Sociological Perspectives: Thinness Impact on Australian Girls' Health
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This report examines the public health issue of the thin ideal among Australian girls, framed within a systems effects approach. It explores the interrelation of social, economic, political, and environmental factors contributing to the pressure to be thin, often leading to eating disorders and associated health risks. The report highlights the high prevalence of eating disorders, the negative impacts on mental and physical health, and the socioeconomic costs. It delves into specific factors like media influence, cultural stereotypes, economic constraints, and government policies. The author recommends a multidisciplinary approach, including public health campaigns, community education, and comprehensive care bundles, to address the issue. The report emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts from families, communities, and national bodies to combat the harmful effects of the thin ideal and promote healthy body image and nutritional well-being in Australian girls.
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Running head: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
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SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
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1SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Topic: The thin ideal - impacting upon the health of young Australian Girls
Introduction
Nutrition/Public Health Issue
A state of ‘thinness’ can be considered as a physiological condition where an individual
has negligible or very little fat or flesh in his or her body. Thinness at present, has emerged as a
major public health issue where in the causative a multitude of social, economic, environmental
and political factors are acting in congruence - hence, compelling individuals, especially
Australian girls to opt for this condition [1]. The following paper will hence focus upon
elaborating the public health issue of thinness being idolized among Australian girls, with the aid
of a systems effect approach. This paper will focus upon the social, environmental, political and
economical factors which contribute to an ideal of thinness among Australian girls, the inter-
reliability of these factors and possible recommendations which can be implemented to mitigate
the harmful impact of this public health and nutrition issue.
Background
The idealization of thinness among Australian girls is primarily interrelated to a condition
of eating disorder – a range of mental health and psychological issues defined by the prevalence
of an increased preoccupation with maintaining one’s health below healthy levels of weight and
prolonged engagement in starvation to achieve the same and associate physiological conditions.
Such interrelationship between eating disorders and idealization of thinness can be observed in
the high prevalence rate of eating disorders in the nation [2]. According to the Department of
Health, eating disorders like Anorexia nervosa are prevalent across 0.5 of young women and
adolescent girls residing across developing countries. Among all the mental health disorders,
Topic: The thin ideal - impacting upon the health of young Australian Girls
Introduction
Nutrition/Public Health Issue
A state of ‘thinness’ can be considered as a physiological condition where an individual
has negligible or very little fat or flesh in his or her body. Thinness at present, has emerged as a
major public health issue where in the causative a multitude of social, economic, environmental
and political factors are acting in congruence - hence, compelling individuals, especially
Australian girls to opt for this condition [1]. The following paper will hence focus upon
elaborating the public health issue of thinness being idolized among Australian girls, with the aid
of a systems effect approach. This paper will focus upon the social, environmental, political and
economical factors which contribute to an ideal of thinness among Australian girls, the inter-
reliability of these factors and possible recommendations which can be implemented to mitigate
the harmful impact of this public health and nutrition issue.
Background
The idealization of thinness among Australian girls is primarily interrelated to a condition
of eating disorder – a range of mental health and psychological issues defined by the prevalence
of an increased preoccupation with maintaining one’s health below healthy levels of weight and
prolonged engagement in starvation to achieve the same and associate physiological conditions.
Such interrelationship between eating disorders and idealization of thinness can be observed in
the high prevalence rate of eating disorders in the nation [2]. According to the Department of
Health, eating disorders like Anorexia nervosa are prevalent across 0.5 of young women and
adolescent girls residing across developing countries. Among all the mental health disorders,
2SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
eating disorders like anorexia nervosa have been evidenced to be associated with the highest rate
of death. Further alarming data indicate that girls suffering from such conditions are at risk of
death by mental health issues such as suicide and physiological conditions, at rates 32 times and
5 times higher as compared to those without preoccupation with thinness [3]. Further, according
to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, concerns with one’s weight are highly prevalent
among teenage Australian girls, within the age group of 14 to 15 years respectively.
Additionally, the prevalence of eating disorders, both anorexia and bulimia nervosa combined, is
7% in Australia, of which it has been estimated that 70% of the Australian girls, aged 15 years,
are strictly following a diet and an additional 7% are engaging in severely inadequate food
consumption, due to concerns with their weight [4].
Hence, it is evident from the above, that eating disorders and the high preference for
thinness across Australian girls is relevant and extensively prevalent issue requiring immediate
mitigation. Prolonged rates of starvation and inadequate food consumption, fueled by an
idealization of thinness results in physiological and psychological consequences such as: loss of
self esteem, self confidence and self worth, social isolation, loss of ability in terms of rational
thinking and decision making, excessive engagement in exercise and inadequate food
consumption resulting in unhealthy weight loss, muscle damage and immunological weakness
leading to increased risk of chronic illness acquisition, increased fluctuations in mood and
constant state of fatigue, lightheadedness and irritability [5]. Further, treatment and management
of the health consequences of thinness and eating disorders have been implicated to yield high
medical and socioeconomic costs to the concerned individual’s family as well as the nation,
which was evidenced to amount to $69.7 billion by the Butterfly Foundation [6]. Hence, coupled
with the high rates of prevalence, the extensive health and socioeconomic implications, form the
eating disorders like anorexia nervosa have been evidenced to be associated with the highest rate
of death. Further alarming data indicate that girls suffering from such conditions are at risk of
death by mental health issues such as suicide and physiological conditions, at rates 32 times and
5 times higher as compared to those without preoccupation with thinness [3]. Further, according
to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, concerns with one’s weight are highly prevalent
among teenage Australian girls, within the age group of 14 to 15 years respectively.
Additionally, the prevalence of eating disorders, both anorexia and bulimia nervosa combined, is
7% in Australia, of which it has been estimated that 70% of the Australian girls, aged 15 years,
are strictly following a diet and an additional 7% are engaging in severely inadequate food
consumption, due to concerns with their weight [4].
Hence, it is evident from the above, that eating disorders and the high preference for
thinness across Australian girls is relevant and extensively prevalent issue requiring immediate
mitigation. Prolonged rates of starvation and inadequate food consumption, fueled by an
idealization of thinness results in physiological and psychological consequences such as: loss of
self esteem, self confidence and self worth, social isolation, loss of ability in terms of rational
thinking and decision making, excessive engagement in exercise and inadequate food
consumption resulting in unhealthy weight loss, muscle damage and immunological weakness
leading to increased risk of chronic illness acquisition, increased fluctuations in mood and
constant state of fatigue, lightheadedness and irritability [5]. Further, treatment and management
of the health consequences of thinness and eating disorders have been implicated to yield high
medical and socioeconomic costs to the concerned individual’s family as well as the nation,
which was evidenced to amount to $69.7 billion by the Butterfly Foundation [6]. Hence, coupled
with the high rates of prevalence, the extensive health and socioeconomic implications, form the
3SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
rationales for conducting further evaluation of this public health approach using a comprehensive
systems effects approach.
Discussion
Social Factors
The prevalence, preferences and idealism towards thinness among Australian girls has
been evidenced to be positively as well as negatively influenced by social factors. One of the
primary social factors which exert a negative influence and motivate adolescent girls to achieve a
state of starvation is the cultural and social stereotyping of ‘thinness’ as a body shape which is
appropriate, acceptable and is indicative of a sense of accomplishment [7]. Such negative social
influences are widely prevalent across fad weight loss advertisements, social media platforms
and even across magazines or non-scientific publications glorifying and establishing a
relationship between achievement of thinness and self-accomplishment. Such media based social
influences further trickle down to communities resulting in a stereotypical opinion on thinness
and a prevalence of bullying and discrimination against girls who not conform to such culturally
and socially acceptable standards of thinness [8]. Unfortunately, an associated social factor is the
poor rates of health literacy and stereotypical mindset prevalent across families resulting in
parents or siblings rebuking or even teaching vulnerable members of the household on the need
to achieve thinness. Additional scientific as well as public health articles disseminating
information on the health consequences of obesity and excessive food intake may also negatively
influence Australian girls to avoid adequate food consumption and engage in excessive exercise,
especially due to low rates of health literacy and misinterpretation of such educational resources.
rationales for conducting further evaluation of this public health approach using a comprehensive
systems effects approach.
Discussion
Social Factors
The prevalence, preferences and idealism towards thinness among Australian girls has
been evidenced to be positively as well as negatively influenced by social factors. One of the
primary social factors which exert a negative influence and motivate adolescent girls to achieve a
state of starvation is the cultural and social stereotyping of ‘thinness’ as a body shape which is
appropriate, acceptable and is indicative of a sense of accomplishment [7]. Such negative social
influences are widely prevalent across fad weight loss advertisements, social media platforms
and even across magazines or non-scientific publications glorifying and establishing a
relationship between achievement of thinness and self-accomplishment. Such media based social
influences further trickle down to communities resulting in a stereotypical opinion on thinness
and a prevalence of bullying and discrimination against girls who not conform to such culturally
and socially acceptable standards of thinness [8]. Unfortunately, an associated social factor is the
poor rates of health literacy and stereotypical mindset prevalent across families resulting in
parents or siblings rebuking or even teaching vulnerable members of the household on the need
to achieve thinness. Additional scientific as well as public health articles disseminating
information on the health consequences of obesity and excessive food intake may also negatively
influence Australian girls to avoid adequate food consumption and engage in excessive exercise,
especially due to low rates of health literacy and misinterpretation of such educational resources.
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4SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Such negative social factors influence fuel feelings of failure and lack of beauty among
Australian girls, hence influence them to normalize, idealize and achieve thinness [9].
However, a number of social factors, comprising of both media, scientific and non-
scientific publications, also administer a positive influence resulting in increased awareness and
knowledge and the need to avoid excessive thinness among Australian girls. This is can be
observed in the increased emergence of public health campaigns, social activities, community
health workers and health professionals publishing educational articles, blogs and social media
resources on the harmful implications of excessive thinness [10]. With the advancement of
media exposure and increased public acceptability to public health educational resources,
Australian girls can access the above and hence, as a result be positively influenced and aware on
the repercussions of thinness and nutritionally adequate strategies to mitigate the same. Such
positively influencing factors can disseminate towards the family level and hence, result in
families of Australians girls motivating and teaching their children on the need to avoid thinness
[11].
Economic Factors
For the achievement of optimum nutritional status and anthropometric measures, there is
a need to adhere to a range of recommended and scientifically approved recommendations such
as consumption of a diet rich in the core food group coupled with adequate physical activity.
Such vastness and comprehensiveness of such guidelines are often misinterpreted by families
and teenagers alike, as expensive [12]. Such misinterpretation due to low rates of health literacy
coupled socially acceptable anthropometric standards can negatively influence Australian girls,
compelling them to believe that starvation and thinness is a relatively inexpensive and easy way
to be ‘healthy’. Further, eating disorders associated with thinness often require a
Such negative social factors influence fuel feelings of failure and lack of beauty among
Australian girls, hence influence them to normalize, idealize and achieve thinness [9].
However, a number of social factors, comprising of both media, scientific and non-
scientific publications, also administer a positive influence resulting in increased awareness and
knowledge and the need to avoid excessive thinness among Australian girls. This is can be
observed in the increased emergence of public health campaigns, social activities, community
health workers and health professionals publishing educational articles, blogs and social media
resources on the harmful implications of excessive thinness [10]. With the advancement of
media exposure and increased public acceptability to public health educational resources,
Australian girls can access the above and hence, as a result be positively influenced and aware on
the repercussions of thinness and nutritionally adequate strategies to mitigate the same. Such
positively influencing factors can disseminate towards the family level and hence, result in
families of Australians girls motivating and teaching their children on the need to avoid thinness
[11].
Economic Factors
For the achievement of optimum nutritional status and anthropometric measures, there is
a need to adhere to a range of recommended and scientifically approved recommendations such
as consumption of a diet rich in the core food group coupled with adequate physical activity.
Such vastness and comprehensiveness of such guidelines are often misinterpreted by families
and teenagers alike, as expensive [12]. Such misinterpretation due to low rates of health literacy
coupled socially acceptable anthropometric standards can negatively influence Australian girls,
compelling them to believe that starvation and thinness is a relatively inexpensive and easy way
to be ‘healthy’. Further, eating disorders associated with thinness often require a
5SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
multidisciplinary approach comprising of both nutritional and psychotherapeutic interventions -
which again may be perceived as expensive and hence, compel families to deny treatment and
continue with the present states of thinness [13].
However, prolonged thinness and inadequate diet consumption can result in long term
aggravation of health complications leading to greater burden of medical costs across families
and nations. Educating and enlightening families and Australian girls on the same can be a
positive influence resulting in parents teaching their children on the need to avoid thinness and
maintain adequate nutritional status [14].
Political Factors
According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the prevalence rate of
obesity in Australia, ranges from 16 to 38% across Sydney and South Australia respectively.
Such high rates have hence prompted the political efforts by the government with the
Department of Health actively publishing data on the need and strategies underlying the
prevention of obesity and nutritional recommendations for management of the same [15]. If
misinterpreted, such political efforts may negatively influence Australian girls on the need to
maintain thinness. Further, reduced accessibility of government published educational resources
can result in the reduced rates of health literacy and aggravation of rates of thinness among
Australian girls and families residing in remote areas or low income groups [16].
However, political efforts by the government comprising of the Department of Health
publishing and ensuring the accessibility of educational resources and government sponsored
advertisement campaigns on the need to avoid thinness can positively influence families and
girls on adhering to healthy anthropometric, exercise and dietary strategies [17].
multidisciplinary approach comprising of both nutritional and psychotherapeutic interventions -
which again may be perceived as expensive and hence, compel families to deny treatment and
continue with the present states of thinness [13].
However, prolonged thinness and inadequate diet consumption can result in long term
aggravation of health complications leading to greater burden of medical costs across families
and nations. Educating and enlightening families and Australian girls on the same can be a
positive influence resulting in parents teaching their children on the need to avoid thinness and
maintain adequate nutritional status [14].
Political Factors
According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the prevalence rate of
obesity in Australia, ranges from 16 to 38% across Sydney and South Australia respectively.
Such high rates have hence prompted the political efforts by the government with the
Department of Health actively publishing data on the need and strategies underlying the
prevention of obesity and nutritional recommendations for management of the same [15]. If
misinterpreted, such political efforts may negatively influence Australian girls on the need to
maintain thinness. Further, reduced accessibility of government published educational resources
can result in the reduced rates of health literacy and aggravation of rates of thinness among
Australian girls and families residing in remote areas or low income groups [16].
However, political efforts by the government comprising of the Department of Health
publishing and ensuring the accessibility of educational resources and government sponsored
advertisement campaigns on the need to avoid thinness can positively influence families and
girls on adhering to healthy anthropometric, exercise and dietary strategies [17].
6SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Environmental Factors
It has been evidenced that obesity and the increased consumption of processed foods pose
to be a threat to sustainability and the environment. Coupled with inadequate rates of health
literacy, families adhering to principles of sustainable may be negatively influenced and
disseminate the same across their children, compelling them to engage in thinness. Further, it a
surrounding environment comprising of a range of factors such as poor health literacy, cultural
norms and familial or societal pressures work collectively towards negatively influencing girls
on the need to be thin [18].
Adoption of a multidisciplinary approach comprising of educational, psychotherapeutic,
behavioral, nutritional, exercise and availability of family support can result in a positive and
supportive environment which can positively influence Australian girls to regulate their
responses to socially desirable standards, enhance their self esteem and hence, adhere to a
healthy lifestyle free from thinness [19].
Inter-Reliability
The inter-reliability of social, economic, political and environmental factors working
collectively towards emergence of the public health and nutritional issues of thinness can be
observed in the previously discussed environmental factors acting as influencers. Indeed, a lack
of adequate awareness and information on implications of thinness, the prevalent stereotype of
idealization of thinness, pressures from the family (social), lack of economic resources
(economical) and the extensive emphasis of physiological and environemtnal harms associated
with obesity by the government and the media (political and environmental), all work together in
fueling the idealization of thinness among Australian girls [20]. The inter-reliability of factors
and sub factors contributing to thinness have been demonstrated in Figure 1.
Environmental Factors
It has been evidenced that obesity and the increased consumption of processed foods pose
to be a threat to sustainability and the environment. Coupled with inadequate rates of health
literacy, families adhering to principles of sustainable may be negatively influenced and
disseminate the same across their children, compelling them to engage in thinness. Further, it a
surrounding environment comprising of a range of factors such as poor health literacy, cultural
norms and familial or societal pressures work collectively towards negatively influencing girls
on the need to be thin [18].
Adoption of a multidisciplinary approach comprising of educational, psychotherapeutic,
behavioral, nutritional, exercise and availability of family support can result in a positive and
supportive environment which can positively influence Australian girls to regulate their
responses to socially desirable standards, enhance their self esteem and hence, adhere to a
healthy lifestyle free from thinness [19].
Inter-Reliability
The inter-reliability of social, economic, political and environmental factors working
collectively towards emergence of the public health and nutritional issues of thinness can be
observed in the previously discussed environmental factors acting as influencers. Indeed, a lack
of adequate awareness and information on implications of thinness, the prevalent stereotype of
idealization of thinness, pressures from the family (social), lack of economic resources
(economical) and the extensive emphasis of physiological and environemtnal harms associated
with obesity by the government and the media (political and environmental), all work together in
fueling the idealization of thinness among Australian girls [20]. The inter-reliability of factors
and sub factors contributing to thinness have been demonstrated in Figure 1.
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7SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Figure 1: Systems Effects and Inter-reliability of Factors Contributing to
Idealization of Thinness (As designed by the Author)
Recommendations
Considering the inter-reliability of these factors, it is recommended that a
multidisciplinary approach be implement to comprehensive address the idealization of thinness.
This would include the following:
Widespread dissemination of public health resources on implications of thinness by the
government and the media [21].
GovernmentSocialMediaEconomicPoliticalEnvironmental
Figure 1: Systems Effects and Inter-reliability of Factors Contributing to
Idealization of Thinness (As designed by the Author)
Recommendations
Considering the inter-reliability of these factors, it is recommended that a
multidisciplinary approach be implement to comprehensive address the idealization of thinness.
This would include the following:
Widespread dissemination of public health resources on implications of thinness by the
government and the media [21].
GovernmentSocialMediaEconomicPoliticalEnvironmental
8SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
Public and community health campaigns conducting awareness and educational camps
across localities to educate families and Australian girls on the multifaceted implications
of thinness [22].
Comprehensive care bundle availability to victims comprising of family therapy,
cognitive behavioral therapy, health education, advocacy, environment and support group
therapy to address thinness using a systems approach [23].
Subsidized care plans for victims belonging to low income groups [24].
Conclusion
Hence, to conclude, it is evident that thinness and idealization of this harmful health
condition has posed to be a major public health and nutrition issue in the country of Australia.
The high rates of prevalence of mental and physical health issues associated with idealization of
thinness, along with the detrimental physiological, psychological and social implications
occurring due to the same, indicative of the need to address this issue with immediacy. Usage of
a systems effects approach provides a comprehension procedure for understanding the key
social, political, economic and environmental factors which are positive as well as negative
influencers of the incidence of thinness among Australian girls. It is recommended that the in
addition to the families and communities, national bodies as a whole must work collaboratively
and comprehensively to combat this menace with the same zeal applied in the mitigation of
obesity and excessive food intake across Australia.
Public and community health campaigns conducting awareness and educational camps
across localities to educate families and Australian girls on the multifaceted implications
of thinness [22].
Comprehensive care bundle availability to victims comprising of family therapy,
cognitive behavioral therapy, health education, advocacy, environment and support group
therapy to address thinness using a systems approach [23].
Subsidized care plans for victims belonging to low income groups [24].
Conclusion
Hence, to conclude, it is evident that thinness and idealization of this harmful health
condition has posed to be a major public health and nutrition issue in the country of Australia.
The high rates of prevalence of mental and physical health issues associated with idealization of
thinness, along with the detrimental physiological, psychological and social implications
occurring due to the same, indicative of the need to address this issue with immediacy. Usage of
a systems effects approach provides a comprehension procedure for understanding the key
social, political, economic and environmental factors which are positive as well as negative
influencers of the incidence of thinness among Australian girls. It is recommended that the in
addition to the families and communities, national bodies as a whole must work collaboratively
and comprehensively to combat this menace with the same zeal applied in the mitigation of
obesity and excessive food intake across Australia.
9SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
References
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pressures in ethnically diverse college women in the United States. Body image. 2018
Mar 1;24:1-4.
2. Schaefer LM, Burke NL, Anderson LM, Thompson JK, Heinberg LJ, Bardone-Cone AM,
Neyland MK, Frederick DA, Anderson DA, Schaumberg K, Nerini A. Comparing
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from the United States, Italy, England, and Australia. Eating and Weight Disorders-
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attitudes/10446382.
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behaviours. Journal of health psychology. 2016 Jan;21(1):28-39.
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References
1. Ordaz DL, Schaefer LM, Choquette E, Schueler J, Wallace L, Thompson JK. Thinness
pressures in ethnically diverse college women in the United States. Body image. 2018
Mar 1;24:1-4.
2. Schaefer LM, Burke NL, Anderson LM, Thompson JK, Heinberg LJ, Bardone-Cone AM,
Neyland MK, Frederick DA, Anderson DA, Schaumberg K, Nerini A. Comparing
internalization of appearance ideals and appearance-related pressures among women
from the United States, Italy, England, and Australia. Eating and Weight Disorders-
Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2018 Jul 17:1-5.
3. Department of Health. Department of Health | Section 1: Anorexia nervosa - The facts
[Internet]. Health.gov.au. 2019 [cited 2 July 2019]. Available from:
https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-pubs-a-
anorex-toc~mental-pubs-a-anorex-1.
4. ABC News. Despite a push towards body positivity, teens still struggle with weight
concerns, study shows [Internet]. ABC News. 2019 [cited 2 July 2019]. Available from:
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-30/teen-body-image-study-finds-unhealthy-
attitudes/10446382.
5. Andrew R, Tiggemann M, Clark L. Positive body image and young women’s health:
Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption
behaviours. Journal of health psychology. 2016 Jan;21(1):28-39.
6. The Butterfly Foundation. Paying the Price [Internet]. Thebutterflyfoundation.org.au.
2019 [cited 2 July 2019]. Available from:
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10SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
https://thebutterflyfoundation.org.au/assets/Uploads/Advocacy/Butterfly-Report-
PayingthePrice.pdf.
7. Frank GK. The perfect storm-a bio-psycho-social risk model for developing and
maintaining eating disorders. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2016 Mar 10;10:44.
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an escalation of restrictive eating during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016
Oct 1;59(4):391-6.
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literacy intervention to reduce risk factors for eating disorders. International Journal of
Eating Disorders. 2017 Jul;50(7):847-51.
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disorders. 2015 Dec;3(1):33.
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systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexia
https://thebutterflyfoundation.org.au/assets/Uploads/Advocacy/Butterfly-Report-
PayingthePrice.pdf.
7. Frank GK. The perfect storm-a bio-psycho-social risk model for developing and
maintaining eating disorders. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2016 Mar 10;10:44.
8. Haynos AF, Watts AW, Loth KA, Pearson CM, Neumark-Stzainer D. Factors predicting
an escalation of restrictive eating during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016
Oct 1;59(4):391-6.
9. Norris ML, Spettigue WJ, Katzman DK. Update on eating disorders: current perspectives
on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and youth. Neuropsychiatric
Disease and Treatment. 2016;12:213.
10. Piran N. New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of
positive body image measures. Body Image. 2015 Jun 1;14:146-57.
11. McLean SA, Wertheim EH, Masters J, Paxton SJ. A pilot evaluation of a social media
literacy intervention to reduce risk factors for eating disorders. International Journal of
Eating Disorders. 2017 Jul;50(7):847-51.
12. Nicholls D, Statham R, Costa S, Micali N, Viner RM. Childhood risk factors for lifetime
bulimic or compulsive eating by age 30 years in a British national birth cohort. Appetite.
2016 Oct 1;105:266-73.
13. Pike KM, Dunne PE. The rise of eating disorders in Asia: a review. Journal of eating
disorders. 2015 Dec;3(1):33.
14. Agh T, Kovács G, Supina D, Pawaskar M, Herman BK, Vokó Z, Sheehan DV. A
systematic review of the health-related quality of life and economic burdens of anorexia
11SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Eating and Weight Disorders-
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overview.
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obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors in South Australia from 1995 to 2015.
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developmental and risk factor research on eating disorders. Current psychiatry reports.
2015 Jun 1;17(6):42.
19. Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL. Research Review: What we have learned about the
causes of eating disorders–a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological
research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2015 Nov;56(11):1141-64.
20. Donaldson AA, Hall A, Neukirch J, Kasper V, Simones S, Gagnon S, Reich S, Forcier
M. Multidisciplinary care considerations for gender nonconforming adolescents with
eating disorders: A case series. International journal of eating disorders. 2018
May;51(5):475-9.
12SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FOOD AND NUTRITION
21. Hay PJ, Touyz S, Claudino AM, Lujic S, Smith CA, Madden S. Inpatient versus
outpatient care, partial hospitalisation and waiting list for people with eating disorders.
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22. Jewell T, Blessitt E, Stewart C, Simic M, Eisler I. Family therapy for child and
adolescent eating disorders: a critical review. Family Process. 2016 Sep;55(3):577-94.
23. Andersen AE. Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications. JHU Press;
2017 Nov 29.
24. Lee S. The multidisciplinary treatment of eating disorders focused clinical
multidisciplinary independent study project (FCM-ISP).
21. Hay PJ, Touyz S, Claudino AM, Lujic S, Smith CA, Madden S. Inpatient versus
outpatient care, partial hospitalisation and waiting list for people with eating disorders.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019(1).
22. Jewell T, Blessitt E, Stewart C, Simic M, Eisler I. Family therapy for child and
adolescent eating disorders: a critical review. Family Process. 2016 Sep;55(3):577-94.
23. Andersen AE. Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications. JHU Press;
2017 Nov 29.
24. Lee S. The multidisciplinary treatment of eating disorders focused clinical
multidisciplinary independent study project (FCM-ISP).
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