smoking tobacco is prevalent in people more than 1 billion comprising majorly the countries
with low or mediocre income. In some of the countries the smoking habit has been declined
to some extent due to by introducing health promotional interventions with effective policies
thereby reducing the mortality rates. But on the other hand the rate of smoking is still
increasing. Therefore to combat this detrimental situation many policies have been planned to
provide actions of health promotion. Of the strategies, intervention through theatre, advocacy
through media and campaigning through mass media plays a crucial role. Thus, in this
review, the effectiveness of the mentioned promotional methods will be discussed in
preventing and putting an end to smoking. The search was conducted through databases such
as PubMed and Medline.

2INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................3
2. Methods:.................................................................................................................................3
2.1. Search Strategy................................................................................................................3
2.2. Inclusion Criteria.............................................................................................................3
2.3. Exclusion Criteria............................................................................................................4
3. Results....................................................................................................................................4
Interventional approaches:.........................................................................................................4
3.1. Promoting heath through theatre:....................................................................................4
3.2. Promoting through media advocacy and mass media campaigns:..................................5
4. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................7
4. 1.Study objectives from the evidence:...............................................................................7
4.2. Conclusion from the evidence:........................................................................................7
4.3. Further Research.............................................................................................................8
5. References:.............................................................................................................................9

3INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
1. Introduction:
Smoking is considered as one of the major challenge in public health resulting in
disability leading to death (Kohl et al., 2012). The death by tobacco consumption was
recorded to be 5 million globally which is estimated to double by 2020 (Mallath et al., 2014).
It not only influences the health but also affects burden the health care, poverty, with
environmental damage causing cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, coronary diseases,
cancer and pneumonia (Jones, Podolsky & Greene, 2012). Despite the risks, the mortality
rates are higher in smokers than the non-smokers. Health promotion strategies play an active
role in preventing smoking by making the population aware. Evaluating some of the
interventions has showed positive effects but still some studies lack the effectiveness. There
is numerous health promoting methods for prevention against smoking which had a positive
impact on the issue. In this review we will evaluate the effective methods to promote heath
by preventing smoking.
2. Methods:
2.1. Search Strategy
In order to obtain relevant papers we researched in PubMed, MEDLINE. The terms
that searched in these databases were “prevention of smoking tendency”, “heath promoting
interventions for smoking prevention”, “smoking cessation” and “Methods to cause cessation
of smoking”. The papers that were obtained by searching from the above mentioned
databases were included in this review of literature study were on the basis of the following
categories.

4INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
The analysis was restrained on the programs recently conducted articles. Relevant
articles published since 2012 until the present year spanning a timeline of six years have been
incorporated in the review. Secondly, the population that was included in this study
comprises the local, subnational and national studies that were linked to the methods for
promoting the single health for the purpose of preventing and cessation of smoking.
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
Articles depicting studies that have been published before 2012 were excluded.
Studies that included multiple health promotional events regarding the cessation and
preventing of smoking tendency were excluded in this review.
2.4. Flow Chart
Records identified through database like PubMed and MEDLINE with search terms like
“prevention of smoking tendency”, “heath promoting interventions for smoking
prevention”, “smoking cessation” and “Methods to cause cessation of smoking”.
Records from 2012 until this year screened for inclusion
Articles containing multiple health promotional events
and published before 2012 were discarded
Studies included in review after careful consideration

5INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
3. Results
Interventional approaches:
3.1. Promoting heath through theatre:
Theatre is considered as one of the effective platform in creating heath related
awareness and disseminating messages towards good health. Promoting health awareness
through theatre is an influential strategy (Hennink et al., 2012). The audience involves whole
heartedly and encourages the actor. The integral role of the actor makes a relationship
between the facts and the fiction about the topic chosen in narrating the drama. The theatre
methodologies are based upon the theories of drama along with theories of social cognition.
This method will recognize the behavioural traits of the human that interacts with various
aspects such as individual aspects, behavioural aspects and contextual aspects. In order to
understand the effectiveness of this promotion, a study was conducted where 24 schools of
primary level were divided into 3 sections, one section of group was taken as control, and one
as a theatre incorporated in education intervention and other was school for intervening
smoking policy. The result that came out was that the boys showed a decreased positive
effect with no effect on the girls (Ussher, Taylor & Faulkner, 2012). Theatre production name
“2 smart 2 smoke” with other activities accompanying gave a significant impact upon the
psychological based risk factors related to smoking in students who were in 1-3 grades and 4-
6 grades. The intervention played positively among the students with an increase of 10% who
said not to smoke ever (Abdullah et al., 2013). There still remains a lacuna in delivering
positive results through theatre promotion. Thus the intervention should be made as scientific
as possible along with being assessed by professional help.

6INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
3.2. Promoting through media advocacy and mass media campaigns:
Along with theatre promotional intervention, media advocacy also impacts the
program by framing an issue nicely and advocating that particular issue utilising the media as
the stage. The media is used as a platform in order to disseminate the information with an
aim to alter the mind of public or alter their views (McCallum & Waller, 2013). Thus
advocacy through media should be made by implementing on strong principles for planning.
The planning through media advocacy is approached through “GOTME” (Goal, Objective,
Target, Message and Evaluation) (Riff, Lacy & Fico, 2014). The effectiveness of the media
advocacy was implemented in many heath promotional programs concerning the significant
environmental along with changing policy. The Project Tobacco Reduction Using Effective
Strategies and Teamwork incorporates the advocacy of media by rewarding the retailer
providing coverage of positive newspaper to compile the laws comprising the underage to
sell tobacco products (Silva et al., 2016). The main impact was completely focussed on
preventing smoking. It was found that there occurred a passage in placing the tobacco
products ordinances in Florida, with changed ordinances there was no significant reduction in
smoking prevalence recorded among the youth (Wolfson, 2017). Thus advocacy through
media can be seen in implementing trough wider policy as it can provide a subsequent
platform in raising policy issues.
Campaigning through mass media plays a crucial role related to media interventions.
These campaigns are done through television, newspapers and through radios in exposing the
messages to the population. Mass campaigning through media thus plays both positive and
changes role in changing the behaviour related to health proving as a useful technique in
producing an issue followed by encouraged debate (Teyhen et al., 2014). The approach of the
mass media is based on social influencing theories and theories of social learning. Mass
media is thus an appropriate way to deliver the antismoking messages pointing the young

7INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
people specially as they are thought to be more media exposed (DellaVigna & Ferrara, 2015).
In studies of interventional review to assess the smoking behaviour investigation was done to
see the mass media preventive effort which was directed towards youths who were below 25
years age taking a controlled design of clinical trial (). Overall three studies were conducted
in association to reduce the smoking outcomes. In one of the conducted study it was found a
significant decrease of girls smoking consisting of 8.6% net increase in intervention versus
in control with 12.4 %. Whereas about 6.8 to 10.5 % non significant trend was noticed in
boys with follow up of 3 years. Another study impact was compared between the programs
that were school based with the media mass and the other one was intervention through
schools alone. The effect was significant in case of combined intervention in comparison to
the intervention through school alone. The effectiveness of interventions through mass media
was assessed and was found that the programs related to tobacco control that includes the
campaigns through mass media showed significant effect in altering the smoking behaviour
seen in adults. The effectiveness varies based on duration and intensity of the mass media
campaigns (Brinn et al., 2012).
4. Conclusion
4. 1.Study objectives from the evidence:
Promotional programs related to anti smoking are useful and needed to provide
awareness messages to the general population for health planning. In this context, the theatre,
advocacy through media and campaigning through mass media can prove to be an essential
and influencing tool to alter the changes in smoking pattern. Spreading awareness through
mass media approaches to improvise the behaviour of the population health. Planning
carefully and performing tests with the targeted individuals is very much essential in

8INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
delivering proper message. Emphasising should be based on involving the small sections of
people representing the sample on which the campaigns are directed. These types of groups
can be incorporated for the development of the awareness messages.
4.2. Conclusion from the evidence:
From the above review it can be concluded that interventional programs for health
promotion is a three dimensional approach in preventing and stoping the smoking habit.
Approaching and reaching the public masses through theatre and mass media interventional
approach and altering the environment through advocacy of media can be an important
effective tool to induce the awareness of putting an end to smoking. The methods mentioned
includes certain principles to induce change in terms of individual, changing the social norms
within community and efforts by socio-political in promoting the better heath within the
population. Before implementing any changes in the individual behaviour it can be more
effective to focus the interventions on social attitude and changes in environment. Therefore,
capacity of population to address the alternations is the major factors that influence the
effective promotional health efforts to prevent smoking and stoping it.
4.3. Further Research
Exploratory research and more examinations that are interventional must be carried
out to support in favour of the utility and effectiveness of incorporating mass media and other
avenues to combat and prevent the ill effects of smoking through causation of alterations in
the behavioural and environmental approaches.

9INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
5. References:
Abdullah, A. S., Stillman, F. A., Yang, L., Luo, H., Zhang, Z., & Samet, J. M. (2013).
Tobacco use and smoking cessation practices among physicians in developing
countries: A literature review (1987–2010). International journal of environmental
research and public health, 11(1), 429-455.
Brinn, M. P., Carson, K. V., Esterman, A. J., Chang, A. B., & Smith, B. J. (2012). Cochrane
Review: Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young
people. Evidence
‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 7(1), 86-144.
DellaVigna, S., & Ferrara, E. L. (2015). Economic and social impacts of the media (No.
w21360). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Hennink, M., Kiiti, N., Pillinger, M., & Jayakaran, R. (2012). Defining empowerment:
perspectives from international development organisations. Development in
Practice, 22(2), 202-215.
Jones, D. S., Podolsky, S. H., & Greene, J. A. (2012). The burden of disease and the changing
task of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(25), 2333-2338.
Kohl, H. W., Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., Leetongin, G., ... &
Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). The pandemic of physical
inactivity: global action for public health. The Lancet, 380(9838), 294-305.
Mallath, M. K., Taylor, D. G., Badwe, R. A., Rath, G. K., Shanta, V., Pramesh, C. S., ... &
Kapoor, S. (2014). The growing burden of cancer in India: epidemiology and social
context. The Lancet Oncology, 15(6), e205-e212.

10INTERVENTIONAL APPROACH IN HEALTH PROMOTION
McCallum, K., & Waller, L. (2013). The intervention of media power in indigenous policy-
making. Media International Australia, 149(1), 139-149.
Riff, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content
analysis in research. Routledge.
Silva, L. C. C. D., Araújo, A. J. D., Queiroz, Â. M. D. D., Sales, M. D. P. U., & Castellano,
M. V. C. D. O. (2016). Smoking control: challenges and achievements. Jornal
Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 42(4), 290-298.
Teyhen, D. S., Aldag, M., Centola, D., Edinborough, E., Ghannadian, J. D., Haught, A., ... &
Martindale, V. E. (2014). Key enablers to facilitate healthy behavior change:
workshop summary. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 44(5), 378-
387.
Ussher, M. H., Taylor, A., & Faulkner, G. (2012). Exercise interventions for smoking
cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1.
Wolfson, M. (2017). The Fight Against Big Tobacco: the Movement, the State and the
Public's Health. Routledge.