Solar Panel System: A Comprehensive Zero-Energy Project Report

This project delves into the design, analysis, and simulation of a solar panel system, with a focus on achieving net-zero energy consumption. The introduction highlights the growing importance of renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, in addressing climate change and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The problem statement emphasizes the need for efficient and cost-effective solar energy solutions. The research objectives include investigating the enhancement of cooling systems with solar energy, improving the efficiency and longevity of solar panels, and conducting an economic analysis of the proposed system. The literature review explores various aspects of solar energy, including passive cooling techniques, solar power generation, and solar thermal energy systems. The project covers detailed design considerations, the operation of the system, and different cooling methods. The analysis and simulation section evaluates the performance of the system, while the economic analysis assesses its financial viability. The project aims to develop a sustainable and efficient solar panel system, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy.

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SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM
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Professor’s Name
Institution
Location of Institution
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Solar Panel System
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Problem Statement.......................................................................................................................5
Research Objectives.....................................................................................................................6
Review of literature.........................................................................................................................6
Passive cooling.............................................................................................................................9
Design details.............................................................................................................................12
Solar Power............................................................................................................................12
Solar Photovoltaic Panels System..........................................................................................13
A solar P.V. system................................................................................................................14
Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell.........................................................................................14
Photovoltaic Module..............................................................................................................15
Photovoltaic Panel..................................................................................................................16
Photovoltaic Array.................................................................................................................16
Operation of the System.............................................................................................................17
Cool breeze.............................................................................................................................18
Evaporation Cooling...............................................................................................................19
Earth Coupling.......................................................................................................................20
Achieving highly efficient solar panel systems......................................................................20
Solar Thermal Power..............................................................................................................21
Solar Thermal Energy System................................................................................................22
Analysis and simulation.................................................................................................................22
Economic analysis.........................................................................................................................23
Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................................................23
References......................................................................................................................................25

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List of figures
Figure 1:Internal of Reaction of the solar energy.................................7
Figure 2: The operation or working of the Solar Panel system..............8
Figure 3: Australia’s Annual record of Energy Growth........................13
Figure 4: A solar P.V. system.....................................................................14
Figure 5: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell.............................................15
Figure 6: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell...............................................16
Figure 7: Solar Thermal Energy System......................................................22

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Introduction
In previous decades, the issue or problem of climate change has dramatically affected
different parts across the globe. Innovations such as the introduction of solar systems have come
up as a result of the need of the scientists to deal with various problems as far as climate changes
are concerned. Hootman (2011) shares that different types of renewable resources, including
fossils fuels, have significantly boosted expenditures, and are therefore very expensive to
manufacture in large quantities due to their limited or restricted quantity rates. This project
intends to deal with such a problem through developing an infrastructure that has a capacity of
operating on net-zero energy. In particular, the overall energy quantity that the source produces
ought to be equivalent to the total energy quantity that the constructions use. Scientists are facing
a serious problem as a result of their failure to generate secure and clean energy. The
development and utilization of zero energy buildings have the main aim of reducing the pollution
rates in the environment through restraining from contributing to it in any form. The use of
renewable energy sources such as the solar system is an essential strategy towards the regulation
of the climate hence minimizing environmental-related harms. Non-renewable energy sources
such as the solar energy panel system represent-electrical products, which ought to be recognized
as scientific, technological, and progressive advancements towards the improvement of the lives
of different people (Reeder, 2012).
A net-zero solar energy system is designed in such a manner that zero-energy techniques
are employed in the generation of energy. Different household appliances, house-cooling, and
heating systems (Maclay, 2015), use the above energy. A solar panel system that will be
developed in this project will be designed in such a manner that its own requirements could be

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enhanced by various external means of technology. The components of such a system ought to
be fully functional at a net-zero electricity level. This project will involve a discussion on the
primary uses of such techniques including their main contributions to the emissions of the
greenhouse gas, the previously made developments, and the fundamental changes in ensuring
that it is ultimately a zero energy household item.
Problem Statement
Today, there is a reduction in the overall amount of renewable energy resources.
Therefore, the last ten years of existence have significantly been fundamental for the per-watt
cost of the devices of solar energy. Therefore, solar power is bound to become economical as
years pass by since the developing technology is likely to influence its operation costs and
applications. Daily, the earth receives around 1366W of the sunlight. Therefore, such an energy
source is significantly unlimited, though it is not costly. The main advantage that solar energy
has over other sources such as the conventional power generator is that it can be directly
converted into solar energy through the utilization of P.V. solar cells. Today, many research
activities have been directed towards the combination of different energy processes of the Sun
through the development of the solar panels of models having a high rate of conversion. Solar
energy systems have the main advantage of being freely reachable in the community and their
availability in vast supply quantities in comparison to oils and fossils in existence. More so, solar
energy systems call for a considerably lower cost of operation, unlike the different conventional
systems of energy production. This research project will focus on the importance of creating a
zero-energy solar panel system and ensuring that different zero-energy methods are effectively
utilized following the project's location. Moreover, the project does not intend to dispute the
utilization of various electrical products in power generation as long as such products are not
primary contributors to the green gas in the environment (Attia, 2010).

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Research Objectives
The following are the objectives that were developed to achieve the development of a
completely sustainable zero-energy solar panel system
1. To gather and analyze information on how cooling systems can be enhanced with the use
of electricity through natural ways.
With the recent technological advancements, it is obvious that electricity is fundamental
in the operation of different cooling systems across the world. A discussion on cooling systems,
in this case, refers to the different coolers that are used in buildings across different States.
Specifically, this study will focus on five main cooling systems, among which includes the
central air conditioners, the room air conditioners, the state of Art cooling conditioners, the
ductless mini-split air conditioners and the evaporate coolers. Commonly, different buildings use
either the variable air volume systems having a package rooftops unit instead of the water source
heat pump systems. This study intends to examine the different cooling systems that are used in
different home and commercial buildings, and establish how such a solar panel system can be
enhanced to work efficiently with such cooling systems. In addition to the above, this objective
drives our research towards identifying the different means through which solar energy can be
modified in order to ensure highly efficient cooling systems in our respective homes or
buildings. Today, different States are shifting from fossil energy sources towards the use of solar
energy. Therefore, this study will focus a great deal of discussion on solar cooling, including the
different ways in which such a process can be boosted in our respective homes or commercial
buildings.
Solar cooling is one of the fundamental roles that renewable energy technologies are
playing in today's world in order to help different people cool their workplaces and homes at

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large. Today, the necessity of having air conditioning systems in our homes has greatly increased
more, especially in the hot States across the world. Moreover, sunshine is still available in
abundance across the globe; thus, solar cooling and solar energy have become intertwined
concepts today. Different people living in hot sunny climates find such temperatures
uncomfortably hot, and therefore tend to use solar energy in order to ensure that there is a
comfortable and cool internal atmosphere. When it comes to space cooling, focus mostly is put
on air conditioners and refrigerators, which are connected to a particular electrical power supply
with an intention of cooling the air in the spaces. Huge solar radiations can allow individuals to
turn such power into solar electricity using photovoltaic cells in order to come up with the
electricity required for active cooling. Solar energy is necessary today for both solar cooling and
solar air conditioning. This objective focuses on helping the reader understand how a solar panel
system can be used in the generation of electricity for both solar cooling and solar air
conditioning.
2. To get a theoretical understanding of how the solar panels can be made more efficient
and be able to last longer while also producing enough amount of electricity
This objective focuses on increasing the efficiency of different solar panels. For every
project, durability is a fundamental aspect and therefore fundamental even for the solar industry.
Different research teams today have come up with a different way of improving the efficiency of
solar panels using light wavelengths that are often wasted since photovoltaic cells are unable to
capture them. This objective focuses on ensuring that our research works with a solar panel
system, which is able to allow a great deal of sunlight energy to be turned into the electricity that
is required in different operations. This project intends to look at a system whereby the sun is
able to heat the high-temperature material, which is a two-layer absorber device that is put over

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other PV cells. This study further intends to use a new and more efficient system, which has a
capacity of combining the different advantages associated with the use of a solar photovoltaic
system and other solar thermal systems already in place. However, the main reason behind
working with all such systems is to ensure the efficiency of the available system is high enough
to sustain the different needs associated with the roles of a solar panel. In improving the
efficiency of different solar panels, this study intends to have a look into the theoretical design of
the different surfaces of the solar thermo photovoltaic systems. Our study intends to further
explore the fabrication of different individual components for the possibility of integrating the
different individual systems in order to ensure that the system that we developed is fully efficient
and functional in nature. More so, it is fundamental to look into some previous research projects
that were earlier conducted in relation to the improvement of the efficiency of different solar
panel systems. Some researchers previously came up with an idea of using a unique absorber
emitter in developing a solar panel system in order to effectively identify the different parts of a
particular spectrum, which are greatly fundamental towards the success of an SRPV system.
Other researchers have gone ahead to turn the different spectral properties of the absorber
ammeter using the silicon dioxide photonic and the carbon nano-tubes crystals in order to
effectively target such properties and to ensure that the performance of the system is greatly
improved. Under this objective, this research study will explore all such options in order to come
up with the best system as far efficiency is concerned.
More so, we ought to remember the fact that the maximization of the efficiency of the
rate at which sunlight is converted into electricity has always been the primary goal for the
greatest part of the history of the solar power industry. Due to the fact that solar cells were too
difficult and expensive to develop or make, such systems were only used during unique and

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special applications. Among such applications included spacecraft, whereby the rate at which a
solar panel system performed was a very fundamental concept. Today, such a system has greatly
changed as a result of the introduction of the thin-film solar cells that have led to the shifting of
the focus from performance to both higher performance and lower costs. Solar panels today are
quite less expensive to make or manufacture, and therefore it is important for the industry to shift
its goal towards increasing the efficiency of such solar panels while maintaining low costs of
manufacturing such systems. Previous research projects have shown that most solar photovoltaic
cells, which are used for commercial purposes, are made using silicon. Making tandem solar
cells is one of the best ways of pushing the efficiency of solar systems higher. Previous research
further shows that silicon solar cells have an efficiency of around 2.6%.When an individual is
using one light-absorbing material, the system is associated with a theoretical limit of the
efficiency of 34%. On the other hand when two light-absorbing materials are utilized in the
tandem, the theoretical limit of the system is further extended to efficiency of 4%.This study,
therefore, intends to make research on the efficiency associated with the use a tandem solar cell
having two light-absorbing materials that is metal-halide perovskite and silicon. The potential as
far as such new material is concerned is that it can be manufactured at a lower cost in
comparison with other materials. Previous research developments lay a very good foundation for
the use of the silicon perovskite tandem solar cell in the solar panel system and can be the
starting point towards the development of highly efficient, but less costly solar cells for different
solar panel systems. All such possibilities will be explored under this research objective.
As far as producing the highest amount of electricity is concerned, the research needs to
focus on ensuring that more light is captured on a daily basis. This objective, therefore, shifts
towards exploring the different ways through which the greatest amount of light is captured on a

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daily basis in order to ensure the production of the highest amount of electricity. Improving
efficiency of different solar panels is one of the best ways towards reducing the costs associated
with a solar panel system. Such an aspect, therefore, means involving less hardware, less land,
and less labor. This study therefore, will involve a study and analysis of how the different solar
cell materials react to different incoming light in order to better understand why tandem cells are
able to offer an increased efficiency to deferent solar panel systems. Most existing solar panels
today are known for having a single absorbing material, most commonly silicon. There exists a
trade-off when it comes to making a choice of the band gap of the absorbing material used.
When the band gap is smaller, a wider range of energy that is received from the sun can be
obtained or absorbed, leading to the generation of a higher current .However, the existence of a
smaller band gap implies that electrical current will be extracted at a smaller voltage. Due to the
fact that electrical power is obtained through multiplying voltage with current, a sweet spot
exists. A smaller band gap and solar cell are associated with the production of a small voltage but
with a large current. Tandems have a capacity of minimizing such a trade-off. When two
different absorbers are used, it is possible for each absorber to specialize in a particular portion
or aspect of a solar spectrum other than an individual absorber, which is associated with the
entire solar spectrum. In this case, the first absorber undertakes the responsibility of all the
ultraviolet and the visible particles of photons or light. On the other hand, the second absorber,
which is underneath it, undertakes the responsibility of the different infrared photons. Working
with such highly specialized absorbers can be fundamental in minimizing the energy loss which
takes place when sunlight is lost into the atmosphere in form of heat other than an electric
current. Under such an arrangement, the metal halide perovskite is used as a first absorber in
order to capture the visible and ultraviolet light and the second absorber is made of silicon in

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order to ensure the infrared form of light is also captured. Under this objective, all such aspects
of ensuring that more light is captured using a solar energy system will be fully explored.
3. To gather data on how power can be obtained by means, such as solar heat and wind
energy while maintaining the application of renewable energy.
This research objective takes this study back to one of the main aspects of this research, which is
obtaining electricity using the heat obtained from the sun. However, this objective further puts
into consideration the aspect of ensuring that such energy is maintained and can be renewed for
use as much as possible without harming any potential effects on the environment. One of the
main problems that different users of solar energy have been facing today is the limited
renewable ability of the energy obtained from the sun. The solar energy that is tapped through a
solar panel system is greatly dependent on the amount of sun that a particular area is able to
receive within a given day. The higher the solar heat that an individual is able to obtain, the
higher the amount of electricity that will be generated on a daily basis. This objective rotates
around the ability of the user of a solar panel system to maintain a constant flow of solar energy
as much as one is interested. Today, different commercialized plats are using the sun's heat in
order to generate electricity. The sun is current the renewable energy source which is available in
great abundance. One of the most popular approaches that are used today involves the reflection
of the sunlight towards the top of a tower, which is centrally located using large arrays of the
heliostat. The heated fluid is further pumped towards a steam generator, whereby it is later
concentrated into a beam that is responsible for driving the turbine for electricity generation.
However, it is obvious that such a tower is costly to operate and the installation and management
of the pumps and the piping is very costly. In addition to the above, a separate system is required
by the power towers in order to store more heat that will be used later in case the sunlight is not

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available. Under such an objective, we need to explore new, better and more efficient ways in
which the sun's thermal energy can be captured and stored for future use. The rate at which the
sun's energy can be stored for future use can only be boosted through adopting better means of
storing such energy as the solar panel system consists collecting more heat for the conversion
into electrical energy.
Under this research objective, the study will further explore the idea concerning where
electricity goes the solar energy is transformed into electricity. After such energy is captured,
different solar cells collect it and then convert it into direct current. Such direct current further
flows into an inverter, a device that is responsible for transforming such current into alternating
current. Different electrical devices, in our offices and homes, use such current. Putting into
consideration such a process, it is obvious that we always need as much electricity as we can
since there are varied electronic devices that require such electricity. Such a concept further leads
to the exploration of the different possibilities through which all the remaining electricity that is
generated using solar energy can be kept for future use. Different systems are used today as
primary options for the storage of such electricity. Among these includes the on-grid systems, the
off-grid systems and the on-grid solar systems having a battery backup. Exploring all the
advantages and disadvantages associated with such systems implies that we currently have a
capacity of satisfying our respective demands when it comes to obtaining electricity using
different renewable sources of solar energy. However, it is also clear that the technology that is
available currently limits the capabilities that different solar plants have at their disposal when it
comes to storing as much energy as we can. This study will under this objective focus on
analyzing different solutions that can be employed in dealing with the current challenges or
obstacles that exist in relation to the low rates of efficiency of different residential photovoltaic