Solar Panel System: A Comprehensive Zero-Energy Project Report

This project delves into the design, analysis, and simulation of a solar panel system, with a focus on achieving net-zero energy consumption. The introduction highlights the growing importance of renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, in addressing climate change and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The problem statement emphasizes the need for efficient and cost-effective solar energy solutions. The research objectives include investigating the enhancement of cooling systems with solar energy, improving the efficiency and longevity of solar panels, and conducting an economic analysis of the proposed system. The literature review explores various aspects of solar energy, including passive cooling techniques, solar power generation, and solar thermal energy systems. The project covers detailed design considerations, the operation of the system, and different cooling methods. The analysis and simulation section evaluates the performance of the system, while the economic analysis assesses its financial viability. The project aims to develop a sustainable and efficient solar panel system, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy.

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SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM
By [Name]
Course
Professor’s Name
Institution
Location of Institution
Date

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Solar Panel System
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Problem Statement.......................................................................................................................5
Research Objectives.....................................................................................................................6
Review of literature.........................................................................................................................6
Passive cooling.............................................................................................................................9
Design details.............................................................................................................................12
Solar Power............................................................................................................................12
Solar Photovoltaic Panels System..........................................................................................13
A solar P.V. system................................................................................................................14
Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell.........................................................................................14
Photovoltaic Module..............................................................................................................15
Photovoltaic Panel..................................................................................................................16
Photovoltaic Array.................................................................................................................16
Operation of the System.............................................................................................................17
Cool breeze.............................................................................................................................18
Evaporation Cooling...............................................................................................................19
Earth Coupling.......................................................................................................................20
Achieving highly efficient solar panel systems......................................................................20
Solar Thermal Power..............................................................................................................21
Solar Thermal Energy System................................................................................................22
Analysis and simulation.................................................................................................................22
Economic analysis.........................................................................................................................23
Conclusions and Recommendations..............................................................................................23
References......................................................................................................................................25

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List of figures
Figure 1:Internal of Reaction of the solar energy.................................7
Figure 2: The operation or working of the Solar Panel system..............8
Figure 3: Australia’s Annual record of Energy Growth........................13
Figure 4: A solar P.V. system.....................................................................14
Figure 5: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell.............................................15
Figure 6: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell...............................................16
Figure 7: Solar Thermal Energy System......................................................22

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Introduction
In previous decades, the issue or problem of climate change has dramatically affected
different parts across the globe. Innovations such as the introduction of solar systems have come
up as a result of the need of the scientists to deal with various problems as far as climate changes
are concerned. Hootman (2011) shares that different types of renewable resources, including
fossils fuels, have significantly boosted expenditures, and are therefore very expensive to
manufacture in large quantities due to their limited or restricted quantity rates. This project
intends to deal with such a problem through developing an infrastructure that has a capacity of
operating on net-zero energy. In particular, the overall energy quantity that the source produces
ought to be equivalent to the total energy quantity that the constructions use. Scientists are facing
a serious problem as a result of their failure to generate secure and clean energy. The
development and utilization of zero energy buildings have the main aim of reducing the pollution
rates in the environment through restraining from contributing to it in any form. The use of
renewable energy sources such as the solar system is an essential strategy towards the regulation
of the climate hence minimizing environmental-related harms. Non-renewable energy sources
such as the solar energy panel system represent-electrical products, which ought to be recognized
as scientific, technological, and progressive advancements towards the improvement of the lives
of different people (Reeder, 2012).
A net-zero solar energy system is designed in such a manner that zero-energy techniques
are employed in the generation of energy. Different household appliances, house-cooling, and
heating systems (Maclay, 2015), use the above energy. A solar panel system that will be
developed in this project will be designed in such a manner that its own requirements could be

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enhanced by various external means of technology. The components of such a system ought to
be fully functional at a net-zero electricity level. This project will involve a discussion on the
primary uses of such techniques including their main contributions to the emissions of the
greenhouse gas, the previously made developments, and the fundamental changes in ensuring
that it is ultimately a zero energy household item.
Problem Statement
Today, there is a reduction in the overall amount of renewable energy resources.
Therefore, the last ten years of existence have significantly been fundamental for the per-watt
cost of the devices of solar energy. Therefore, solar power is bound to become economical as
years pass by since the developing technology is likely to influence its operation costs and
applications. Daily, the earth receives around 1366W of the sunlight. Therefore, such an energy
source is significantly unlimited, though it is not costly. The main advantage that solar energy
has over other sources such as the conventional power generator is that it can be directly
converted into solar energy through the utilization of P.V. solar cells. Today, many research
activities have been directed towards the combination of different energy processes of the Sun
through the development of the solar panels of models having a high rate of conversion. Solar
energy systems have the main advantage of being freely reachable in the community and their
availability in vast supply quantities in comparison to oils and fossils in existence. More so, solar
energy systems call for a considerably lower cost of operation, unlike the different conventional
systems of energy production. This research project will focus on the importance of creating a
zero-energy solar panel system and ensuring that different zero-energy methods are effectively
utilized following the project's location. Moreover, the project does not intend to dispute the
utilization of various electrical products in power generation as long as such products are not
primary contributors to the green gas in the environment (Attia, 2010).

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Research Objectives
The following are the objectives that were developed to achieve the development of a
completely sustainable zero-energy solar panel system
1. To gather and analyze information on how cooling systems can be enhanced with the use
of electricity through natural ways.
With the recent technological advancements, it is obvious that electricity is fundamental
in the operation of different cooling systems across the world. A discussion on cooling systems,
in this case, refers to the different coolers that are used in buildings across different States.
Specifically, this study will focus on five main cooling systems, among which includes the
central air conditioners, the room air conditioners, the state of Art cooling conditioners, the
ductless mini-split air conditioners and the evaporate coolers. Commonly, different buildings use
either the variable air volume systems having a package rooftops unit instead of the water source
heat pump systems. This study intends to examine the different cooling systems that are used in
different home and commercial buildings, and establish how such a solar panel system can be
enhanced to work efficiently with such cooling systems. In addition to the above, this objective
drives our research towards identifying the different means through which solar energy can be
modified in order to ensure highly efficient cooling systems in our respective homes or
buildings. Today, different States are shifting from fossil energy sources towards the use of solar
energy. Therefore, this study will focus a great deal of discussion on solar cooling, including the
different ways in which such a process can be boosted in our respective homes or commercial
buildings.
Solar cooling is one of the fundamental roles that renewable energy technologies are
playing in today's world in order to help different people cool their workplaces and homes at

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large. Today, the necessity of having air conditioning systems in our homes has greatly increased
more, especially in the hot States across the world. Moreover, sunshine is still available in
abundance across the globe; thus, solar cooling and solar energy have become intertwined
concepts today. Different people living in hot sunny climates find such temperatures
uncomfortably hot, and therefore tend to use solar energy in order to ensure that there is a
comfortable and cool internal atmosphere. When it comes to space cooling, focus mostly is put
on air conditioners and refrigerators, which are connected to a particular electrical power supply
with an intention of cooling the air in the spaces. Huge solar radiations can allow individuals to
turn such power into solar electricity using photovoltaic cells in order to come up with the
electricity required for active cooling. Solar energy is necessary today for both solar cooling and
solar air conditioning. This objective focuses on helping the reader understand how a solar panel
system can be used in the generation of electricity for both solar cooling and solar air
conditioning.
2. To get a theoretical understanding of how the solar panels can be made more efficient
and be able to last longer while also producing enough amount of electricity
This objective focuses on increasing the efficiency of different solar panels. For every
project, durability is a fundamental aspect and therefore fundamental even for the solar industry.
Different research teams today have come up with a different way of improving the efficiency of
solar panels using light wavelengths that are often wasted since photovoltaic cells are unable to
capture them. This objective focuses on ensuring that our research works with a solar panel
system, which is able to allow a great deal of sunlight energy to be turned into the electricity that
is required in different operations. This project intends to look at a system whereby the sun is
able to heat the high-temperature material, which is a two-layer absorber device that is put over

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other PV cells. This study further intends to use a new and more efficient system, which has a
capacity of combining the different advantages associated with the use of a solar photovoltaic
system and other solar thermal systems already in place. However, the main reason behind
working with all such systems is to ensure the efficiency of the available system is high enough
to sustain the different needs associated with the roles of a solar panel. In improving the
efficiency of different solar panels, this study intends to have a look into the theoretical design of
the different surfaces of the solar thermo photovoltaic systems. Our study intends to further
explore the fabrication of different individual components for the possibility of integrating the
different individual systems in order to ensure that the system that we developed is fully efficient
and functional in nature. More so, it is fundamental to look into some previous research projects
that were earlier conducted in relation to the improvement of the efficiency of different solar
panel systems. Some researchers previously came up with an idea of using a unique absorber
emitter in developing a solar panel system in order to effectively identify the different parts of a
particular spectrum, which are greatly fundamental towards the success of an SRPV system.
Other researchers have gone ahead to turn the different spectral properties of the absorber
ammeter using the silicon dioxide photonic and the carbon nano-tubes crystals in order to
effectively target such properties and to ensure that the performance of the system is greatly
improved. Under this objective, this research study will explore all such options in order to come
up with the best system as far efficiency is concerned.
More so, we ought to remember the fact that the maximization of the efficiency of the
rate at which sunlight is converted into electricity has always been the primary goal for the
greatest part of the history of the solar power industry. Due to the fact that solar cells were too
difficult and expensive to develop or make, such systems were only used during unique and

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special applications. Among such applications included spacecraft, whereby the rate at which a
solar panel system performed was a very fundamental concept. Today, such a system has greatly
changed as a result of the introduction of the thin-film solar cells that have led to the shifting of
the focus from performance to both higher performance and lower costs. Solar panels today are
quite less expensive to make or manufacture, and therefore it is important for the industry to shift
its goal towards increasing the efficiency of such solar panels while maintaining low costs of
manufacturing such systems. Previous research projects have shown that most solar photovoltaic
cells, which are used for commercial purposes, are made using silicon. Making tandem solar
cells is one of the best ways of pushing the efficiency of solar systems higher. Previous research
further shows that silicon solar cells have an efficiency of around 2.6%.When an individual is
using one light-absorbing material, the system is associated with a theoretical limit of the
efficiency of 34%. On the other hand when two light-absorbing materials are utilized in the
tandem, the theoretical limit of the system is further extended to efficiency of 4%.This study,
therefore, intends to make research on the efficiency associated with the use a tandem solar cell
having two light-absorbing materials that is metal-halide perovskite and silicon. The potential as
far as such new material is concerned is that it can be manufactured at a lower cost in
comparison with other materials. Previous research developments lay a very good foundation for
the use of the silicon perovskite tandem solar cell in the solar panel system and can be the
starting point towards the development of highly efficient, but less costly solar cells for different
solar panel systems. All such possibilities will be explored under this research objective.
As far as producing the highest amount of electricity is concerned, the research needs to
focus on ensuring that more light is captured on a daily basis. This objective, therefore, shifts
towards exploring the different ways through which the greatest amount of light is captured on a

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daily basis in order to ensure the production of the highest amount of electricity. Improving
efficiency of different solar panels is one of the best ways towards reducing the costs associated
with a solar panel system. Such an aspect, therefore, means involving less hardware, less land,
and less labor. This study therefore, will involve a study and analysis of how the different solar
cell materials react to different incoming light in order to better understand why tandem cells are
able to offer an increased efficiency to deferent solar panel systems. Most existing solar panels
today are known for having a single absorbing material, most commonly silicon. There exists a
trade-off when it comes to making a choice of the band gap of the absorbing material used.
When the band gap is smaller, a wider range of energy that is received from the sun can be
obtained or absorbed, leading to the generation of a higher current .However, the existence of a
smaller band gap implies that electrical current will be extracted at a smaller voltage. Due to the
fact that electrical power is obtained through multiplying voltage with current, a sweet spot
exists. A smaller band gap and solar cell are associated with the production of a small voltage but
with a large current. Tandems have a capacity of minimizing such a trade-off. When two
different absorbers are used, it is possible for each absorber to specialize in a particular portion
or aspect of a solar spectrum other than an individual absorber, which is associated with the
entire solar spectrum. In this case, the first absorber undertakes the responsibility of all the
ultraviolet and the visible particles of photons or light. On the other hand, the second absorber,
which is underneath it, undertakes the responsibility of the different infrared photons. Working
with such highly specialized absorbers can be fundamental in minimizing the energy loss which
takes place when sunlight is lost into the atmosphere in form of heat other than an electric
current. Under such an arrangement, the metal halide perovskite is used as a first absorber in
order to capture the visible and ultraviolet light and the second absorber is made of silicon in

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order to ensure the infrared form of light is also captured. Under this objective, all such aspects
of ensuring that more light is captured using a solar energy system will be fully explored.
3. To gather data on how power can be obtained by means, such as solar heat and wind
energy while maintaining the application of renewable energy.
This research objective takes this study back to one of the main aspects of this research, which is
obtaining electricity using the heat obtained from the sun. However, this objective further puts
into consideration the aspect of ensuring that such energy is maintained and can be renewed for
use as much as possible without harming any potential effects on the environment. One of the
main problems that different users of solar energy have been facing today is the limited
renewable ability of the energy obtained from the sun. The solar energy that is tapped through a
solar panel system is greatly dependent on the amount of sun that a particular area is able to
receive within a given day. The higher the solar heat that an individual is able to obtain, the
higher the amount of electricity that will be generated on a daily basis. This objective rotates
around the ability of the user of a solar panel system to maintain a constant flow of solar energy
as much as one is interested. Today, different commercialized plats are using the sun's heat in
order to generate electricity. The sun is current the renewable energy source which is available in
great abundance. One of the most popular approaches that are used today involves the reflection
of the sunlight towards the top of a tower, which is centrally located using large arrays of the
heliostat. The heated fluid is further pumped towards a steam generator, whereby it is later
concentrated into a beam that is responsible for driving the turbine for electricity generation.
However, it is obvious that such a tower is costly to operate and the installation and management
of the pumps and the piping is very costly. In addition to the above, a separate system is required
by the power towers in order to store more heat that will be used later in case the sunlight is not

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available. Under such an objective, we need to explore new, better and more efficient ways in
which the sun's thermal energy can be captured and stored for future use. The rate at which the
sun's energy can be stored for future use can only be boosted through adopting better means of
storing such energy as the solar panel system consists collecting more heat for the conversion
into electrical energy.
Under this research objective, the study will further explore the idea concerning where
electricity goes the solar energy is transformed into electricity. After such energy is captured,
different solar cells collect it and then convert it into direct current. Such direct current further
flows into an inverter, a device that is responsible for transforming such current into alternating
current. Different electrical devices, in our offices and homes, use such current. Putting into
consideration such a process, it is obvious that we always need as much electricity as we can
since there are varied electronic devices that require such electricity. Such a concept further leads
to the exploration of the different possibilities through which all the remaining electricity that is
generated using solar energy can be kept for future use. Different systems are used today as
primary options for the storage of such electricity. Among these includes the on-grid systems, the
off-grid systems and the on-grid solar systems having a battery backup. Exploring all the
advantages and disadvantages associated with such systems implies that we currently have a
capacity of satisfying our respective demands when it comes to obtaining electricity using
different renewable sources of solar energy. However, it is also clear that the technology that is
available currently limits the capabilities that different solar plants have at their disposal when it
comes to storing as much energy as we can. This study will under this objective focus on
analyzing different solutions that can be employed in dealing with the current challenges or
obstacles that exist in relation to the low rates of efficiency of different residential photovoltaic

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systems. Lastly, wind energy will further be looked into under this objective. Just like solar
energy, wind energy is also a renewable king of energy that has no negative impacts on the
environment. Wind power refers to the process of electricity creation using airflows of the wind,
which takes place naturally on the earth. This study, therefore, will explore other renewable
means of power generation that cannot endanger the environment we live in today.
Scope
This project will cover different concepts as far as a solar panel system is concerned.
Among these includes the different solar panel types, their operations, applications, ways of
promoting the importance of solar energy, and many others. The authors will focus the
discussion on the zero energy solar systems, including its design details, analysis and simulation,
economic analysis and many other concepts.
Review of literature
The energy that exists in the form of radiations and heat is known as solar energy.
Through technology, electricity is generated from the heat and radiant light that is obtained from
the Sun. Technology such as the molten salt power plant, solar heating, solar architecture, and
others played significant roles in the generation of solar energy. The enormous amount of solar
power that is obtained today is an excellent source of electricity, which is used today. As the
landmasses absorb the rest of energy, the clouds, and the ocean, solar radiation is received back
to space. The above can be illustrated in Fig 1 below.
Figure 1: Internal of Reaction of the solar energy

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Source:(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
320226399_A_Review_Paper_on_Electricity_Generation_from_Solar_Energy)
Working of the Solar Energy system
In a solar energy system, P.V. cells have a function of converting the tapped Sunlight into
Direct Current Electricity. In addition to the above, the Charge controller operates as a control
system of the power, which is obtained from the solar panel to prevent the damage of the Panel.
The battery system, on the other hand, operates as an electric power storage device that the solar
uses in storing power when the sunlight is not available. The Panel is then connected to an
inverter, which plays a vital role in converting the obtained Direct Current into an Alternating
Current as illustrated in figure 2 below.
Figure 2:The operation or working of the Solar Panel system

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Source :(
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320226399_A_Review_Paper_on_Electricity_Generati
on_from_Solar_Energy)
Having understood how a solar power system operates, it is exceedingly fundamental for
researchers to devise different ways in which the rate at which electricity is consumed is
minimized. The above is based on the fact that people today consume a lot of power in
performing their daily duties and activities. To reduce the electricity consumption rates in
society, it is fundamental for a zero-energy solar panel to be built to reduce the operation costs of
electricity. Different researchers, organizations and higher institutions of learning have put a lot
of focus towards the development of a solar panel system, which is less expensive and requires
additional electricity costs in keeping both the commercial buildings and the residential houses
cool even during hot weather conditions. Among the different groups, the MIT researchers
developed a solar panel design, which allows the cooling of such buildings without using fossil

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fuels in generating power. Handy and affordable materials were employed in the development of
such a solar panel system. Therefore, passive solar heating can be considered an important
method that can be used in cooling the building's interior. Therefore, it is instrumental in the
construction of a zero energy building. Such a solar panel system, therefore, does not require any
human-made materials, but rather climate and environmental-related materials. In coming up
with such a system, the identification of the climate zone is a fundamental step or concept. In
some states such as Australia, heating is significantly required more, especially during winter
times. Passive design is therefore employed to maintain a proper balance as far as the energy use
is concerned. A solar energy system can be designed in such a manner that it cools even the
different residential systems in States such as Australia.
Passive cooling
Passive cooling refers to the system of cooling of a building, which is beneficial both
environmentally and financially. The different materials that are utilized in such a process mostly
rely on the area's climate. Passive cooling is commonly used in areas having warm and humid
climates. The primary heat loss maximization sources include cooling breezes, air movement,
earth coupling, and evaporation.
The usability of the energy of the Sun was made possible through the introduction of the
photoelectric instrument, which facilitated the improvement of the sun-oriented Cell. Such a cell
is a semi-conductive tool or material, which is known for its ability to change the energy in the
form of light into current. Through the utilization of the different sunlight based clusters, Sun
based cells, and a D.C. voltage can be produced. Sunlight based clustering, also known as boards
is employed progressively as different efficiencies are received at very high levels. However,

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such clusters are highly prevalent in remote areas where power line positions are not reasonable
in a momentary manner (Rizk&Chaiko, 2008)
Rizk&Chaiko (2008) share that the most commonly used power systems are the wind and
hydro kinds. However, solar power is fairly being used in different areas across the world. Such
an assertion is attributed to the high costs of sun-oriented cells together with their low rate of
change effectiveness. Today, sunlight based form of power is a greatly studied concept. Focus is
further put on Sun oriented vitality costs. New advancements in such a field are expected, and
such cases can be supported by the recent developments concerning titanium oxide cells (Singh,
2013). Eldin, AbdElhady, &Kandil, (2016) share that as a result of the average productivity level
of 15-20% and the facility effectiveness of 32%, it is fundamental to recoup a great deal of
vitality as a conceivable element from a robust framework which is sunlight based. Such a
discussion puts into consideration the need for lessening the different misfortunes associated
with the inverter, light assembling, and stockpiling.
Pingel et al. (2010) share that light assembling is a critical aspect, which is subjected to
the light source's frequency edge. Such a light source can be the Sun, which is empowering the
powdered surface of the Cell. The closer the surface is to the giving force, the highly prominent
the power obtained. In a scenario whereby the sun oriented board is at the ground level, the
daylight utilized has a frequency edge that is nearly 90 degrees both during the morning hours
and the night hours (Pingel et al., 2010).In scenarios of such an advantage, the zero light
gathering capacity exists, and it comes about under no yield at all. As the day continues
progressing towards the late hours of a morning, a zero degree point of occurrence is obtained
leading to a highly consistent power increment until a level whereby there is an opposite light

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episode towards the board, and a tremendous amount of power is achieved (Yuvarajan&Xu,
2003).
Through the tilting of the board to ensure that it remains to confront the Sun, such high
power is accomplished. The process of the tracking of the Sun is referred to as Solar Tracking.
Researchers have come up to share that knowledge concerning the tilting of the Sun is
fundamental in the successful pursuance of the Sun.J. Rizk, and Y. Chaiko discussed that
different methods could be used in ensuring the successful tilting of the Sun. Such ways are
essential when it comes to the positioning of different solar panels while tracking the Sun.
To minimize the costs of operation, the authors devised a method whereby the
positioning of the solar panel is associated with a lot of energy and can increase the power
obtained by at least 20%. Among the methods, the author shared includes the solar tracking
method. The least complicated approach, in this case, makes use of a Light Dependent Resistor
to detect different changes in the power of light on the resistor. Various methods and techniques
exist today, and they are known for their ability to use two different phototransistors that are
secured with a small plate to operate, as the day light's shield. In the morning times, the tracker
works in express A unlike its operation of the previous days. The left phototransistor then turns
on causing a sign that endlessly turns the engine until the tracker is restored to state B by the
shadow from the plate.
Yeh (2015) shares that such a reality that leads to the recognition of the sun-oriented cells
as detection gadgets. Krauter (2004) further discusses different concepts concerning sun-oriented
cells. He shares that in an arrangement where the sun-oriented cells having an inverse bearing,
they can obtain an equivalent daylight measure as the frequency point, irrespective of the fact

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that there is no equivalence of 90 degrees. The last operation stage involves the coupling of the
hardware being used onto the engine and then having it mounted onto the section. Such a system
is made of a Slate of 9.55 Watts that is Sun-powered in nature. More so, it is composed of
polycrystalline silicon, which is designed in such a way that it is mounted on the ribs.
Design details
Solar Power
The system operates using the energy that is obtained from the light and the heat of the
Sun, also known as solar energy. Such energy that is collected is further transformed into
electricity or sometimes used for other functions such as the heating of the water, air and many
other different substances in the air, to produce solar power that is later utilized in the
manufacture of different solar fuels, such as hydrogen. As far as this system is concerned, a zero
energy house is achieved through renewable energy. ARENA (2019) research discusses that
solar energy photovoltaic panels were introduced in the year 2017 across different parts of the
world. The 398 Giga Watt panel was the first Panel to be introduced across the globe. Different
people know the reduced costs associated with the different solar photovoltaic panels for their
role in the increment of the utilization of solar energy every year in comparison to other means
of generating power. According to research, 3.1% of electricity in Australia was obtained using
the solar P.V. system in the year 2016. Currently, over 21% of the houses in Australia are
utilizing the solar power systems, which are installed at their respective power tops to generate
power for different household purposes. (ARENA, 2019). Therefore, there has been an increment
in the power generated across different parts of the world using Solar P.V. panels, as seen in
figure 3 below.
Figure 3: Australia’s Annual record of Energy Growth

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Source: https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/australian_energy_update_2018.pdf
Solar Photovoltaic Panels System
A solar P.V. system of power generation is a system that is known for its transformation
of the Sun's obtained sunlight into electricity through the utilization of different components. The
main components are that the system includes the inverter, the solar panels, the electricity meter,
switchboard, the battery system, and the electricity grid. For a building, the solar panel system is
placed at the rooftop to allow it to receive light without any obstructions and to allow the
generation of sunlight into direct current electricity. The amount of power generated through the
solar energy system is affected by the quantity of the number of panels used. The Direct Current
obtained is then converted into Alternating Current electricity using an inverter to ensure that
different home appliances are operated easily. The Alternating Current generated is further
supplied to many other electrically operated housing appliances through the Switchboard. The
system further uses the electricity meter to enable correct calculations of the overall amount of
electricity to establish whether the power generated by the solar P.V. system is either less or in

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excess. In a situation where the heat produced is in excess, such heat is allowed to go through the
electricity grid while in case of less power; the electricity grid is used to receive the required
energy. The electricity grid, in this case, represents the primary electricity source that private
companies of the government itself supply. Therefore, the connection of a network to the system
requires approval from the State's distributor of electricity. A battery system plays a vital role in
charging the power and therefore allowing the storage of energy in a situation where excess
power is generated. The above has been demonstrated in figure 4 below.
Figure 4: A solar P.V. system
Source:
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/solar_electricity/basics/how_pv_system_works.htm
Modeling of the P.V. panel system
Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell
In the modeling of this system, the solar cells are known for converting the solar radiation
obtained from the Sun directly into the required electricity. Such a cell is composed of different
types of semiconductor materials. The primary examples of such a cell include the negative

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charge and the positive charge kinds as demonstrated in figure 5 below. When the photons are
absorbed from the sunlight by the photons, different electrons are detached or knocked off the
atoms of silicon. More so, they are drawn off the metal conductor's grid, causing direct current to
flow. A typical solar cell is made of very many chemicals (Sukhatme, 2016)
Figure 5: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell
Source :(
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320226399_A_Review_Paper_on_Electricity_Generati
on_from_Solar_Energy)
Photovoltaic Module
A PV module is composed of a solar cell circuit that is laminated and that is
environmentally protective in nature seals or covers. Such a module is instrumental as far as the
P.V. system's building block is concerned. Such modules have sizes ranging from 60W to around
170W.In most occasions; different P.V. modules are organized in parallel and in series to meet
the different energy-related requirements (Madhugiri&Karale, 2012)

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Photovoltaic Panel
The photovoltaic Panel includes at least one P.V. module, which is assembled either as a
field instable unit or as a pre-wind. As far as this kind of Panel is concerned, series connections
are used as panel PV CELL. Such solar panels are composed of individuals P.V. cells that are
well connected, as seen in figure 6 below (Gupta et-al, 2009).
Figure 6: Solar Cell or the Photovoltaic Cell
Source :(
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320226399_A_Review_Paper_on_Electricity_Generati
on_from_Solar_Energy)
Photovoltaic Array
The photovoltaic Array consists of various P.V. cells that are connected both in parallel
and in series. Different series connections are intended to elevate or increase the module's

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voltage while the parallel connection plays a role of promoting or improving the Array's current.
Such an array is known for its ability to generate power of 180W during the times of full
sunshine. The larger the Array's total surface areas, the more electricity that the Array produces
(Patel, 2015)
Design data
The solar building's design will consider a number of factors before it is fully
implemented for use under this research paper. This design will put into consideration the entire
system as a whole, including consideration of the different ways in which all the other
components will be able to operate together so that the PV system effectively fits within the
specific building.
Roof Mounted Photovoltaic Power System
Our PV system will supply the building with usable solar power using photovoltaic. The
system will include a group of components, among which includes the solar panels, the solar
inverter, and other electrical accessories. A tracking system will be used in tracking the overall
performance of the system and it will include a charge controller.

Solar Panel System 25
Block Diagram of the PV Solar System
Pre-engineered PV systems
Under this particular design, each component will be matched and sized so that the entire
system is able to optimally operate. In order to address such a concern, different components will
be required to work together as a single unit. Irrespective of the fact that the different pre-
engineering systems may never be associated with a flawless system, the different concerns in
respect to specification and compatibility of the individualized components will fully be
addressed up front
PV Modules and Building Design
The builder or the PV designer in this case will put into consideration the building and
the PV system to operate as a single system. The PV arrays will be located putting into
consideration the building's aesthetics. In addition to the above, the modules will be effectively
located so that the features of the building such as the overhangs and the gables are unable to
shade the modules. Such an aspect implies locating the array at the building's roof at a closer
position towards the ridge. Particularly, the builder in this case will design a south facing roof as
far as the array is concerned in order to ensure optimum production of power.

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Design Resources.
Printed References
Various good references and resources will be helped in providing highly in-depth
discussions of the system design's technical aspects. The main design references that will be
considered include;
“Photovoltaic: Design and Installation Manual, Solar Energy International (SEI), 2007.”
Such a design manual is composed of guidelines, worksheets, and considerations, which
are fundamental in the wiring and sizing of different solar arrays, the inverters, battery systems
and other related system components. However, it is fundamental to be cautioned about the fact
that such a manual puts a strong focus on the off grid systems, putting special emphasis on
different grid connected systems. Such a resource can be found at
http://www.solarenergy.org/bookstore/photovoltaicsdesign-installation-manual.
Another fundamental resource in this case is the "Photovoltaic Systems Engineering,
Roger A. Messenger and Jerry Ventre, Second Edition, CRC Press, New York, NY, 2004."
Such a resource is an engineering text, which contains detailed practical information as
far as the different PV systems, and components are concerned. More so, it consists of
information on the grid connections, mounting and many other fundamental issues. The resource
consists of topics discussed in a detailed manner in comparison to the SEI reference earlier on
discussed.
Distributors

Solar Panel System 27
Distributors are very important resources as far as the development of such a design is
concerned. Distributors will be used in sizing and selecting the main components of the system's
design putting into consideration the basic description of the site. However, the installer will be
responsible for the wire sizing.
Software tools
Various software tools are present online. Among these includes the PVWatts™ and
RETScreen®. All such tools will be fundamental resources for this project's design. Solar
System's design
Composition of the design

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Such a design is composed of a solar controller, a solar panel, and a battery bank. In case
the output power obtained is around AC 220V or 110V, an individual will be required to
configure a particular inverter.
Calculation on Solar Panels
This calculation will be used in obtaining the total number of solar panels that is required
in sourcing the total current required for charging the battery
IPV=Ei/ (V*H)
Whereby;
IC Value that will be used is 45.98
Ei= represents the overall inverter’s input energy,
V = represents the system’s voltage = 12V
H = represents the peak sunshine hour, the average
H = 5hrs.
Therefore, Ipv= 4395.06/ (12 x 5)
= 73.25Amperes.
For compensating for the losses associated with the solar panel’s inefficiency, 20% of Ipv is
further added so that: Ipv= 73.25 + (0.2 x 73.25) = 87.9A.
Having the solar panel with the above rating, the peak or open circuit voltage, VP = 17.3V

Solar Panel System 29
Peak power, PP=Ipv*Vp=87.9A x 17.3V = 1520.67W
Total solar panel number required= 1520.67/120 = 12.67
Therefore,every system requires approximately 13 panels
Inverter Rating Calculation
The system cannot work with an inverter that is loaded to over 75% of its rating. Therefore, it is
advisable that that design be formed in such a way that only 75% of the inverter rating is utilized.
Let IR be the rating of the inverter, and by using CED which represents the overall load energy
demand 75% of IR= CED
0.75 IR = 3955.55
IR =3955.55/0.75 = 5274.07VA
IC Value: 45.98
Charge Controller Calculation
The charge controller has its ratings in Amperes. Therefore, its rating is dependent on the overall
photovoltaic current, Ipv
To prevent overloading, 20% of I PV is always added in form of an allowance.
Charge controller rating = Ipv+ (20% of Ipv)
= 87.9 + (0.2 x 87.9) = 105.48A

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Therefore, the design will use two charge controllers, each having a rating 60A
Graph showing our anticipated daily energy output throughout the year
Graph Showing our system’s capacity throughout the year

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We anticipate a nominal power output of 123kWP.As a result of numerous factors such as the
weather condition, PV modules and system losses, irradiance, isolation, and the inverters, the
system's overall power capacity will be reduced.
System's sizing
The first step towards understanding the PV system's sixing process is the determination
of the consumption demands of such solar power. Such an aspect includes establishing the
energy and power consumption of all the different loads that ought to be supplied by used solar
PV system
Calculating the overall Watt-hours per day for every appliance utilized

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Such a figure is obtained through adding the Watt-hours required for all the different
appliances required together in order to obtain the overall Watt-hours for every specific day, high
ought to be delivered to the different appliances
Calculating the total Watt-hours required for the PV modules on a daily basis
Such a figure is obtained through multiplying the overall appliances Watt-hours per day
with 1.3 in order to obtain the overall Watt-hours per day that ought to be provided by the
different panels.
Operation of the System
The system operates in such a way that the infrared range of light is allowed to be emitted
and thus passed out into the atmosphere.
Furthermore, such heat is radiated through different greenhouse gases into the outer
space. To avoid such direct sunlight, the sunrays coming from the Sun are blocked using the
metal strip, and therefore it falls directly onto the intended building. Such a design is made in
such a way that the interior of the building is allowed to cool down to around 20 degrees, which
is below the ambient temperature level. Such a design has been put into implementation in
different structures, and cool different buildings to about 6 degrees (Mohammad et al., 2015)
know it for its ability
Various materials that were utilized during the creation of such a passive system involved
the utilization of the plastic film, the white paint, and some insulation. Insulation is fundamental
since it helps the light coming from the infrared light to pass through hence leading to the
automatic cooling of the building. However, the system is associated with some limitations.
Among such restrictions is the atmosphere's humidity. Humidity is a limiting factor since it has a

Solar Panel System 33
capacity of blocking some of the infrared, which is emitted through the air. In areas such as
Australia, having many oceans and beaches, only a 20 Degree Celsius cooling level can be
achieved. Different innovations are being introduced to improve such a system. However, it is
still genuinely challenging to establish the different ways of developing an insulation strategy so
that it does not highly heat up as a result of the surrounding air. Another main challenge that is
being faced in working with such a system is the fact that it is profoundly challenging to find a
material that is infrared transparent.
One of the most significant components or aspect as far as uninvolved cooling is
concerned is their development. Such development allows the cooling of different individuals
through the process of expanding dissipation, and it utilizes both the breeze fans and catch for
the operation of back up, more especially during calm conditions. On the other hand, it cools
different structures through the warmth of the structures using the warmed air and its
replacement with air, which is quite cooler than the warm one. In addition to the above, moving
air further convey the warmth obtained from the warmed air to different mechanical cooling
framework where it is later evacuated and heated by the warmth siphons. Such a system calls for
a well-structured opening such as the vents, the entryways and the windows (Sharma et-al, 2015)
In different atmospheres, air development is a fundamental concept as far as the cooling
of individuals is concerned. However, such a process is likely to be less potent during high dump
times. A 0.5m/s velocity likens to around a temperature of 3 degree Celsius at a half general
stickiness. Such a concept is an erratic physiological cooling effect, which results from the
attraction of the warmth from the given body to vanish the sweat. The skin is further opened to
the dryer air through air development. In cases of expanded velocities, cooling at lower

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stickiness is not allowed. However, velocities that extend to over 1.0m/s have a capacity of
building evaporative cooling in the existence of higher moisture.
Cool breeze
In a scenario where cooling breezes are obtained from the atmosphere, one of the basic
requirements is the amplification of such a course through the building of the home. Unlike the
fresh air of the night, such breezes are likely to occur during late evenings or the early hours of
the night. Different chilly winds operate best in open arrangements or in restricted situations.
Cold winds operate best under accessible arrangements or thin formats and are primarily
dependent on the winds gaseous tension differentials. The breezes, on the other hand, create such
differentials. Different beachfront breezes can be associated with the inland bearing. In bumpy or
uneven zones, chill breezes are known for causing the frequent streaming of the valleys and the
slants in early mornings and late nights. Such a process occurs as the warmth, which is
transmitted to the crisp evening skies, therefore, causing flows, cools the landmass and cool air
ebbs. For the different inland zones, warm streams are regular, and they are created as a result of
the day-to-day cooling and warming. Regularly, such warm flows are associated with a brief
length during night hours and early mornings, though they can be related to significant cooling
advantages.
Evaporation Cooling
As water evaporates from a given surface, a lot of warmth is drawn from the surrounding
air. Dissipation is one of the latest techniques of cooling surfaces irrespective of the fact that it
operates best under a lower rate of relative dampness. Such an assertion is based on the fact that
air has a tremendous noteworthy capacity to absorb water vapor. Water, lakes, and pools include
the building's yards, or outside windows can be pre-cool air that enters the house. Convective
breezes can be made from different deliberately obtained highlights of water. The water's surface

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region that is presented to moving air is hugely significant. The Cascades, fog splashes, and
wellsprings can build vanishing rates. For inland areas and drier atmospheres, different
mechanical evaporative coolers are highly standard. Such an assertion is based on the fact that
such areas have a low relative moistness. More so, they employ less vitality in comparison to the
refrigerated air systems and therefore operate best with windows and entryways fully open. Their
rates of water utilization can be hugely significant.
Earth Coupling
The earth coupling process of warm mass that is shielded or protected from the outer
boundaries of temperature maintain different temperatures of the surface ground at the lower
level during the day hours. More so, such temperature later cools down during night hours.
Different encompasses which are concealed ineffectively can cause the earth temperatures to
surpass the levels of inward solace for different zones. In such a situation, a viral risk can be
stood as a result of the earth-coupled chunk. For States such as Australia, there are fluctuations
as fast as the soil, and the ground temperatures are concerned. In order to retain or maintain
different household warmth gains, stable temperatures with lower profundities utilize stable
ground temperatures.
Achieving highly efficient solar panel systems
Leading solar technologies came into implementation in the 1960s and the 1970s, and
mono-crystalline and the multi-crystalline technologies first invented them. Such a time, various
techniques have been developed concerning solar panel systems, and among which includes the
ribbon system. Solar panels have been gaining popularity for the last decade, and researchers
have focused their innovativeness towards the establishment of solar energy technologies that are
more environmentally friendly. Technologies such as Nanotechnologies have had numerous
innovations with the intention of ensuring that they achieve the highest efficiency in the photon

Solar Panel System 36
particle absorption. Putting into consideration the different materials used in designing of such
cells, they are likely to be associated with numerous functions including the conversion of solar
energy towards mechanical energy, and many other forms of energy. In the research that was
conducted by Perminova and Laratte, zinc acetate was utilized during the experiment instead of
the solid base having acetone, water, and ethanol as solvents. More so, the researchers further
went ahead to establish the impacts of each photon cell towards the environment irrespective of
the fact that such a field requires more improvements as far as the different environmental-
related factors are concerned. The photovoltaic system is associated with minimum funds and
risks about their installation.
Similarly, the research conducted by Jonathan Shieber (2019) shares that different
companies from Redwood City, England and Oxford are focusing their research towards the
introduction of a new solar system or technology known as the perovskitecell. Such technology
is anticipated to present today's solar energy generation rate. In such technique, tin halide
materials, and the hybrid organic, inorganic lead materials are utilized as the active layer. Such
new technology is known for converting the light energy obtained into electricity power at lower
operation costs, in comparison to the already existing technology. The crystalline films employ a
combination of cheap salts, and therefore it can be made more affordable hence generating a
higher percentage of electricity in comparison to solar panels, which are made of silicon.
Solar Thermal Power
The solar thermal power system is known as a process that involves concentrating and
collecting sunlight with the intention of generation high temperatures for electricity generation.
In a general sense, a solar energy collector is fundamental components for all the solar thermal
power systems that play an essential role of capturing the sunlight using the reflector, and are

Solar Panel System 37
later focused onto the Panel's receiver before being transferred to the heated fluid to facilitate the
production of steam. Such steam is further transformed to form mechanical energy in the power
generator's turbine hence facilitating the production of electricity. In addition to the above, such a
system includes a sun tracking system, which plays a vital role in following tracking the Sun
throughout the day hence facilitating higher rates of electricity production as seen in figure 7.
More so, the system has a thermal energy storage system that plays a fundamental role of
promoting the healing of the energy storage system using the solar collector system during
daytime is hence allowing electricity production even during cloudy weather conditions and
night hours (EIA 2019).
Figure 7: Solar Thermal Energy System
Source :( https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=solar_thermal_power_plants)

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Analysis and simulation
Just like many solar energy systems, such a system is expected to save energy costs for
different households by at least 20%. Such a system can be used even in highly remote areas as
far as there is sunlight. The installation process of such a system is more natural since no cords
or wires are required. The fact that the solar panel is installed on the rooftop implies that no new
space is needed for its construction. Both commercial and domestic users can generate their
electricity for different functions or purposes. Therefore, such energy sources eco-friendly,
renewable, and available at no costs. The fact that the system is made of different moving parts
implies that the user does not require additional fuel to produce power. Neither fuel nor water is
needed in such a case. However, users need to be aware of the fact that energy generation as far
as this system is concerned is impossible in a situation where the Sun does not shine.
Moreover, its initial costs are very high, hence making it costly to some of its users. Such
an assertion is backed up by the fact that Alternating Current Application requires both storage
and an inverter. Such a system can, turn out to be time and energy consuming, hence technically
challenging in nature. However, such a solar energy system is associated with various
applications, including evaporation, electricity, water heating, food cooking, and the cooling of
different buildings.
As far as solar radiation is concerned, we ought to be aware of the fact that maximum
radiations can be achieved only when we place the solar collector, which is also known as the
photovoltaic module at the right angle in relation to the rays of the sunlight. The module or the
collector releases less solar energy in case a different angle exists between the sun's rays and its
position. Therefore, the solar energy's tilting angle is dependent on the site latitude and the
necessary use or application for which it is intended to serve. Solar panels in the application are

Solar Panel System 39
installed on a tracking rack, or sometimes on a fixed rack. The fixed racks are further installed
and tilted continuously at a position or angle, which is equivalent to the site's latitude throughout
the entire year whereby the collector continues to face the sun. The collector's position is only
suitable when the sun is present in the mid sky or in a scenario whereby it is the spring and falls
season. In both winter and summer seasons, the overall energy that such a system is able to
collect is far less due to the fact that the sun is able to change altitude during summer times and
its clouds change in winter times. However, we need to recognize the fact that during such
conditions, the average energy collected in a year can be, maximized through the adjustment of
the solar panel's position.
In addition to the above, the overall solar energy collected can undergo increment
through the use of the Sun tracking mechanism on the photovoltaic modules which are also
known as the solar collectors. Therefore, such a scenario leads to the harnessing of the higher
annual power output. Irrespective of the fact that the costs of installation associated with such a
kind of sun-tracking mechanism are quite expensive in nature, such an arrangement turns out to
be cost-effective when utilized for a longer period since the rate of power production is higher
throughout the entire year. Two kinds of solar tracking systems exist in the commercial market.
Among these includes the dual-axis and the single-axis tracking designs. The single-axis kind of
tracker follows the west or the east movement of the Sun's movement while the dual-axis tracker
is known for its ability to tilt the solar collector in accordance to the sun's position in relation to
the earth.
Diagram showing a Fixed Rack Solar Panel and a Sun Tracking Solar Panel

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Research further reveals that two different types of solar collectors exist in today's market. Such
solar collectors are differentiated depending on the concentration mirror plates they use, which
are fundamental in understanding the rightful solar panel that an individual can choose in order
to ensure the high rate of electricity production. The first type of solar collector, which can be
considered, is the non-concentrating collector, which is known for its collector's stationary
position whereby the incident radiation's absorption and interception are done around the same
area. The second kind of a solar collector is comprised of a concentrating solar collector that has
a tracking mechanism of the sun where a great amount of radiation can be obtained using a
smaller receiving area. More so, such a collector has an optical element and the sun's daily
tracking process keeps the maximum solar flux at the focus. The ratios of light concentration can
be obtained through the measurement of the average light flux, which is incident on the solar
collector from the sun at the unit area of the earth's surface. Various advantages exist in regards
to the concentrating collectors. Such collectors have a capacity of being operated at higher
temperature levels having greater efficiencies in comparison to the stationary kind of collector,
irrespective of the fact that the concentrating process for such different collectors is costly in

Solar Panel System 41
nature. More so, the conventional solar collector's additional optical device is fundamental in
different aspects since it allows the obtaining of a wide range of concentration ratios, starting
from unity to over 10000 suns. Such a fact helps in the increment of the overall heat collected
and the operational temperature for any particular area having higher thermodynamic efficiency
levels. The heat lost through the convectional process can be minimized or reduced using the
concentrating collector by the reduction of the surface area at play to focus radiation.
Diagram of a Concentration Photovoltaic Solar Cell
Economic analysis
Research data provided on the system clearly shows that it is a financial strategy of
saving some money that would otherwise be used on other forms of energy. Such a policy
protects users from additional energy costs by about 20%. The system can easily be installed,
and therefore, additional installation costs are avoided.

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Energy has always been one of the greatest factors as far as the progress of human beings
is concerned. Today, individuals are shifting the focus from other energy sources towards
nonrenewable sources more especially the use of fossil fuels and other renewable energy sources.
However, the production speed of such renewable energy sources is lower than the rate at which
the public demands such energy. Today, fossil fuels supply around 85% of the overall energy,
which is used across the world. Current evidence shows that the dependence of people on fossils
fuels will continue increasing with the current increment in the greenhouse emissions of gas,
global warming, air pollution and therefore leading to very serious environmental disasters. For
very many decades, different people for very many reasons have used electricity. Electricity is
one of the versatile kinds of energy, which can easily be transported and controlled. The unique
feature associated with electricity has made the public to strongly rely on it for various
applications in the current world. The rate of electricity consumption has been increasing since
the year 1949.While there has been an increment in the prices of energy as a result of the higher
power consumption; the available sources of energy have been decreasing constantly. As a result
of the increasing rate of consumption of electric power and its associated prices, various
researchers have directed their energy towards establishing cheaper, better, and cleaner ways of
electricity generation. In addressing such issues, renewable sources of energy have been adopted.
Renewable or alternative sources of energy, in this case, refers to the kind of energy which can
be obtained from geothermal, rivers, bio fuel, sun, wind, and many other sources. Favorable
features associated with renewable energy sources has made the government put in place
necessary procedures towards the utilization of such sources of energy. A case example can be
taken from the fact that after the 1973 oil embargo, the renewable source of energy that was

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initially considered technologically immature and very expensive became a strong element in the
United States of America.
Solar energy today is one of the main sources of renewable solar energy resource. 1400
J/m2·s energy is radiated from the sun to the earth, and it is considered to be over half of the
overall energy which is used worldwide. Apart from the fact that such a source of energy is
available in abundance, it is well distributed and clean for use across the world. The important
concept, in this case, is developing the best means of harvesting such kind of energy in an
optimum manner. Photovoltaic systems which play a fundamental role of converting the sun's
light to electricity and it is, therefore, one of the commonest ways of ensuring solar energy is
used. PV is one of the fastest-growing energy technologies across the world, and the existing
installed capacity receives a 50GW of new capacities on an annual basis. In addition to the
above, PV is associated with many other fundamental features and among these includes energy
transmission avoidance, solar energy production and the removal of energy losses. Today, we
consider PV to be the greatest renewable energy type, which can be utilized with minimal
negative impacts on the environment.
After Edmond Becquerel discovered the PV effect in the year 1839, different researchers
came up and put a strong focus on ensuring that the efficiency of their solar cells is increased
through shifting to other materials. Moreover, irrespective of such material, research has shown
that a decrement in the temperature of the PV system's temperature can result in a great
increment in its efficiency. Other authors share that the use of the multi-junction kind of solar
cells can lead to over three times power in comparison to the conventional kind of systems. As

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far as such a scenario is concerned, scientists had the main intention of ensuring that the
maximum amount of power is generated without putting into considering the financial aspects of
such a fact. However, economic issues are also a fundamental aspect of PV systems. The costs
associated with the use of solar panels are one of the main drawbacks that prevent such a system
from correct market anticipations. However, it is fundamental to understand the fact that even
though the prices of different solar cells are still quite high, there is declination in their respective
prices as the associated demands for use on a large-scale basis is concerned.
Today, the building sector takes up responsibility of one-third of the overall consumption
of energy across the world and the same portion can further be allocated to different GHG
emissions. Due to the fact that PV systems are greatly reliable in nature, have predictable annual
yields, and they can easily be installed, such systems can further be used for other importance
such as its use in lighting, electric appliances, heat pumps and the charging of different electric
cars. Such systems are further known for their role in today's energy systems. Therefore, such
PV systems play a fundamental role in different buildings and in independent energies.
Before making a decision to make use of a PV system in a particular building, evaluating
its financial related benefits is a very important element. Different researchers have come up
with different methods, which can be used in evaluating the financial benefits associated with
different PV systems. The economic and environmental facets associated with the grid connected
PV systems can be investigated using the life cycle analysis theory. Previously, some researchers
applied the energy and the economic analysis in order to effectively evaluate how the integrated
PV system can be applied in a building. Some researchers have put into consideration the
environmental and economic aspects of the PV systems in their previous research projects.
Putting into consideration the life cycle cost, PV systems, and mixes of generators can be

Solar Panel System 45
examined in different ways. A study conducted by Kolhe et-al made a conclusion that the
utilization of a standalone PV was fundamental when low energy was required and that a
decrease in the PV prices can lead to a competitive market for such systems (Kolhe et-al, 2002).
Ajan et-al (2003) in their study focused on the feasibility associated with the use of an
off-grid system that blends the PV technology with a diesel generator. Such a study was
conducted following a case study for the East Malaysia School’s case study. The study revealed
that due to the high prices associated with PV systems, it is not important or beneficial for such a
school to make investments in such a form of renewable energy. In order to generate enough
electricity for Egypt's distant household, Nafeh created a standalone PV system. The overall
amount of electricity that it generated was later utilized in supplying a single residential building,
which was located in Egypt. The design proposed puts into consideration the typical
consumption rate of power and the radiation of the sun (Nafeh,2009). Ojosu later discussed that
PV energy systems could be associated with substantial importance of supplementing electricity
in areas such as Nigeria that are associated with great resources of solar energy. He further
shared that in case the PV systems incur a reduction in their respective prices, it is fundamental
for such PV systems to be utilized as primary energy sources in countries like Nigeria which
experience around 6 KW/m2/day amount of solar radiation (Ojosu,1990). Various researchers
have continued making investigations as far as the potential of PV systems being used for many
other areas across the world such as Portugal and China are concerned. Preliminary research
results that are available today confirm that PV systems can be fundamental in supplying many
locations across the world (Rodriguez et-al, 2017)
Irrespective of the fact that numerous studies have been directed towards conducting an
economic analysis of different PV systems, various reasons still prevail in support for further

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research to be conducted on the topic. Among such reasons includes the fact that various thermal
modeling studies have not been conducted accurately, and a very simple relationship was
conducted in relation to the building of the idea of thermal modeling. A second valid reason is a
fact that there is need for continuously updated analysis since there is a continuous change as far
as the electricity tariffs are concerned. The last concept is that consumers find it very essential to
make evaluations in relation to the different benefits associated with the operation of a PV
system from a purely economic aspect. Evidently, the use of PV systems is a good practice for
the environment, though it is still fundamental for individuals to understand better if the
investments associated with such systems are greatly profitable in nature. Recently, there has
been an introduction of demand charge tariffs for different residential customers who come up
with a decision of installing different solar systems in their homes. Such a decision has been
made by some electrical utilities in different States. Such new tariffs have been developed as a
move directed towards higher demand rates and lower energy. However, various people who are
operating under the solar industry have a belief that such price plans have a capacity of reducing
the profitability which is associated with investments in solar energy. For effective evaluation of
the new price plans of the solar investments, it is important to make use of the sample buildings,
which were validated and modeled in the previous research work.
As far as different countries are concerned, fossil fuels that are required for generating
power represent a strong portion for the shares of different national expenditures. A case
example can be taken from the Sri Lanka country that had about 13% of its annual expenditure
spent on the importation of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were also associated with a total export
income of 26% in that same year. Therefore, such facts are evident enough to show that the
energy sector has a great bearing on the balance of trade and exchange rate of a particular

Solar Panel System 47
country. Moreover, 11% of such a country's total petroleum product sales were used for the
generation of electricity. Countries such as Sri Lanka have recognized the relevance of solar
energy and different processes have started in relation to the generation of solar power. The
government further went ahead to start up a Battle for Solar Energy program in the year 2016
with the intention of increasing the generation capacity of solar photovoltaic energy by the year
2025. The government has further come up with a very strong commitment towards the creation
of s highly combustive business atmosphere or environment that has allow the rooftop
photovoltaic streams project.
The adoption of the use of solar energy in buildings is associated with various cost
benefits. First, the use of such a solar panel system helps users avoid different fuel costs. The
fuel costs, in this case, can be determined through making calculations depending on the
different fuel supply requirements associated with the production of electricity that is equivalent
to the ones obtained from the solar panel system installed on the rooftop of the building. The
baseline of the different economic costs associated with different fuels is valued putting into
consideration different transport costs. Moreover, anticipations based on research that is existing
today show that the prices of fuel are likely to increase at a 1.5% annual rate.
In addition to the above, the adoption of such a solar panel system in a home or
commercial building is associated with reduced distribution and transmission losses. Such an
assertion is based on the fact that the energy that is generated using a solar photovoltaic system is
consumed by the same building of house. All distribution and transmission losses that are
associated with the process of supplying an urban load from a particular conventional thermal
power plant are avoided. Lastly, there is an environmental benefit associated with the use of such
a solar panel system. Such an assertion is based on the fact that the use of such a solar panel

Solar Panel System 48
system is associated with the displacement of electricity, which is normally generated using a
thermal power plant. A solar panel system is associated with environmental benefits through its
ability to case a reduction in the rate at which carbon dioxide emissions are released into the
environment. For a country such as Sri Lanka, there was estimation that the solar photovoltaic
systems displaced fossil fuel-based generation by 76.9 tons per gig watt grid emission factor.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Today, the use of renewable energy sources is increasing across different parts of the
world. Solar energy is associated with various economic benefits, and therefore, most people are
shifting to such a means of energy generation. Solar energy has a capacity of providing up to
around electricity power of 24*7W at nights and on cloudy days. Such a system can further be
utilized under an inter-grid system having a continuous source of power. The solar energy source
is associated with several benefits in comparison to other energy forms such as the use of
petroleum deposits and fossil fuels. The solar energy source is a perfect alternative, which can
consistently deal with the increased demands of energy across the world. Research on solar
power and solar cells is likely to yield better results and therefore support innovations in such a
field. About heating and cooling systems, zero energy structures are being adopted to minimize
the elevated prices associated with household energy requirements. The utilization of zero
energy structures is associated with increased environmental conservation rates due to its ability
to reduce the overall energy costs in our homes. Therefore, this research paper recommends the
direct utilization of solar energy since it is the best renewable energy source that has the
capability of using non-renewable sources to supplant the current global energy needs.

Solar Panel System 49
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