University Report: Migration, Language, and Identity of Polish People

This report analyzes the intricate relationship between migration, language, and identity, drawing upon a study of Polish people. The research explores how language proficiency influences self-identification, cultural values, and integration within a new society. The study examines how Polish migrants in the UK perceive their identity, the role of language in differentiating between 'us' and 'them,' and the impact of cultural hybridity on their sense of belonging. It delves into the importance of language in maintaining cultural ties, the influence of class and values, and the emotional connection to their native language. The research highlights the challenges faced by migrants in navigating new cultural landscapes and the complexities of maintaining a sense of self in a new environment. The report also considers the role of place attachment and memory in the context of migration, emphasizing how public spaces contribute to a sense of belonging.

Running head: MIGRATION AND ATTACHMENTS
Migration and attachments
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Summary of Article 1
Temple, B., 2010. Feeling special: Language in the lives of Polish people. The Sociological
Review, 58(2), pp.286-304.
Introduction
The article “Feeling Special: Language in the Lives of Polish People” deals with the idea
that how language helps in self-assertion and helps one to define their identity and individuality.
The author in this article has researched upon the Polish people, who find speaking Polish as one
of the most important criteria of defining their identity. According to the people of Poland, if
they change their language and speak in a different language other than Polish, the manner in
which they present themselves to the outside world would be a matter of concern. Change in
one’s language means change in the values and the ways in which they are perceived in the
public, and in the manner they relate to other people.
Literature Review
According to the author, every language has a cohesive power. For instance the English
language has the capability to keep the communities connected and the proficiency of the
language also helps in the integration. Learning the language of English can help one to
understand the way the British people lead their life. The examination of the expertise in English
language that the migrants have to appear for achieving the citizenship of the nation, in UK,
helps in the community cohesion as well as mingling well with the native s of the place. Britain
is indeed rich with community diversity and there are a large number of people, belonging to
different nations, live in the city. The English language here plays an important role in binding
these people by defining one single culture and by being a mirror that reflects the culture of the

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pre-existing social world. The policies of languages in the nations thus attend to the fact that the
language has a unique ability to define one’s national identity as well as it is embedded in the
contestation of the disproportionateness of the domination and power. In spite of the domination
of the first language, there are other factors such as the social and economic factors that
influence the learning of a second language. However this presence of the second language
reduces the strong hold of the homogeneity in a culturally diverse immigrant community.
To strengthen this fact, the author has incorporated his research on the Polish people as
an example. He argues taking the help of his research that there are other broader factors that
influence an individual to learn languages, such as the self-concerns as well as for identification.
The people of the Poland used to speak Polish and considered the language to be an important
part of their identity which is used to differentiate between them and the others. Through the
findings of the Polish people the author aims to widen the debate about how the English
language is influenced by the issues of self and other identification. With respect to this fact, the
author has described that there are instances where there are people who have born in the UK
and speak the English language fluently in spite of the fact that they belong to different
communities and not British. The change of the languages does not only involves the
transformation of the words but also involves a change in the original identity of the individual
which the author calls “translation of self”. Through their original language the people explain
their social, political as well as national identity.
In accordance to this, the author also gives a brief view of the different authors and
researchers, who say that the use of language of different persons is based on variety of factors
such as the linguistic competence, the age when the people have this language acquisition, along
with the context of it. One of the arguments that he brings in this case is that being able to

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translate oneself into different languages does not essentially link oneself to the changes in the
identity directly. Instead the changes in the cultural hybridity might raise potential issues
between one’s identity and one’s mode of communication that is the language that he speaks.
Methodology
The author has supported his facts with the findings of the people of Poland. According
to them learning a different language other than Polish meant that they want themselves to adapt
the culture of the different individuals that they desire to become. Thus it involves acceptance of
the change within themselves. With this, the author has made use of the theory of identity and
narrative by different authors. The discussion of identity goes beyond being just a simple process
to the possessive property of the individuals. The author has concentrated himself with the
research that he had done with 30 people who were Polish, living in the Northwest of England
and used to speak Polish language. He had chosen 6 different participants from various
communities and backgrounds. Out of al, the participants, four people had belonged to England
since they were the refugees from the Second World War. There were two students, nine people,
who were originally from the English birth and there were 14 people who had come to seek for
professional settlement in Poland after the nation joined the EU. The participants also varied in
their gender and sex. There were 16 male and 14 female participants of the interviews. Everyone
had different levels of involvement with the Polish organizations and every one of them had
different time periods of migration, in the terms of which they defined themselves with the
culture of Poland. There had been participants who even attended the Polish Catholic Church.
These people had been interrogated by the author about their connections with the people who
spoke English and what were their individual thoughts about making a settlement with the
English community. The author had allowed them the freedom of choosing the language in

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which they were comfortable of answering. The interviews had been translated to the maximum
possibility focusing on how the people spoke about their lives and their experiences. There have
been ethical considerations since the people were not comfortable with their identification to be
made public. So all the participants had been given pseudonyms to safeguard their privacy and
anonymity. The author did face problems in identifying and classifying the participants who
came from the Poland. None of the participants did work manually in Poland as well as England.
The data that the author had collected from interviewing these Polish people was aimed
to support the thesis statement of the article which included the nature of the Polish diaspora and
identity, in accordance with the role of language in the same. According to the research data,
there were seventeen people, who described themselves as Polish. These included one person
who was born in England and the twelve other people who were immigrants. The person who
was born in England considered himself to be British of Polish extraction. Here the main
problem that was prevalent was that of ethnicity. Ethnicity in the article had been described as
the belongingness of a person with respect to their historical, biological and linguistic
background. In the interviews that was conducted, it was difficult to judge the ethnicity of these
persons because there were people who claimed that they were administratively Polish, but their
emotions belonged to Europe. Thus there was the presence of duality in their nationality. The
author says that for these participants the concept and the definition of ethnicity had not been
rigid and it got changed on the basis of contexts.
All the participants did talk about the importance of the Polish language, but there was a
sharp contrast that the research found out between the Polish women and the women of English
culture. The respectable Polish women were responsible enough for their childcare and their
practical work and they did not attend the pubs like the English women. One of the participants

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who were born in England but to Polish parents said that the Polish language was an integral part
of them since they were brought up learning the language along with the Polish cultural values.
The language had been seen as emotional repertoires to the participants. Changing the language
seemed to involve self-translation and the change reflected their different ways of relating
themselves to the two environments.
Language and culture are closely related and they are sometimes intermixed. Language is an
aspect of the one’s culture which is further related to the tradition, values and ethnicity that a
group of people identify with. This article talks about how the change in one’s language causes a
change in one’s culture and values that are held by the people.
Data Analysis
The culture or the community one belongs to becomes their identity because it includes
the values, tradition and belief system that a particular group people believe in. The participants
of the research identified and shared their views on the polish and the English values. It was
found that some of the participants were of the opinion that polish culture is better than the
English culture. However, some participants also were also of the opinion that the English
culture is far better in some ways than the polish culture. According to the article, Krzystof Biel,
an immigrant from Poland said that he could not fit into the English culture as he found it to be
all about shagging boozing, parties with wild and spoilt people doing whatever they feel like ().
Some people found the polish culture to be more disciple than the English culture. However,
some participants also said that they found the English culture to be better than that of Poland
because of the multiculturalism and the wide variety of options concerning the career choices
and freedom that it provides. the atmosphere of freedom, happiness, confidence, liberation of
England has been praised along with its anonymity and freedom from the strict ties of the church

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that was preset in Poland. The older people also felt safer in England than in Poland because in
England the benefits are more and the state looks after them.
Role of values
Values play an important role in shaping the personality and behavior of a person. Some
of the participants of the research were of the opinion that the bond that binds a family together
into one is stronger in England than in Poland. Since, the value of a family reflects the values
that a child inherits from their parents it; the family values are very significant in shaping the
persona of a child. The research results shows that the family bonds in Poland are stronger than
that of England. Participants of the research are of the opinion that the children in Poland are
more respectable towards their elders than that of the children of England. The article also states
that there is a lack of communication in the children in England. This anti social behavior is said
to be an English attitude by the participants though it is because of the lack of fluency in English.
Influence of class
There is a huge influence of class in making the immigrant feel out of place in a country
like England. Most of the population of England could not relate to or understand the attitude
described as English by the immigrants. However, the immigrants feel that they could not fit into
or reach up to the English class. The class distinction or the disidentification of class that the
polish community feels here in England is because of the reason that the class position they used
to hold in Poland is higher than what they hold in England. The position they hold is based on
the occupation they have taken up for themselves. The article talks about the different aspects
that are related to class like the gender, sexuality and economic background of the people. Social
class and values are also changing in the younger generation of polish immigrant people and they
are similar in nature to that of the English people.

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Language, pronunciation and manners
All the polish people are not seen as being polis in the same way. There are differences in
class, gender and diction. Polish people are used to making judgments according to how a person
speaks: their diction, grammar and pronunciation. There are differences in the way the polish
speaker speak according to the time they have migrated to England. The way people use
language is used to maintain the hierarchy of the people. The newcomers language was
considered to be rude and barbaric compared to the other people who are older.
The other
There is a significant difference created between the older and the newer immigrants. The
older immigrants are found to be more inlaid following the ethical path of life. The older
immigrants lead a life that more towards the religious path connected to the church, while the
newer immigrants are different in their outlook towards life. They were more modern and liberal
in their behavior and ways to lead their life. They did not even need any certificate for the
relationship they have with their partner and children.
The Networks
The participants of the research perceived the language of English and its proficiency to
be the important vehicle with the aid of which they could intermingle with the English
population. It was noted that there were only eight participants who had migrated to England
without knowing anything about the English language. In this respect, when the participants
were made to understand the issue of integration, they realized that they could do so only with
the aid of communicating with the native population on a regular basis while also indulging in
other activities such as travelling in public transportation system.

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There is a deep and significant difference between the areas of integration and that of
assimilation. The idea of integration is based on the extent to which the migrants were capable of
interacting with the non-migrants. On the other hand, assimilation is considered to be uni-
directional in nature whereby the migrants and the ancestors are seen to have given up on their
culture in order to adopt a new cultural heritage. On the other hand, in the aspect of integration,
there is no abandonment of the original culture of the concerned people.
To this extent, the research article tried to understand the predominant and prevailing
patterns of networks,. The first network identified was that of the Polish network. Through the
data gathering process, it was seen that some of the participants were comfortable to only
communicate with the polish people. This was due to the fact that they did not have a lot of
English people to communicate in their place of work, which severely reduced their ability to
integrate themselves with the English speaking population.
The second network which was identified was that of the limited choice network. In this
network, it was observed that the chosen participants frequently communicated with the English
speaking population at their work place. Furthermore, they even find out the opportunities to
socialize with the English people outside of their work place, which contributed to their process
of integration in the society. However, in the event that an English friend of theirs is present
along with their Polish friends, they often preferred to socialize with their Polish friends. This is
due to the fact that although they were willing to socialize and communicate with the English
speaking population, they were still hesitant to form any lasting friendships with the native
people.
The third network identified is that of the divided network. In this it was observed that
the second and the third generation Polish people who migrated to the United Kingdom found it

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convenient to mingle with the English speaking population. They had an inclination to work with
both the English speaking and the Polish speaking population. However, in their attempt to
socialize with both, it was observed that they often preferred to keep them separated based on
their ethnicities. This is due to the fact that they were able to recognize the prevailing differences
which existed between their two ethnic groups of friends.
The final network identified was that of the mixed networks. In this, some of the
participants realized that they had different lives to lead. In this respect, they preferred to
intermix with individuals belonging to different ethnic backgrounds. For instance, one of the
participants stated that when she went out with her Polish friends, she preferred to take out her
English friends too. This enabled them to communicate with each other in a better manner and
also gain important insight in to their culture.
Conclusion
Thus from the findings the author had successfully concluded that the use of the Polish
language in accordance to the culture of the Poland, being born in Poland and having the values
of the country were all the characteristics of being Polish. The people also called themselves
Polish if they were emotionally attached to Poland, and they practiced the religion of the nation.
Thus language was indeed an important part that helped to define one’s identity, but it was not
alone in describing the individuality of a person. The values and the religion of Poland help to
define the Polish identity as well. The language is all about identity and the change in the
languages bring about issues relating to the identity as well as brings about a change in the
communicative power of the individuals.

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Summary of article 2
Rishbeth, C. and Powell, M., 2013. Place attachment and memory: Landscapes of
belonging as experienced post-migration. Landscape Research, 38(2), pp.160-178.
Introduction
Migration as a movement has been in existence in the human civilization since times
immemorial. The main idea behind migration refers to the desire of the concerned individuals to
settle down in a place which is different from their place of origin. This aspect is bound to have a
severe repercussion on the minds of the people in the form of psychological issue. They are often
seen to have a deep and significant impact on the aspect of memory of the concerned individuals.
The individuals of a society live in a place since their birth. They start to form attachments and
other memories which are related to their place of origin. The main purpose of the article titled
“Place Attachment and Memory: Landscapes of Belonging as Experienced Post-migration” is to
understand this issue of migration and the associated psychological challenges which are faced
by the individuals by the way of migrating from one place to another.
The research paper focuses on the issue of three main research questions which can be
stated as follows-
1. How are aspects of the everyday local environment perceived as familiar or strange, especially
in the initial stages of settling in a new country?
2. What forms of remembering are engaged through the embodied qualities of using outdoor
places?

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3. How are emotive dimensions of ‘place attachment’, senses of belonging or alienation,
developed through experience of different places at a neighborhood and city scale?
These questions have been put forward in this research paper whereby the authors have
tried to understand how the issue of migration cause a psychological change within the minds of
the people. The main point of focus within this paper is on the role of the memory. The authors
are of the idea that it is the extent of the power of the memory which allows people to remain
connected with their own place of origin. The more connected that an individual is with his or
her place of origin, they are more liable to form memories related to that place. The article states
that the experiences that one forms with a landscape, they are given a definitive shape by the
memories accumulated by the individuals from their regular experiences in that concerned place.
The place where an individual spend their childhoods in are of particular significance and they
are found to influence the taste of the individuals later in their lives. For instance, a human being
would always try to live in a place which bears some resemblance with their childhood places. In
this context, the paper tries to understand if this significant and important bond is broken or
disrupted in the event that they live in a place which is considerably different from the ones were
they spent their childhood in.
The paper highlighted the journey of the first generation migrants. There are no specific
meaning which is attached to the issue of the first generation migrants. According to the
dictionary, the term refers to those migrants who move from one country to that of another
country with the intention of being a resident of the second country. However, another definition
states that a first generation migrant includes those people who is the first to be in the family to
become a naturally born citizen within the country where he or she has been relocated.

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The article has focused on the question of the qualities of the daily lives of the first
generation migrants who are found to be living within the country of the United Kingdom. This
has reflected on the increasing body of knowledge on social geography research which analyzes
the life experiences of the human beings based on their actions, reactions and that of interactions
with the people in their local neighborhoods. The authors are of the opinion that the individual
identities may be transnational in context in the case of the first generation migrants, especially
those who have an active links to that of the other countries of the world which does not
adversely affect the important role played by the local people of that country. In order to
understand the various kinds of remembering and memory, the authors have analyzed the notion
of de-territorialized nature of the personal identity which is found to be located and embodied in
the daily practices and experiences.
The authors have tried to approach the topic through the lens of landscape architecture
where attention has been placed on the issues of public spaces. In this context, the article has
utilized the methodologies of social science including a combination of the qualitative and the
quantitate measures, including the sensory, experimental and temporal qualities of place. The
complexities involved in the experiences of micro-landscape and the nature of contact with the
different locations such as weather, social encounters and feeling of fear, have been diminished
by those researches which primarily focus on indoor interviews and recorded responses to the
photographs of such places.
Literature Review
This article has attempted to understand the issue of memory attachment to that of the
issue of migration. In this regard, the article has made a reference to the concept of ‘place
attachment’. The term of ‘place attachment’ attempts to illustrate the emotional, affective and

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symbolic dimension of the manner in which people think and align themselves with a particular
place on Earth. This term is different from that of the idea of ‘place experience’ which show case
a more immediate sensory response. Place attachment, on the other hand, refers to a deeper and
reflective resonance with the various specific locations on Earth when seen from the context of a
particular individual of the community.
The idea of place attachment has been criticized by Scannell and Gifford. They have
observed the dimension of persons or process which is considered to be significant of
understanding the issue of place attachment of the migrants. They are of the idea that the
connection of an individual with a place is of a personal dimension which is steeped in childhood
memory and the element of generational change.
The second dimension of the idea of place attachment is focused on the aspect of
psychological processes which is dependent on the ideas of emotional or cognitive memories,
meaning, beliefs and knowledge held by a particular individual. In this regard, the article has
made mention about the ideas held by Gustafson who attempted to understand the qualities of
enduring connection and that of rootedness. He tries to examine the psychological hold that such
a concept of place attachment has on the minds of the individuals of the society in general and
those people who has migrated to the other places in the world.
The third dimension attached to the idea of place attachment is that of place dimension.
This aspect is found to be steeped in the meaning of social elements of place at varying scales.
The theory of connection and transition has been critiqued by Relph who examined the dynamics
of insideness and that of outsideness, thereby providing a framework for looking at places to be
relational in nature. They also tried to assert the idea of social positioning within the
conceptualization of the idea of community. The observation that is made in the global forum

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with respect to the rise in the social mobility of the people, would be helpful in highlighting such
themes. They would also aid in the framing of the questions with regard to the issue of
connection observed between the length of residence and the emotions of belonging. The
interactions that is observed between short term and long term memories of architectural
landscapes is essential for understanding the idea of place dimension in the aspect of place
attachment.
Another issue which has been examined in the context of this paper is that of interactions
that exist between the experiences of the different places and that of the phenomenological
approaches. It also looks in to the creative role played by the individuals to invest in certain
spaces with significant memories. The authors of the article are of the idea that a particular
landscape is formed by a combination of the memories attached, action and the meaning given to
them. This is a reference made to the idea of Ingold and his premise of dealing with the aspect of
landscapes. It is stated in the article that a transactional model of landscape focuses on the
interlink ages between the activities of the people and the meaning or significance which is
associated with that place.
These sources are significant to understand as they make a reference to the first two
research questions which have been developed in the article. The authors are of the opinion that
the landscapes have experienced representational values associated with it, portraying the
remainders of the cultural values, past places and the people. This aids the readers to understand
the issue of emotional attachment that a person has with his or her surroundings. This attachment
is usually noticed among the first generation migrants of the world.

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Methodology
The methodology which has been followed within this article has been effectively given
shape by two important objectives. The first objective is to enable the expression of a holistic
and comprehensive nature of the landscape experiences which prevails across various mundane
and sober urban spaces. The perceptions that people hold about a place changes over the years as
a consequence of the personal movement due to various reasons. The researchers have focused
on the issue of spontaneous accounts as well as the reflective responses that were gathered from
the chosen participants who engage with particular places in their regular lives. This method was
developed with the aid of the data gathered from outside sources rather than from inside
interviews conducted in a room.
The second key objective which enabled in the shaping of the methodology is that of the
focus on the lives of the individuals who have been identified as a result of their movement from
one part of the world to that of another. Rather than applying the ethnic lens in understanding
this aspect of migration, the researchers have focused on the issues of ethnic identities with
varying cultural and national backgrounds, but all occupying the same public space of a common
neighborhood. This enabled the researcher to critique the issue of migration on the dimension of
attachment to new spaces of residence across various different factors of individual
circumstances.
The project on Walking Voices has included around eleven participants, each of whom
recorded their independent commentaries on their local residential areas over a time period of
three months. In this respect, the BBC Radio Sheffield were the main collaborators. The
participants were trained in the aspect of using a mini-disc recorder within the premises of the

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BBC. One of the objectives of research was to create the extraction of the local radio programs
as a measure of dissemination in the community.
The sampling technique which was used in this article was that of an ethnographic study.
The researchers spend around four months in the neighborhood wherein they contacted the
religious and the social groupings of the community. They also participated in various activities
such as that of Healthy Walks and exercise groups. The participants were six men and five
women. They were mainly motivated to participate within the research because of their curiosity
with the BBC Sheffield and that of using the audio technology of recording. They were also
intrigued with the primary theme of the research objective. The participant countries included
those of Somalia, Yemen, Pakistan, Iraq and Jamaica.
Data Analysis
The researchers were able to gather near about fifty recordings, with an average time
span of thirty minutes in length. These recordings were transcribed and coded and also analyzed
with the aid of NVivo software. The creation of the community dissemination routes was
considered to be important and significant in recognizing the achievements and the efforts given
by the participants chosen for the study.
The Walking Voices project was seen to be a huge success in the generation of
qualitative data that was categorized and nuanced in explaining the quality of a particular place.
It combined within itself the aspects of immediate sensory responses and that of reflective
connections with the more important life events. The findings of the study has been grouped in to
two important parts.

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The first segment talks about the comparisons which were made by the chosen
participates between the landscapes experiences by them in different stages of their lives. This
segment aids in the understanding of the first two research questions of the article. As a
consequence, it helps to understand the role of the public places in examining the sense of
gratitude and acquaintance and also the significance of landscape experience as a method of
recollecting intrinsic to experience a particular place on Earth.
In this regard, the first research question attempted to understand the issue of connection
made by the first generation migrants with the places the live in presently and the places they
used to live during their childhood days. There exists a considerable relationship amongst the
ideas of emotional intelligence, visual similarity and that of mnemonic value. For instance, the
view over the landscape is a visual aspect. One of the important points in this context which
needs to be noted is of the use of the words “reminds me of being…” This proves that the
participants were recollecting their own childhood days. They were comparing their present
residence with their earlier days and this is how they were able to understand that they still had
certain memories attached to those places. The examination of the disengaged visual act is
considered to be an embodied and a comprehensive one when this comparison is taken in to
consideration.
The research tries to understand the level of ease with which the architectural buildings
are built in natural form. In the case of the displaced people such as those of the migrants, there
is a prevalence of imaginative identification of those situations which is already known to the
concerned individuals. Within this research, this was strongly reiterated when the chosen
participants discussed about their visits to the rural places of the world. For instance, the young
individuals who were hailing from the country of Yemen enjoyed greatly their travels to the

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surrounding countryside places since it reminded them of the villages they grew up in.
Furthermore, the participant hailing from Iraq enjoyed the seaside in the United Kingdom as it
appeared familiar to them despite of the prevalent differences in the quality of the places.
These references were not as profound with regard to the urban places and hence, they
were found in a much smaller scale as compared to the familiarity found with the rural places
around the United Kingdom. The importance of the patterns and the natural objects were harped
upon within this article. For instance, one of the participants expressed his joy and wonder at
being able to see the moon. Another participants talked about the surrounding environment and
the plants as seen in the Caribbean Sea. The shops which were selling the cultural specific food
also appealed to the taste buds of the participant migrants. The urban landscapes, in fact,
contributed to the rise in the anxiety of the individuals since they had a difficulty in being
oriented in the new geographical place. Furthermore, when they first arrived in the United
Kingdom, the Victorian terraces seemed to be identical to them, which contributed to their
disengagement with the place.
In order to answer the second research question, the sensation of movement of a
individual and the presence of them outdoors was considered to be important in establishing the
indispensable connection between the lifestyles as observed within the country of origin and the
country of residence. One instance, among the participants, it was found out that one of them
found that driving along the motor able roads, helped him to soothe himself and relax. It is
important to understand that the identity of the participants as a driver aided him in bridging the
gap between his presence in the United Kingdom and his country of origin. This helped him to
find out an aspect of commonality which was considered to be more important that the
resemblance or familiarity found between the two landscapes.

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The third research question has been answered with the aspect of place attachment and
time passing. It has been stated that the attachment to a place is an emotional response of the
individuals which can be described both spatially as well as temporally. During the execution of
the research work, the researchers tried to engage with the participants at different points of time
and places within the life histories’ of the chosen participants. For some of the participants, the
migration to the United Kingdom was a single journey, while for the others, it required time for
them to get used to their new place of residence.
Thus, it can be observed that the aspect of place attachment worked differently within
different people of the society. Some of the individuals have a high attachment with their place
of origin which they cannot forget even when they migrate to other places of the Earth. On the
other hand, it becomes easier for certain individuals to align themselves with the places to which
they have migrated to.
Conclusion
In conclusion it can be noted that the aspect of landscape is essential as it provides a
mediation between the non-representational and the representational in the society. The
methodological mechanism of approaching the various individuals of the society, the unbiased
voices of the chosen participants have aided the researchers to demonstrate how the experiences
of a place leads to the generation of emotive responses within their lives. The paper tries to
understand the reflective aspects of connection, differences and similarities between such
landscapes and emotional attachment to them. Thus, three significant elements have been pointed
out within the article such as the significant role played by memory in temporal and experiential
qualities of place, finding familiarity and that of developing attachments to the place. To this
extent, it can be noted that the urban landscapes have a way of generating less emotional

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response as compared to the generation of more emotional response with the country sides of the
United Kingdom. One of the major challenges that was faced in the making of this research
paper was the lack in the aspect of standardization which led to the presence of fluidity of the
experiences of places and the obstacle of researching between the universal and the particular.

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References:
Rishbeth, C. and Powell, M., 2013. Place attachment and memory: Landscapes of belonging as
experienced post-migration. Landscape Research, 38(2), pp.160-178.
Temple, B., 2010. Feeling special: Language in the lives of Polish people. The Sociological
Review, 58(2), pp.286-304.

23MIGRATION AND ATTACHMENTS