Social Research Report on School Dropouts: Bhutan's Stakeholders

This social research report investigates the increasing rate of school dropouts at Drametse Central School in Bhutan, focusing on the remote community's perspective and the resulting consequences for stakeholders. The study employs constructivist and interpretivist approaches, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources and a random probability sampling method to understand the reasons behind dropouts. The research aims to identify causes, suggest measures for stakeholders to reduce dropout rates, and emphasize the importance of education in the community. The report includes a literature review, research methodology, timeline, and budget, providing a comprehensive overview of the issue and potential solutions. The study highlights the impact of poverty, illiteracy, and primitive thoughts on education, emphasizing the need for awareness among stakeholders to improve student retention and promote educational development in the region.

Running head: SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social Research
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

SOCIAL RESEARCH 1
Abstract
School dropouts pose an enormous economic and social cost to the society. Education is the
most important tool for shaping and developing the future of the children around the globe, it
should not be avoided. This research focuses on the rising number of dropouts at Drametse
Central School, Bhutan and the resulting consequences on the stakeholders. The proposal of
the report targets the remote community in Eastern Bhutan and their primitive thought
regarding education. The proposal highlights how the light of the education has still not yet
reached to the community people and how most of the children end up dropping their school
and basic primary education with the consent of their parents. The community mostly
consists of hardworking shopkeepers and sedentary farmers who have very few knowledge
regarding the importance of education in today's life. With the help of the constructivist and
interpretivist approach, this report focuses on performing a research study on the above topic.
Furthermore with the assistance of both the primary and the secondary data resources and the
successful use of the random probability sampling method, this proposal targets to know how
the stakeholders can be informed for making them aware about the rising number of drop out
in the Drametse Central School of Bhutan. The report suggests the timeline and the expected
budget frame of the research to be conducted in the end.
Keywords : school drop outs, poverty, illetaracy, primitive thoughts, education, stakeholders

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Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of the study:.............................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the problem:...........................................................................................3
1.3 Rationale of the research:............................................................................................4
1.4 Research aims and objectives:.....................................................................................4
Chapter 2: The Literature Review- Done By student.................................................................5
Chapter 3: The Research............................................................................................................8
3.1 Research Questions..........................................................................................................8
3.2 Research Methodology.....................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Research philosophy................................................................................................10
3.2.2 Research design.......................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Data collection method............................................................................................11
3.2.4 Sampling..................................................................................................................13
3.2.5 Ethical consideration of the Research......................................................................14
3.2.6 Research Limitation.................................................................................................15
Chapter 4: The Research Timeline...........................................................................................16
Chapter 5: Research Budget.....................................................................................................17
Chapter 6: Conclusion..............................................................................................................19
References................................................................................................................................20
Ethics Application Form..........................................................................................................24
Appendix..................................................................................................................................26

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Topic: The rising number of dropouts at Drametse Central School, Bhutan- an awareness to
the concerned stakeholders
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the study:
The importance of education depicts the value of education in the life of an
individual. Education facilitates the knowledge, learning, and skill and helps in changing the
mind and the personality of an individual for attaining a positive attitude. Importance of
education is manifold and it should not be neglected since it is one of the essential source of
real happiness and attainment of development and peace in life (Dorji & Kinga, 2005). One
of the major backlashes to the growth and development of education in the globe is the
increased level of dropouts. In the field of education, the increased rate of dropouts from the
school can be an alarming issue to the stakeholders like the governments, community who
invests in the success, welfare and the development of the educational institution.
1.2 Statement of the problem:
A remote community of the Eastern Bhutan is the Drametse. The major population of the
community consists of hardworking entrepreneurs, successful shopkeepers, and sedentary
farmers. The people of this community still has the mindset consisting of primitive thoughts.
The light of education and the possible development that can be achieved from the notion of
education has still not yet reached to the community people. Their mindset is still not in
correlation with the pace of the development. It has been found that most of the community
people still carry a primitive age-old thought that does not accept education as the tool for the
betterment of their future. For this reason, most of the learners of the community tend to drop
out their education and school at a tender age. This is because most of the parents of the

SOCIAL RESEARCH 4
children do not know about the importance of education as the enlightenment for the future of
their family, community, and the country.
1.3 Rationale of the research:
One of the essential tools for a bright future is the education. It plays an essential role
in the progress and development of the nation. Higher rates of school dropouts are only
leading to increased number of uneducated people who are the hindrance in the pathway of
the development. The remote community people still carries the old mindset which does not
recognize education as the one and only key tool for development (Tucker, 2018). This
attitude is creating a major issue in the development of the future of the children in the
community. Often it has been found that parents tend to disallow their children to attend
school further as education to them is just an extra investment with no further benefits.The
problem lies in this age-old attitudes and the primitive tough process which needs to be
revised for the betterment and welfare of the future of the community children. The aim of
the study is to find out the possible reasons and the consequences for the increasing rate of
school dropouts and the possible recommendations to reduce the dropout rate by the
stakeholders and the educational institutions.
1.4 Research aims and objectives:
The aim of this pice of research is to understand the importance of the education in the
welfare and development of the children of the community of Eastern Bhutan.
The research objectives are:
 To identify the possible reasons of the increasing rate of drop outs at the Drametse
Central School of Bhutan.
 To suggest the probable measures by which the stakeholders and the schools can
initiate reduction in the drop out rate in the educational institution.

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 To understand the importance of education for the remote community of the
Eastern Bhutan for their success.
Chapter 2: The Literature Review- Done By student
Bhutan remained in isolation for many centuries with no or little developmental
activities. During early 1960’s with start of five-year developmental plan, modern education
became an inevitable tool for economic and social growth. The modern education started only
in 1960’s with inauguration of two schools. With the introduction of modern education
system, government realized its importance in economic growth and people too became
increasingly aware of its contribution in social development. As a result, number of student’s
enrollment increased from less than 400 in late 1960’s to 155,234 in 2004 (Dorji&
Kinga,2005). As per Annual Education Statistics (2016), at present there are 522 schools with
total students of 169560 from pre-primary to year XII.
A research on the Enrolment & Retention Strategies in Bhutan by Ministry of
Education reveals that though school dropout rate from pre-primary to year 10 has decreased
over a decade. The report also points out that net enrollment ratio (NER) decreases in lower
and middle schools . This indicates that the drop out number increases in lower and middle
secondary schools. Such trend may prove to be disastrous in long run.The ministry of
education during 11thfive-year plan targeted to achieve 100% enrollment in schools however,
such initiatives did not see much progress mainly due to drop outs (Cabus & De Witte, 2016).
As stated by Gyamtsho,Swabey and Pullen (2015) drop outs is a‘multifaceted
problem’. The studies all over the world found common reasons for drop outs, the family
related issues, poverty and personal problems. Witte, Cabus, Thyssen, Groot and Brink
(2013) argues that dropouts should not only be attributed to external factors such as family or

SOCIAL RESEARCH 6
personal issues but also to flaws in system. In line with this an article by Tucker (2018)
suggests that another reason is the ‘boredom’ where the system and the content fails to ignite
excitement in students.Studies by Gyamtsho, Swabey and Pullen (2016) wraps up the causes
of drop out in Bhutan into two broad categories; individual factors and school factors and
also explains the inter relatedness of these two factors. For instance,unstable financial
condition at home and unsupportive school conditions can demotivate students to retain their
schooling. The study revealed that despite various reasons the most common reason was the
affordability which interestingly contradicts the system of free education in Bhutan.
Though no major studies are carried out to know the reason for students leaving
school in Drametse Central School. An inquiry set by school authority suggests that school
being located in rural area, majority of the parents are illiterate, unaware of importance of
education resulting in lack of parental support towards schooling. Moreover, the students
come from low financial background whose livelihood depends upon agricultural work. The
students quit school in search of job to support their family financially or to help their parents
with farm work. This type of situation link dropout with child labor. However, study by
Kishore and Shaji (2012) in Kerala showed different relationship between them. The study
revealed that its not only the financial situation at home that compels dropping out and seek
for job but the cultural trend of people preferring skill job to professional work obstructs
children from having further higher qualifications.
Dropping out of schools is disastrous to individual drop out, community and to the
country as a whole. Country’s economic growth relies on education. It is estimated that a
class of drop out cost government about $200 million in the form of tax (Latif,Choudhary and
Hammayun, 2015). In Bhutan, drop outs neither have brighter employment perspectives nor
they are able to cope with farm work back at home. Dropouts are seen to be migrating

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towards urban cities in search of jobs. However, lack of proper qualification lands them
nowhere. In the process, they become vulnerable to substance abuse, and other crimes.
Considering the causes of drop outs, all the concerned stakeholders, Principal,
teacher, parents or community and policy makers have an important role to play in
minimizing the issues or the problem (Freeman & Simonsen, 2015). Studies points out that a
positive relationship between the teacher-student and Principal -student indirectly help
improve student’s motivation through positive engagement. Moreover, supportive and caring
adult outside school is also crucial. Brown (2015) describes the importance of leaders in
building environment for student’s retention. She also argues that the inclusion of parents in
school activities plays an essential role in enhancing positive communication between the
school and parents regarding the student achievement. Such inclusion also helps both
teachers and parents understand their respective role in shaping a child.The interventions
from policy makers is vital for having fruitful positive relationships. Study by Bessell (2019)
in Fiji reveals that “Without professional support, development and clear guidelines for
experienced teachers, it is unlikely that significant change will occur”. Further, reforms in
teacher training curricula is required for capacity building of teachers for effective student
teacher relationship. Therefore, the serious issue of student retention in school is not a
responsibility of a school or student themselves but it is collaborative responsibility where all
the stakeholders work in partnership with the students.

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Chapter 3: The Research
Bhutan has seen a very minute light of development through the last decades. The
development of the five-year plan and implementation of education became an essential tool
for the social and economic growth in Bhutan a decade later after the retention of strategies
by the ministry of education (Dupéré et al., 2018). The importance of education came to the
light much after the realization of the government regarding its benefits for social and
economic growth among the community people. The research focuses on the rate of school
dropouts and the decrease in the enrollment ratios in the educational institutions (Kishore &
Shaji, 2012). Furthermore, it has been mostly found that the rate of drop out is higher in the
lower and the middle secondary level schools. This is because the majority of the people in
the community are illiterate and unaware about the importance and essentiality of the
education and this negative attitude of the rents result in the lack of support towards the
attainment of school by their children. This study highlights the concern regarding the
unacceptance of education as the key tool for the development by the Drametse community
and the issues faced by the stakeholders for the rising drop out rates from the educational
institution by the children of the community.
3.1 Research Questions
The research questions of this proposal are stated below:
 RQ1. How can the stakeholders be informed for making them aware about the
increasing number of drop out rates in Drametse Central School of Bhutan?
 RQ2. Wht are the various measures by which the stake holders and the educational
institutions can decrease the rate of school drop outs?
 RQ3. What is the role of the ducation in propagating development and welfare of the
community of Drametse at Bhutan?

SOCIAL RESEARCH 9
 RQ4. What are the possible causes and consequences for the rising rate of school drop
outs in Bhutan?
3.2 Research Methodology
The research method will include the procedure to deal with various types of
techniques that are used while conducting the research procedure. The research methodology,
the term refers to the procedures that initiate help for conducting the targeted research in an
organized and systematic way or manner (Brown, 2015). The methodology of the research
allows the understanding of various categories of techniques that are generally utilized while
conducting research. Hence the research method can be stated as the procedure for the
proposed research which is well structured and organized.
This research will include Constructivists and Interpretivist approach while
conducting the research methodology. Constructivism is the identification of the reality
which is the product of the human intelligence that interacts with the real world experiences.
The constructivist's approach is dependable in cognitive psychology. The type of research in
the context of constructivists approach is qualitative in nature. Furthermore, the methods used
in this approach include open-ended questions, rising approaches, images, and texts. Some of
the basic practises of research in this approach includes positioning of the researcher within
the given context, collection of participant-generated meanings, studying the context and
validating the accuracy level of the findings, interpretation of the relevant information or data
collected and involving the researcher in collaboration with the targeted groups or
participants for the collection of further accurate data set (Panneerselvam, 2014).
Interpretivism approach involves the researchers to analyze the elements of the study that
results in integrating human interest into the study (Gyamtsho, Swabey & Pullen, 2015). The
interpretivist approach is associated with the philosophical platform of idealism and is

SOCIAL RESEARCH 10
generally utilized to analyze diverse approaches that include hermeneutics, constructivism,
and phenomenology. According to the interpretive approaches, it is extremely essential for
the researcher to appreciate the variation among people targeted for the research study. The
approach moreover focuses on the understanding and may also include multiple
methodologies for reflecting different aspects of the problem (Marchbanks III et al., 2015).
The nature of reality of the interpretive approach is socially constructed and multiple in
nature. The goal of the research approach is understanding and identifying the weak
predictions. Furthermore, one of the positive or advantages of this approach includes the
study of the areas of qualitative research like the cross-cultural variations in the
organizations, issues related to ethics, and analysis of the factors affecting the research area.
3.2.1 Research philosophy
The research philosophy is a platform to judge and analyze a detailed piece of study.
The main categories of research philosophies that are mainly used while conducting research
are interpretivism and positivism. With the reference to the researchers by Vaioleti (2016),
the research philosophy of positivism initiates in the development of detailed analysis of a
significant field of study. The above study will deal with the interpretivism philosophy for
conducting the research. The concept of interpretivism deals with the functions and activities
related to management. On the other hand, Realism is the mixed approach of the philosophy
of research.
In this particular study, the research philosophy connected to the positivism will be
beneficial to use since it will initiate help for investigating the problem with critical and
logical approach (Latif, Choudhary & Hammayun, 2015). It should also be noted that the
research philosophy of positivism is extracted from sensory experiences.Hence, the resulted
findings of the research will be dependable on the facts.

DATA COLLECTION METHOD
PRIMARY DATA
COLLECTION
SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION
SOCIAL RESEARCH 11
3.2.2 Research design
Analytical or descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the three major types of the
designs of the research. Among all of these, the analytical research design is helpful for
understanding and evaluating the research in a descriptive manner (Simonsohn, Nelson &
Simmons, 2017). The exploratory design is basically used for the understanding of the
concept at preliminary stage during the research process and that of exploratory design is
utilized for developing and forming a connection among the two variables that are taken
under the consideration. In case of the current study, analytical research design will be
utilized for the research for gaining detailed ideas regarding the concepts and theories of the
research study.
3.2.3 Data collection method
This particular research will rely on the accumulation and collection of secondary and
primary data sources. While conducting the research,primary data will be collected on the
basis of various resources namely by survey method, interviews and secondary reliable
sources that will include all relevant categories of data, available both in printed form and in
the online platforms. While carrying out this particular research study, both of the data will
be used efficiently.

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Figure 1- The Data collection Process
(Source: The Author)
For conducting an appropriate study, it is required to collect accurate dataset or pieces
of information. The research procedure is conducted with the data collected by the secondary
of primary data collection method. Primary data are those that are collected by the taking
interviews, questionnaires and survey methodologies (Bessell, 2019). On the other hand,
secondary data are those which are collected from journals, articles or books which contains
an analysis of primary data and information by other researchers. In case of primary data, the
researcher will have to conduct a proper survey on which he needs to analyze the collected
data, in case of secondary data, the researcher will have to be dependent on the peer-reviewed
journals and online resources that are already available online.
3.2.3.1 Justification for Data Collection Method Chosen
For this particular research method, it is essential for the researcher to choose to
collect both the primary and the secondary data. This research will involve mixed method. A
set of survey questionnaire would be distributed among the population sample for the
collection of data regarding the drop out rates and the possible reasons behind children
leaving school at an early age.
Furthermore, the interview will also be arranged with the stakeholders for acquiring
different perspectives on the drop out rates of the school. The questionnaire that will be
prepared for this research will be mostly an open-ended and the views and perspectives of
each and every sample will be taken into consideration. Relying on their information, further
data analysis will be conducted to provide appropriate results and recommendations (Goux,
Gurgand & Maurin, 2017). Furthermore, the research will also be dependable on secondary
sources for this particular study.

Method of sample
Non-probabilityProbability
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3.2.4 Sampling
It is defined as the method or the procedure of selecting units which include individuals or
organizations from the population who are aleady associated with the research. Sampling is
mainly of two types. These are probability and non probability sampling.
Figure 2 – The Sampling Method
(Source: The Author)
The concept of probability sampling method permits the selection or identification of
the sample population and the respondents at the random basis. This particular technique is
beneficial for knowing the total response of a targeted sample population over a selected
topic or issue. In case of nonprobability sampling, the sampling method does not allow the
identification or selection of the respondents or the sample size on a random basis. The
researcher for this particular research should identify their targeted respondents who are
actually apt for the research purpose.
3.2.4.1 Justification of the sampling method
In case of this particular research,a total number of 100 to 150 students from the year
7 to 10 years will be randomly chose. Furthermore the chosen sample will include
principal,teacher from each of the various disciplines and the community people or the
parents of the students. For conducting this research, hence simple random probability

SOCIAL RESEARCH 14
sampling method will be taken into consideration for gaining a better understanding
regarding the topic.
For undergoing the analysis of the information that are collected with the help of the
survey methods, the data or the information will be effectively converted in percentages and
numerics for gaining a comprehensive analysis regarding the comparison of the data.These
collected data or information can further be simplified into graphs and charts for forming a
graphical or a pictorial representation of the collected information.The data collected from
the method of interview will be summarized considering various other themes which are
directly connected to the topic of research (Jia, Konold & Cornell, 2016).
3.2.5 Ethical consideration of the Research
According to the Data Protection Act of 1998, while conducting a particular research
process, it is important for the researcher to maintain the privacy of the data that are collected
and not exposed (Patrick, Schulenberg & O’Malley, 2016). During the entire procedure of the
research, strict ethical guidelines will be followed. In case of the collection of the primary
data, no students or the stakeholders namely the parents of the students, the teachers or the
community people will be compelled to take part in my the survey, furthermore a consent
form shall also be provided to all the participant of the research survey and gathering of their
signature on the particular consent form is a must. The survey paper will not contain any
resemblance or logo of any other thing except the organization since the survey paper should
portray that it is completely based on academic purposes only. If there is any requirement of
permission from any authority while conducting the survey, an authorization letter from the
university will be presented on the required areas.
In case of the collection of secondary resources, referencing is an essential factor for
avoiding any kind of plagiarism issues. Thus it can be concluded that there should not be any

SOCIAL RESEARCH 15
kind of approach while conducting the research that can violate the regulations and norms of
the guidelines of research ethics.
3.2.6 Research Limitation
Each and every researcher faces hurdle or certain limitations while conducting a
research. According to Simonsohn et al., (2017), a certain number of limitations are bound to
be present during the study of the research, no matter how organized and well planned the
research has been done. In this particular research study, the major limitations are the
research budget and the research time. The limited period of time and limited area of the
budget will be the possible limitations of the research. Furthermore, it may happen that some
of the resources are inaccessible and unavailable. The response obtained from the
respondents or the sample population might not be sufficient enough for obtaining a good and
relevant outcome. Hence the research needs to be organized and planned in a most
appropriate method that would facilitate the researcher to conduct and complete the research
in the right manner.

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Chapter 4: The Research Timeline
Time Horizon (The Gantt Chart)
Activity Months
M
Jan
M
Fe
b
M
Mar April
M
May
M
June
M
July
Finalizing the topic 
Collecting data from
secondary sources
 
Forming a layout of the
research work

Conducting Literature
review
  
Forming the research plan  
Selecting appropriate
research methodologies
 
Collecting data from
primary sources
 
Analysis of collected data
sets
 
Interpretation of collected
data sets

Concluding the Study 
Designing a rough draft  
Submitting the Final Work  
Table 1: Time Line of the Research
(Source: Created by the author)

SOCIAL RESEARCH 17
The Research method Detailed Time line
Selecting the sample population 1 Week
The Literature review 3 Weeks
Distribution and collection of the Survey questionnaire 1 Week
The Interview of the Stakeholders 2 Weeks
Analysis of the data 2 Weeks
Drafting of the final report 3 Weeks
Table 2: Detailed Time Line of the Research
(Source: Created by the author)
Chapter 5: Research Budget
The primary step in the procedure of the submission of a proposal is to recognize a
solicitation (Robinson, 2014). A budget is mainly the key elements of most of the grant
proposals and generally serves as the blueprint for funds of the project.
Topic Expected Cost
Collecting data from secondary sources
 Books and journals
 Access to library
 Statistical softwares for data
analysis
 Access to online data bases for peer
reviwed journals and articles
$ 250
$50
$21
$100
$90
Collecting data from primary sources
 Forming questionnaire
 Organizing survey
 Obtaining permission from the
$ 1009
$200
$150
$289

SOCIAL RESEARCH 18
university and other authorities
 Distribution of gifts to the children
 Appointment with the teachers and
the principle of the school
 Access to governmental survey
projects
$600
$120
$300
Analysis of collected data sets $ 50
Interpretation of collected data sets $ 23
Designing a layout of the rough draft $ 12

SOCIAL RESEARCH 19
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Education enables facilitation the knowledge, learning, and skill and helps in altering
the mind and the trait of an individual for gaining a positive attitude. Importance of education
is huge and thus it should not be neglected since it is one of the essential source of real
happiness and attainment of development and peace in life. Education plays an important role
in the evaluation and the development of the nation. Higher rates of school dropouts are only
leading to increased number of illetarate people who are the obstacles in the pathway of the
success. This particular study will rely on the collection of both secondary and primary data
sources. While conducting the research, primary data will be collected on the basis of various
resources namely by survey method, interviews and secondary reliable sources that will
include all relevant categories of data, available both in printed form and in the online
platforms. In this particular research study, the major limitations are the research budget and
the research time and the proposal addresses the possible research on the causes and the
consequences of the increased number of drop out rates at school and the possible measures
and steps the school authorities and the stakeholders can opt for eradicating and diminishing
the drop out rates of the community students from the school. From the literature review, it
has furthermore been found that the relevant causes of dropouts are mainly poverty, illiteracy
and simply unawareness of the benefits and importance of education in lighting the pathway
of the success of the children of the community. Furthermore, it has also been found that the
rate of drop outs are slightly higher in the higher secondary grades which focuses on the
concern to the stakeholders regarding the unawareness of higher education among the
community people.

SOCIAL RESEARCH 20
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Economic Bulletin. 24(3). 58-70.
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Ethics Application Form
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2. MyProjects Reference:
3. Already has ethical approval:
4. Project Funder(s):
5. Other organisations involved:
6. Proposed Start / End Date (dd/mm/yyyy) :
7. Category of Research:
8. Preliminary Ethical Flag(s):
9. Supervisor (Student Research projects only):
10. Who is responsible for the overall management of the research?
a. A: Please provide Name & post.
11. Who designed the research?
a. A: Please provide Name & post.
12. Who is conducting the research?

SOCIAL RESEARCH 24
a. A: Please provide Name & post.
13. Is this a re-approval of an existing project?
14. Project type: Please mark the predominant nature of this project (one only).
a. Questionnaire / Survey □ Experiments □ Observational □ Data based □Other-
define
15. Has Peer Review taken place?

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Appendix
Questionnaire for primary data collection
PART- I
1. Sex:
Male [] Female []
2. Age group:
Below 25 years [] 25 – 39 years [] 40 – 61 years []
3. Educational qualification:
Primary [] Secondary School [] Others (Specify) []
4. Please state your job type
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Employment Experience:
1 – 4 years [] 5 – 10 years [] More than 12years []
6. Number of childrens : 1[] 2-3[] More than 4[]
7. Does the children go to school?
8. Till which grade have ur chidren studied?

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PART- II
Please answer the following with Yes/No
1. Education is important for success in life.
2. Education is not at all waste of time.
3. Sending children to the school is ensuring a better future for them.
4. Droping children from the school to engage in household or other activities of
employment is right.
Interview Plan
 State who you are, why you want to communicate with them, and what you
wish to research and find out. The purpose and aim of that interview should be
made clear to the sample population before you conduct the research.
 The interviewees should know in general what sort of questions they will be
asked, and approximately how long the interview will last.
 Arrange a time to meet, a time to call them on the phone, or a date for an e-
mail exchange.
 Ask to obtain permission in writing to quote the respondents, to cut-and-paste
e-mail responses they write, or to use a tape-recorder during the session if you
will be doing any of these activities
 Ask only one question at a time.

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 Attempt to remain as neutral as possible.
 Encourage responses with non-committal body language
 Don't let the respondent move to another topic.